Historical and cultural tourism. Cultural tourism and its importance in modern times

Cultural tourism means traveling with the aim of getting acquainted with material and spiritual objects of culture, participating in cultural events. Together they influence the spiritual sphere of a person, his value system, knowledge, influence social behavior, and in one way or another affect his behavior as an economic entity.

In Russia, the term “tourism” is defined by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 24, 1996 as “temporary departures of Russian citizens, foreign citizens and stateless persons from their permanent place of residence for recreational, educational, professional business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country of temporary residence.”

This type of tourism, such as cultural or educational, has long emerged and become independent. Cultural tourism is the spiritual appropriation by an individual through travel and excursions of the riches of culture in their authenticity. It can be considered as a system that provides every opportunity to get acquainted with the history, culture, customs, spiritual and religious values of a given country.

The basis of cultural tourism is the historical and cultural potential of the country, which includes the entire sociocultural environment with traditions and customs, features of everyday and economic activities. Any locality can provide a minimum set of resources for educational tourism, but its mass development requires a certain concentration of cultural heritage sites, among which are:

· archaeological monuments;
· religious and civil architecture;
· monuments of landscape architecture;
· small and large historical cities;
· rural settlements;
· museums, theaters, exhibition halls, etc.;
· sociocultural infrastructure;
· objects of ethnography, folk arts and crafts, centers of applied art;
· technical complexes and structures.

The cultural self-expression of a people is always of interest. A tourist’s natural curiosity about different parts of the world and the peoples inhabiting them forms one of the most powerful tourist motives.

Cultural tourism is the best way to get to know another culture. The humanitarian significance of cultural tourism lies in the use of its opportunities for the development of personality, its creative potential, and expanding the horizon of knowledge. The desire for knowledge has always been an integral feature of man. Combining recreation with knowledge of the life, history and culture of another people is one of the tasks that cultural tourism is fully capable of solving. Getting to know the culture and customs of another country enriches a person’s spiritual world.

Culture is the fundamental basis of the process of development, preservation, strengthening of independence, sovereignty and identity of the people. The identity of the paths of historical evolution of culture and tourism predetermined the commonality of new methods of approach to their further development. In most countries of the world, there is a process of democratization of culture and tourism, which form an integral part of social life. Self-awareness and knowledge of the surrounding world, personal development and achievement of set goals are unthinkable without acquiring knowledge in the field of culture.

The cultural characteristics of different regions of the world are increasingly encouraging people to spend their holidays traveling. Objects visited by tourists contribute to their spiritual enrichment and broadening their horizons. Culture is one of the main elements of tourist interest.

Educational tourism covers all aspects of travel, through which a person learns about the life, culture, and customs of another people. Tourism is therefore an important means of creating cultural connections and international cooperation.

The development of cultural factors within the region is a means of expanding resources to attract tourist flows. In many countries, tourism can be included in the so-called cultural relations policy.

The level of cultural development can also be used to create a favorable image of a particular region in the tourism market. Elements and factors of culture can be channels for distributing information about the tourism opportunities of an area. The success of tourism development depends not only on the material and technical base that meets generally accepted standards and requirements, but also on the uniqueness of the national cultural heritage.

National cultural heritage sites must be presented intelligently and creatively. Scientific and technological progress has done its job: the products of one country are practically no different from similar products of another country. Uniformity is unacceptable in culture. A region that wants to become a popular tourist destination must have unique cultural complexes and offer them to the tourist market.

An important characteristic of a cultural complex is the stability of its compliance with the value criteria formed among the population. This factor is associated with the long-term interest of tourists in a particular cultural site. Therefore, one of the main tasks of tourism organizers is not only the creation of a cultural complex for tourism, but also its preservation for a sufficiently long historical period.

Despite the fact that almost any information can be obtained from printed periodicals, fiction and other sources, the old truth never gets old: “It’s better to see once than to hear a hundred times.” Therefore, a region interested in attracting tourists must wisely plan and develop special programs and events that will increase interest in its culture, disseminate information about its cultural potential in order to attract potential tourists.

