Southwest Asia includes the Arabian Peninsula, the Syrian-Palestinian Mountains, and the plains of Mesopotamia. The uniqueness in the geological structure is a fragment of the African platform. A very controversial region from the point of view of determining the affiliation of countries and territories. Some analysts classify certain countries as Southwest Asia, while others classify the same countries as .
South-West Asia is one of the geographical regions of Asia, which includes Transcaucasia, Kopetdag, Asia Minor, Armenian and Iranian plateaus, Mesopotamia, and the Arabian Peninsula.
Southwest Asia. Landscape
The region's landscape is quite diverse, with sun-scorched deserts, semi-deserts and mountain ranges. The largest mountain systems:
- Caucasus Mountains
- Iranian plateau, whose plateaus reach an altitude of 2000m
- Anatolian (Asia Minor) highlands in Turkey with a height difference from 800 to 1500 meters.
The peaks of the Caucasus are similar in shape to the Alpine ones. Some of them exceed 5000 meters:
- Elbrus - 5642 m,
- Dikhtau - 5203 m,
- Kazbek - 5033 m.
Southwest Asia includes in its territory the largest deserts of the world:
- Rebru-el-Hale (to the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula, area - up to 650 thousand km2),
- Big and Small Nefud,
- Syrian Desert,
- Dashte-Lut,
- Dasht-Kevir et al.
All these are endless expanses, covered with giant dunes.
The most famous and deepest lowland in the region, Mesopotamian, located in the valleys of the ancient Tigris and Euphrates rivers, is one of the largest irrigated oases in the world. The river network of South-West Asia is quite dense in the mountains, and extremely sparse on the plains. Large rivers are: Tigris, Euphrates, Rioni, Amu Darya, Pyanj, Kyzyl-Irmak, etc. Many small rivers end in endorheic basins or disappear in the sand.
There are many picturesque lakes on the territory of the Caucasus and the Asia Minor Highlands. Among which are the amazing tectonic lakes Sevan, Ritsa, Van, Tuz, Urmia. Another lake, called the Dead Sea (endorheic lake), is located in the Ghir depression in Israel and Jordan. It is the largest dry dry salt reservoir on earth.
The climate of South-West Asia is tropical and subtropical, extremely arid and hot. In the central and southern parts of the Arabian Peninsula, temperatures reach +55° C. Only on the coasts of the Black and Mediterranean Seas is there a zone of hard-leaved forests and shrubs. In Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Iran there are small areas of humid subtropics (Colchis, Lankaran).
The total territory is over 6 million square kilometers, the population is about 150 million people (1990). Over 60% of the active population are settled farmers and about 10% are nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoralists. The countries of South-West Asia produce valuable cheese... World sheep farming
Natural region in Asia, on the Arabian Peninsula and adjacent territories. Over 3 million km². Plateaus predominate, along the outskirts of the mountain. Tropical deserts and semi-deserts. To the South West Asia includes Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar,... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Natural area in Asia, the Arabian Peninsula and surrounding areas. Over 3 million km2. Plateaus predominate, along the outskirts of the mountain. Tropical deserts and semi-deserts. The countries of South-West Asia include Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain... encyclopedic Dictionary
Forward Asia Forward (Western) Asia (Arabic: جنوب غرب آسيا, Pers. جنوب غربی آسیا, Hebrew: דרום מערב אסיה, Georgian. სავლეთი აზია) geographical region, which includes, from a geographical point of view, the Caucasus, Kopetdag, Asia Minor, Armenian ... Wikipedia
Southwest Asia- southwest asia... Russian spelling dictionary
Nature region (less often political, geographical content is included), covering the Arabian Peninsula and adjacent lands. Pl. exceeds 3 million km², population more than 30 million people. The terrain is complex: plains, plateaus, mountains on the periphery (altitudes up to 3600 m). Typical... ... Geographical encyclopedia
Southwest Asia. Physical card - … Geographical atlas
Macroregion covering continental and island territories between China, India and ... Wikipedia
South East Asia (Beng. กเฉียงใต้, Khmer អាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍, Vietnamese Đông Nam Á, Malay
North West North North East West Central East South West South South East South West: South West region in Burkina Faso. South Western bus station in Minsk ... Wikipedia
Books
- Countries and peoples. Popular scientific geographical and ethnographic publication (set of 15 books). The twenty-volume illustrated edition “Countries and Peoples” is built according to a single plan and covers with a geographical and ethnographic description the entire modern world, all large and small without exception...
- Countries and peoples. Foreign Asia (set of 4 books), . The books contain information about the geographical location, nature, history, population and economy of Asian countries as a whole and individual regions. The books are included in a multi-volume popular science publication...
1. Using atlas maps, characterize the EGP of the South-West Asia and North Africa region.
The most important sea route between the Atlantic and Indian oceans passes through the region. The Suez Canal, the Straits of Hormuz, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles are of outstanding importance. The largest seaports are Alexandria, Istanbul, Izmir, Beirut, Haifa, Aden.
Southwestern Asia occupies the Asia Minor peninsula, the Armenian and Iranian plateaus, parts of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Palestine, the Arabian Peninsula and the island of Cyprus. Natural landscapes are varied, dominated by sun-scorched deserts, semi-deserts and mountain systems. The region is characterized by significant mountainousness of the Alpine age, high seismicity, as evidenced by earthquakes in Armenia, Turkey, Iran, etc. The largest mountain systems in the region are the Caucasus Mountains, the Iranian and Anatolian (Asia Minor) Plateau. The region is rich in mineral resources. The main wealth is oil and gas. Most countries are members of OPEC (Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE).
North Africa unites the countries of the African Mediterranean - Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Sudan. The vast majority of the inhabitants of this region are Arabs. North Africa is arid and semi-arid. Therefore, the problems of irrigation, domestic and industrial water supply are very acute here. The only water artery in the region is the river. Nile. In conditions of fresh water scarcity, groundwater is of particular importance for the region, especially in the Algerian Sahara and the Libyan Desert. Industrial areas are located mainly on the Mediterranean coast and near it (Cairo, Algeria, Tunisia, Rabat, Casablanca, etc.). large deposits of oil and gas - in Algeria, Libya, phosphorites - in Morocco, etc. The countries of this region are among the most economically developed African states and are distinguished by their greater involvement in the international division of labor.
2. Why do we consider the countries of South-West Asia and North Africa as part of a single cultural and historical region?
The countries of South-West Asia and Africa have traditionally been studied separately. If from a natural point of view this approach is justified, then from a cultural and historical point of view it raises doubts, since the Arab-Islamic world is being “dismembered”. The common connecting element of the states and peoples of South-West Asia and North Africa is Islamic civilization.
3. What role do geographical location and natural resources play in the economic development of the region?
The region is characterized by an extremely arid climate. Here are the largest deserts in the world - the Sahara and Arabian. The river network in most of the region does not have permanent watercourses, which, together with the arid climate, limits the spread of agriculture. Large rivers - the Tigris and Euphrates, the Nile, which are used for irrigation - are very important for human life and economic activity; Large hydraulic structures were built on them. The region's mineral resource base is significant, with its main wealth being the world's largest oil and gas reserves. It was they who determined the place of many countries in the region (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Bahrain) in the international division of labor. The oil and gas reserves of North Africa (Libya, Algeria) are noticeably more modest, but they are also considered large. In addition, the subsoil of the region contains ore minerals - chromites (Turkey), copper (Turkey, Iran), iron ores, manganese, polymetallic, phosphorites, etc.
4. What is the ethnic composition of the region's population?
The modern population of the region belongs mainly to three ethnolinguistic groups: the Iranian group of the Indo-European language family (Persians, Talysh, Afghans, Baluchis, Kurds); the Semitic group of the Semitic-Hamitic family (Arabs, Aysors, Jews) and the Turkic group of the Altai family (Turks, Azerbaijanis and Turkmens of Iran).
5. What are the features of the region’s economy?
The global economic importance of the region is determined by its colossal oil resources of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Algeria, Libya, and Egypt. The main places of oil production are the territories of countries adjacent to the Persian Gulf and shelf zones. In terms of production level, Saudi Arabia has left all countries in the region far behind and leads the world (more than 500 million tons). However, there is a large gap between the level of oil production and the capacity of the local oil refining industry. Crude oil is predominantly exported, mainly to Western Europe and the USA. Based on local raw materials, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises have been created (Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Turkey, Iran), phosphorites are processed (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt), and enterprises for the production of mineral fertilizers operate. In many countries, textile production and national crafts are developed - carpet weaving, leather dressing.