Important variables influencing the attractiveness of a tourist destination for various groups and categories of tourists are its cultural characteristics. The greatest interest among tourists is caused by such elements of the culture of the people as art, science, religion, history, etc.

Fine art is one of the important elements of culture that can form a convincing motive for a tourist trip. Its widespread strengthening is associated with the tendency to exhibit works of national fine art at famous resorts (in hotels) in order to familiarize tourists with the culture of the region.

Festivals that widely present various types and elements of national fine art are also popular.

Music and dancing. The musical potential of the region is one of the attractive elements of culture. In some countries, music acts as a main factor in attracting tourists. Famous music festivals attract thousands of participants every year. Many resort hotels introduce their guests to national music during evening entertainment programs, folklore evenings and concerts. Audio films with recordings of national music, the sale of which is common in most tourist centers, serve as an excellent means of introducing tourists to the culture of the people.

Ethnic dances are a characteristic element of national culture. Almost every region has its own national dance. Tourists can be introduced to dance at special shows, folklore evenings, and during entertainment programs.

Folk crafts. The region receiving tourists should offer them a wide range of souvenirs made (in a factory or handicraft way) by local craftsmen and artisans. Souvenirs are a good memory of the country. All types of souvenirs, as well as other goods necessary for tourists (tourist equipment, beach accessories) should be available and sold in conveniently located stores and other retail outlets. The motives for purchasing and freely spending money are quite strong during travel, and therefore tourist goods should be manufactured in an assortment that is in particular demand among tourists. In some tourist centers, special shops in the national style are created, where local craftsmen make products directly in the presence of customers. This form of trade in souvenir products is a unique attraction of the region and arouses considerable interest among tourists.

Story. The cultural potential of the region is expressed in its historical heritage. Most tourist destinations carefully treat their history as a factor in attracting tourist flows. The presence of unique historical sites can predetermine the successful development of tourism in the region. Acquaintance with history and historical sites is the strongest motivating tourist motive.

The historical heritage of the region needs to be promoted to the tourist market. Therefore, national tourism organizations should be involved in disseminating information about the historical potential of the area.

It is advisable to hold cultural events (folklore, festivals, etc.) that are traditional for tourist destinations and that can interest tourists from different parts of the world.

Cultural tourism not only brings income to the region, but also gives local people a reason to be proud of their unique heritage and provides opportunities to share it with tourists. If society takes this into account, it will be able to create a system for the rational use of unique resources for tourism.

The successful development of tourism, and therefore the massive attraction of potential tourists, depends on actions aimed at preserving the cultural, historical and natural resources of the area. The implementation of a program to use the historical, cultural and natural potential of the region for tourism purposes will solve one of its most important problems - the problem of seasonal fluctuations in demand - by offering various forms of off-season tourism that involve the use of cultural elements.

Today, for the development of cultural tourism, it is necessary to search for internal reserves in order to modernize and repair, first of all, the infrastructure of historical settlements, their monuments, buildings by issuing shares, loans, attracting investors, etc. It is necessary to develop legislative norms for tourism, form a management system, including through the creation of a special Cultural Tourism Fund within the historical region with the aim of developing the urban environment.

The development of cultural tourism, both at the regional and international levels, should be correlated in the future with different types of historical cities and villages with different socio-cultural and economic-managerial aspects. This approach to settlements, as well as to natural areas, allows us to identify the most significant and diverse options for tourist routes. The sociocultural typology of populated areas, based on their functional characteristics and different lifestyles, may have the following options:

· agricultural;
· trading;
· resort;
· military;
· settlements at monasteries and monasteries;
· settlements with compact residence of ethnic groups.

Such cities and villages, combined with the natural environment, the presence of historical and cultural monuments, provide the basis for the multifaceted development of regional and international cultural tourism. With this approach, it is possible to solve non-target settings and interests of social groups of tourists, which will lead to the enrichment of their professional and everyday experience, to the development of tourism in historical cities and villages, and, consequently, will solve some of the economic problems of settlements.