The main sector of the economy in terms of the number of employees remains agriculture, where the leading role belongs to crop production. In the Mediterranean countries, vegetable growing, fruit growing, viticulture, and olive tree growing are developed. A significant part of the products of these industries is exported. The leading place among export crops belongs to cotton, the main plantations of which are located in Egypt. The main direction of livestock farming is meat and wool sheep breeding.
Road transport is of greatest importance in the region; pipelines have been built in oil and gas production areas.
6. Match:
1) Türkiye; 2) Saudi Arabia; 3) Israel; 4) Iran; 5) Egypt; 6) Oman. A) Riyadh; B) Istanbul; B) Tehran; D) Jerusalem; D) Muscat; E) Cairo.
1 - B, 2 - A, 3 - D, 4 - B, 5 - E, 6 - D
7. Match:
1) Jews, Arabs, Aisors; 2) Kurds, Baluchis, Afghans; 3) Turks, Azerbaijanis.
A) Indo-European language family; B) Semitic-Hamitic language family;
B) Altai language family.
1 - B, 2 - A, 3 - B
8. Remove unnecessary title:
a) Alexandria; b) Istanbul; c) Aden; d) Jerusalem.
9. With which countries in the region under consideration does Russia maintain close economic and cultural ties?
Türkiye, Egypt, Israel, Iran, Syria
11. Give the economic and geographical characteristics of one of the countries in the region.
Turkey is a country in South-West Asia and borders with 8 countries. In the east with Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran; in the south - with Iraq and Syria; in the west - with Greece and Bulgaria. The country is washed by four seas: the Black, Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara. A special feature of Turkey's EGP is its coastal location, which provides it with access to the Black and Mediterranean Seas. The country controls the strategically important Bosporus and Dardanelles straits. Turkey is Ukraine's southern neighbor: the distance between Odessa and Istanbul is 690 km, and from Crimea to the Turkish coast is 250 km. Türkiye is located in two parts of the world. Railways and highways connecting Europe with Asian countries pass through Turkey. The country is located at the crossroads of two continents and has been a strategically important part of more than one great empire in the world. From the 5th century n. e. to the 11th century - Byzantine Empire; in the XI - XVII centuries. - Ottoman Empire. Thrace is the European part of the country, accounting for 3% of the territory, located in a subtropical Mediterranean climate. Anatolia - the Asian part makes up 97% of the area, which has a variety of climatic conditions, from Mediterranean to temperate continental. The country plays an important geopolitical role. Turkey is a member of NATO and an associated member of the European Community and at the same time is part of the larger Islamic world and Turkic-speaking countries.
Introduction…………………………………………………………... 3
Natural conditions and resources………….…………………………… 4-5
Population……………………..………….……………………………... 5-7
Population distribution………..………….…………………………….. 7-9
Livestock …………..………….….………………………...…… 9
Agriculture…………..………….………………………...…… 10-12
Transport ……………..………………….………………………...…… 12-13
Mechanical engineering……………..………….………………………...…... 13-15
Industry……………..………….……………….………..…... 15-16
Trade and services…………..………….…………….…………...…….
16-17
Recreation and tourism…………..………….………………………...…….
17-19
Conclusion …………..……………….….………………………...……. 20
List of sources used.….………………………...…….
21
Appendix No. 1.…………………………………………………………..……...…….
22
Appendix No. 2 ..………………………………………..……...…….
23
Introduction:
Azerbaijan
Foreign Asia is the largest region of the world in terms of area and population, and it has maintained this primacy, essentially, throughout the entire existence of human civilization.
The area of Foreign Asia is 27 million km2, it includes more than 40 sovereign states. Many of them are among the oldest in the world.
Foreign Asia is one of the centers of the origin of humanity, the birthplace of agriculture, artificial irrigation, cities, many cultural values and scientific achievements. The region mainly consists of developing countries.