Based on the above, we can say that cultural tourism can indeed be a resource for regional development, since it has a number of very important characteristics that influence people’s motivation to travel to one point or another in the world. And also cultural tourism has great prospects for development at all levels, both international and regional.

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Internet tourism is one of the types of tourism in which... The Internet serves as the main or only means of transportation for tourists

Recently, the development of tourism business has had a great influence. Internet technologies and increasingly on the World Wide Web you can find a variety of sites (pages) dedicated to the development of the tourism industry, travel companies, animation, as well as tourist areas, boarding houses, recreation centers, hotels, and rural estates. Of course, they use the advantages most effectively. Internet travel companies and agencies for advertising and providing travel services, and therefore it is not surprising that the sale of travel services (sale of tours, booking airline tickets, hotels) is in the top five in terms of sales volumes. Internet. Such indicators are ensured by the fact that. The Internet has many advantages and opportunities for the development of tourism business, in particular:

1. The ability to quickly place and search. Internet information about last minute tours, hotel accommodations, tickets

2. Opportunity reservations through. Online tours, hotel accommodations, tickets, as well as discounts when booking and ordering through. Internet

3. Cost savings when use of electronic mail in cooperation with foreign partners, tour operators, hotels, transport companies

4. Opportunity to be in the center information for example, new tours, discounts, political and economic stability in selected countries, news of tourism legislation in various countries

In addition, virtual tourists, through social networks and various forums, can exchange subjective impressions and photographs of their travels, and, accordingly, other users choose or reject the direction of a possible promising trip in one direction or another.

Historical tourism (historical and cultural tourism)

Historical tourism (historical and cultural tourism) is a type of tourism whose purpose is to visit an area associated with history and historical heritage

A number of regions are rich in such unique historical territories as ancient cities, estates and palace and park ensembles, complexes of religious architecture, historical buildings, historical and cultural monuments. When organizing unique territories, one should combine traditional forms of activity that historically formed these territories with innovative types, which include tourism. Moreover, new types of activity should complement, and not suppress, existing economic, sociocultural and natural processes. When developing tourism infrastructure, it is important not to disturb the historical appearance of the territory. By the way, a newly created tourist center or object must correspond to national characteristics, traditions and at the same time have its own unique appearance. The creation of natural and historical parks should help save the most valuable cultural and historical monuments as integral architectural, landscape and cultural complexes. Actually, cultural, historical and natural heritage in historical tourism is usually divided into the following categories:

* property used mainly by tourists (festivals, monuments);

* property mixed use (less significant historical monuments and museums, theaters, nature reserves);

* property used mainly by the local population (civil buildings, places of worship, cinemas, libraries)

An example of a new approach to the development of traditional forms of tourism are recommendations for increasing the level of historical and cultural content of a tour by including in its program acquaintance with local monuments, even if we are talking about organizing a short excursion or a specialized tour. Each region has a unique historical heritage. There are four principles of historical tourism: 1) acts of external assistance in preserving the heritage of the area - cultural, historical and natural;

2) emphasizing and highlighting the uniqueness of the area’s heritage relative to other regions;

3) creating a sense of pride and responsibility for the unique heritage among the local population;

4) development of a tourism development program based on the use of the unique heritage of the area

Historical tourism not only brings income to the region, but also gives the local population a reason to be proud of their unique heritage and the opportunity to share it with tourists. If society takes this into account. Uvat will be able to create a system for the rational use of unique resources for tourism. The successful development of tourism, and therefore the massive attraction of potential tourists, depends on actions aimed at preserving the cultural, historical and natural resources of the area. The implementation of a program to use the historical, cultural and natural potential of the region for the purpose of tourism will solve one of the most important problems - the problem of seasonal fluctuations in demand, by offering various forms of off-season tourism, involving the use of cultural elements.