Natural conditions and resources
South-West Asia lies in the subtropical and tropical zones. This is one of the hottest and driest regions in the world. Most of it is occupied by mountains, dry steppes, semi-deserts and deserts, which are used only as rough pastures. Farming here is possible in most cases only with artificial irrigation. The soils are poor in humus and suffer from erosion and salinization. There are almost no forests. Water is often more valuable than land. One can only hope for precipitation on plateaus and mountainous areas. Surface and groundwater resources in lowlands are limited. Seawater desalination, which has recently expanded, is concentrated on the Arabian coast of the Persian Gulf. The region is extremely homogeneous in terms of tectonic structure and relief: within its boundaries there is the greatest amplitude of heights on earth, both ancient Precambrian platforms and areas of young Cenozoic folding, grandiose mountainous countries and vast plains are located here. As a result, Asia's mineral resources are very diverse. The main basins of coal, iron and manganese ores, and non-metallic minerals are concentrated within the Chinese and Hindustan platforms. Within the Alpine-Himalayan and Pacific fold belts, ores predominate. But the main wealth of the region, which also determines its role in the MGRT, is oil. Oil and gas reserves have been explored in most countries of South-West Asia, but the main deposits are in Saudi Arabia (about 35 billion tons, over 1/4 of the world), Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran. The Persian Gulf basin contains 66% of the world's oil reserves and 26% of the world's natural gas reserves. Other minerals include chromite and copper ores of Turkey, natural sulfur of Iraq and mineral salts of the Dead Sea, and phosphorites of Jordan and Israel. Numerous mountain ranges and vast expanses of deserts complicate transport construction. Saudi Arabia is called the largest desert country in the world, and the Hindu Kush mountain system in Afghanistan is one of the most difficult to pass. The agroclimatic resources of Asia are heterogeneous. Vast tracts of mountainous countries, deserts and semi-deserts are little suitable for economic activity, with the exception of animal husbandry; The supply of arable land is small and continues to decline (as the population grows and soil erosion increases). But on the plains of the east and south, quite favorable conditions for agriculture are created. Asia contains 3/4 of the world's irrigated land.
Population
Population size. Over 254 million people live in southwest Asian countries. More than 80% of the population lives in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Saudi Arabia. Its maximum number is in Iran (67.3 million people), the minimum is in Qatar (0.55 million people).
Demographic features. The influence of Islam on the life of most countries is also evident in demographic indicators: rapid population growth, a “demographic explosion,” can be traced.
Birth rates are very high - 20-35% per year. The average annual population growth rate is 2.8%. The maximum values are observed in Qatar and the UAE (5.8%), Jordan (4.7%), Oman (4.5%), Saudi Arabia (4.3%), Yemen (4.2%), which are some from the highest levels in the world; minimal - in Georgia (0.2%), Kuwait (0.3%), Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey (1.7%), Cyprus (1.2%). Mortality rates have decreased in recent decades, and life expectancy has increased. The infant mortality rate in some countries is still very high, for example in Afghanistan (one of the highest in the world).
Men outnumber women - 53% of the population. In all Muslim countries, children and youth make up 33% of the age structure of the population. The number of elderly people in the region is insignificant (5%), but there is a tendency to increase due to increasing life expectancy. For men it is 67 years, for women - 71 years.
Racial composition. The vast majority of the region's population belongs to the southern racial group of the Greater Caucasian race. It is distinguished by significant skin pigmentation, dark, predominantly black wavy hair, and dark (brown and black) eyes.
Ethnic composition. Very variegated and represented by several language families: the Semitic-Hamitic family (the Arab population of the region, the Jews of Israel); Altai family (Turks, Azerbaijanis, Turkish Cypriots); Kartvelian family (Georgians) and Indo-European family (Iranian group - Persians, Kurds, Balochis, Pashtuns; Armenian group - Armenians; Greek group - Greek Cypriots).
Every country has national minorities. In particular, over 50% of the world's Azerbaijanis are concentrated in Iran (Iranian Azerbaijan); Kurds make up 20% of the population of Turkey and Iraq, there are many of them in Iran and Syria; Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan have a significant number of Russians; in Afghanistan, 25% of the population are Tajiks who live in the north of the country; in Lebanon 4% are Armenian; in Bahrain, Qatar, the UAE, Kuwait, the indigenous population represents only 50-60%, and the rest are foreign workers from other countries in the region.
Religious composition. The majority of the population professes Islam of different directions: Sunism (the predominant part of Islamic countries), Shiism (Iran, partly Iraq, Azerbaijan, Yemen), Wahhabism - Saudi Arabia, Kharijism (Orthodox Islam) - Oman.
The region is the birthplace of Islam. On its territory there are cities that are holy for every Muslim - Mecca (the holiest city in Islam), where, according to legend, Muhammad was born, and the “city of the prophet” - Medina, where on the site of the house in which Muhammad allegedly died, a majestic El-Haram Mosque, with the tomb of the founder of Islam and other “saints”. Pilgrimage here is one of the five “pillars” of Islam. Islamic fundamentalism plays a significant role in the life of some Muslim countries in the region, especially Iran.
The Jews of Israel profess Judaism, the official religion of the state, although this is not legally confirmed. Nevertheless, the influence of the Rabinat on the internal life of Israeli society is very great. Rabbis control the issue of marriage and family, since only they are authorized to register acts of civil status, monitor compliance with kashrut (rules for the preparation, consumption and preservation of food products) and the Sabbath (Shabbat), which requires the cessation of any production and official activities. Religious holidays in Israel are also state holidays.
Greek Cypriots and Georgians are Orthodox, and Armenians belong to the Virmen-Gregorian Church. Approximately 1/2 of the population of Lebanon are representatives of local Christian churches of the Catholic and Orthodox directions.
Population distribution
Due to the peculiarities of natural conditions, the bulk of the inhabitants of the region live on the coast, in mountain valleys and lowlands (for example, the Ararat Valley of Armenia, Colchis in Georgia, etc.), in the valleys of large rivers - Mesopotamia in Iraq (average population density - 80 -100 people/km2 and more). Vast areas of the deserts of Arabia and the Iranian plateau are sparsely populated (1 person/km2) or have no permanent population at all.
Noticeable here are migrations of people caused by traditions, socio-economic, political conditions, etc. In South-West Asia there are still many Bedouin nomads (desert Arabs) and highland nomads (Kurds in Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Pashtuns in Afghanistan). According to various estimates, there are from 10 to 20 million people.
Many ancient cities of the region arose even before our era in oases and at the crossroads of caravan routes. They are rich in monuments of medieval Muslim architecture. It is believed that on the territory of modern Israel there was the oldest city on Earth - Jericho (it arose in the 4th millennium BC near the mouth of the Jordan).
The level of urbanization is generally low and represents an average of 65%: in Kuwait - 97%, Qatar - 92, Israel - 91, UAE - 90, Yemen - 34, Afghanistan - 18, Oman - 13% (one of the lowest indicators in the world). The largest agglomerations in the region are: Tehran (12 million people), Istanbul (10 million), Ankara (4 million), Baghdad (3.8 million). Millionaire cities - Riyadh (2.6 million people), Jeddah (2.6 million), Damascus (2 million), Izmir (2 million), Beirut (1.8 million), Baku ( 1.8 million), Yerevan (1.3 million), etc.
Almost half of the population lives in rural areas, mostly in compact villages.
Labor resources. The majority of the local population is employed in the fields of management, trade, finance, or lives on interest on capital. The majority of the economically active population (especially 80-90% in the manufacturing sector) of many oil-producing countries in the region (except Israel, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Cyprus, Afghanistan) are immigrants from poor Arab countries, who are attracted by earnings that are 10-15 times higher wage level in their home country. In recent decades, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of foreign workers in the service sector.
The tense foreign economic situation for decades and almost constant military conflicts in many countries of the region have affected the demographic situation, causing mass migrations. Low living standards (poverty, illiteracy, spread of diseases, epidemics, etc.) are characteristic of a significant part of the region's population.
Livestock
In livestock farming, the main thing is the breeding of sheep and goats. The total number of sheep is almost 135 million heads. There are many donkeys and camels (almost a quarter of the world's population). Livestock productivity is low. Breeding of small ruminants, horses and camels predominates. There are significantly fewer cattle here and there is no pig farming at all. The main method of keeping animals is transhumance or nomadic grazing. The wool of Angora goats from Turkey and astrakhan fur from Afghanistan are valued on the world market.
Fishing. The waters of the Red, Arabian and Caspian Seas and the Persian Gulf are rich in fish. Valuable commercial fish species such as tuna, mackerel, horse mackerel, etc. are caught here. Shrimp fishing is common in the waters of the Persian Gulf. On the world market of black caviar, Iran has become its largest producer (270 tons of sturgeon caviar annually), displacing Russia and other Caspian countries. On the coast of the Arabian Sea, turtles are caught, the meat of which is used in food.
The video lesson allows you to get interesting and detailed information about the countries of South-West Asia. From the lesson you will learn about the composition of South-West Asia, the characteristics of the countries of the region, their geographical location, nature, climate, place in this subregion. The teacher will tell you in detail about one of the main countries in South-West Asia - Turkey.
Rice. 1. South-West Asia on the map ()
South Asia- a cultural-geographical region in Asia, which includes, from a geographical point of view, Transcaucasia, Kopetdag, Asia Minor, Armenian and Iranian plateaus, Mesopotamia, the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant. From a political point of view, South-West Asia includes the Middle East, Transcaucasia and the Middle East.
Compound:
1. Afghanistan.
2. Bahrain.
6. Israel.
7. Jordan.
8. Kuwait.
12. Saudi Arabia.
14. Türkiye.
17. Palestine.
18. Armenia.
By form of government, Bahrain, Jordan, Qatar, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Saudi Arabia are monarchies. According to the form of administrative-territorial structure, the UAE is a federation.
The most powerful economies in the region are Türkiye and Iran. In terms of GDP per capita, Qatar is in the lead (almost $100,000).
All countries of South-West Asia are characterized by a traditional type of population reproduction. It has some of the highest birth rates in the world.
In most countries, mining, agriculture, nomadic cattle breeding, oil and gas industries, petrochemicals, and mechanical engineering are widespread. Tourism is actively developing in Turkey, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Israel, and Jordan.
Resources: oil (the largest reserves in the world) and gas, salts, sulfur, non-ferrous metals.
Türkiye. The full name is the Republic of Turkey. It was formed in 1923 as a result of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The main part of the country's territory falls on the Anatolian Peninsula and the Armenian Highlands, a smaller part on the Balkan Peninsula between the Black and Mediterranean Seas. In 2000, it acquired the official status of a candidate country for membership of the European Union. The capital is Ankara.
Rice. 3. Flag of Turkey ()
The area of the country is 779.5 thousand square meters. km. Part of Turkey's territory - 97% - is located in Asia and 3% in Europe. The maximum length of Turkish territory from west to east is 1600 km, from north to south - 600 km.
There are more than 100 types of minerals in Turkey. The country has many types of ore, mining, chemical, fuel and energy raw materials. First of all, we should mention chromium, tungsten, copper ores, borates, marble, coal, etc. Turkey accounts for 25% of the world's mercury reserves.
The share of industry in the country's economy is about 28%, agriculture - 15%, construction - 6%, services - 51%. In the total volume of industrial production, the manufacturing industry has the greatest weight (84%, including construction). The textile, leather, food, chemical, pharmaceutical, energy, metallurgy, shipbuilding, automotive and household goods industries are developed. Tourism is a dynamically developing industry. In recent decades, tourism has become increasingly important in the Turkish economy. More than 20 million foreign tourists visit Turkey every year. Most tourists come from Germany, Russia, Iran, Bulgaria, Greece, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. According to the Turkish Statistics Authority, foreign tourists contributed $23 billion to the state budget in 2011, up 10.6 percent from the previous year.
Rice. 4. Hotel in Antalya ()
Population. The main population of the country is Turks, in second place in terms of population are Kurds (according to some sources, up to 18% of them within the country), a significant proportion of Crimean Tatars and Arabs. The majority of residents of Turkey profess Islam. Religion is separated from the state. The largest city in Turkey is Istanbul, whose population, according to some sources, exceeds 10 million people.
Bibliography
Main
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Additional
1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 pp.: ill., map.: color. on
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().
2. Federal portal Russian Education ().
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography: a reference book for high school students and applicants to universities. - 2nd ed., rev. and revision - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.
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