Magazine National Geography Traveler identified the best and most popular world historical monuments among tourists. TOP 10 historical monuments of the world:

1. Valley. Wachau,. Austria

2 channels v. Ontario,. Canada

3. Ghent. Belgium 4Nikko,. Japan

5. Graz. Austria

6. Gamla. Mill,. Sweden

7. ZKS-en-Provence. France

8. Potsdam. Germany

9. Dijon. France

10. Mendoza. Argentina

Historical and cultural tourism is the most active part among all factors of tourist attraction. In the modern interpretation, the cultural landscape has the properties of universality, authenticity and integrity as an object of cultural and natural heritage. Historical and cultural tourism exists along with other factors that play a very important role in the development of the tourism industry.

Historical and cultural tourism, based on impressions, both direct and indirect (mediated), as a result of acquaintance or study and knowledge of someone else’s or one’s own culture and cultural artifacts, is one of the main and independent types of tourism, offering the tourist true, authentic ( authentic, non-standardized mass) experiences. Senin V.S. Organization of international tourism. M.: Finance and Statistics, 1999. p.74.

Tourism is an area of economic activity that creates conditions for the export of services from all industries involved in the creation of a tourism product. In this regard, historical and cultural tourism creates additional opportunities for the export of services of organizations and cultural institutions working with foreign tourists.

Cultural artifacts are any artificially created object that has both certain physical characteristics and symbolic and symbolic content: (1) objects, things, clothing, housing, roads, etc., (2) phenomena of the spiritual life of society (scientific theories, superstitions, works of art, folklore) - a person’s sense of self within a specific culture - cultural identification, identification of oneself with a certain group, ethnic group, nation, race, humanity; perception of the traditions and values of a foreign culture, attitude towards representatives of a foreign culture and its assessment, perception of the values, traditions and customs of this culture. Rejection or misunderstanding (unwillingness to understand) of a foreign culture leaves a negative imprint on intercultural relations and interaction. Birzhakov M.B. Introduction to tourism. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003. p. 407.

To form a tourist attraction, historical and cultural tourism must contain the following aspects (Table 1). Senin V.S. Organization of international tourism. M.: Finance and Statistics, 1999. pp. 79-81.


1. Arts and literature tourism	famous figures of literature, theater, cinema; works of sculpture; arts and crafts; theaters, studios, etc.
2. Historical tourism	monuments of human civilization and socio-economic culture; ancient cities, ruins of ancient cities; monuments of military culture (fortresses, revolving walls and ramparts, places of battles and battles, etc.)
3. Tourism of architectural culture	architectural ensembles, palace complexes, places of worship and temples; small architectural forms (buildings, towers, arches, halls, pantheons, mausoleums, memorial caves, stones and obelisks); hydraulic structures (dams, canals, hydroelectric power stations); port-industrial architecture; recreational architecture
4. Cultural theme park tourism	artificial landscapes (residential, recreational, sports and recreational, industrial, transport)
5. Tourism of the urban environment and culture	urban environment and urban culture; city panoramas; landscape planning organization and urban development
6. Museum tourism	museums, exhibitions, historical and cultural events and presentations

Tourism for exploring art and literature. Famous literary and artistic figures and their works can be a leading factor in attracting foreign tourists. For example, the wonderful poems of the great Russian poet A. Pushkin attract foreign literature lovers to visit Russia.

Historical tourism. Historical monuments are not only target places for specialists to work, but also interesting places for mass tourists.

Tourism of architectural culture. Each country or each people has its own historical and cultural sources. Architectural culture is like “frozen historical poems”; architectural styles are very diverse. As a rule, the difference in architectural styles of different countries and nationalities is the main reason for the formation of the flow of foreign tourists. For example, tourists from eastern countries like the architectural styles of Venice, Italy, Moscow and St. Petersburg, and Kyiv. Conversely, tourists from Western countries are interested in Eastern styles of architecture. For example, the Chinese cities of Shi'an, Pingyao Ancient City (Shanxi Province), and Dayan Ancient City (Yunnan Province) are the top destinations for foreign tourists in China. Senin V.S. Organization of international tourism. M.: Finance and Statistics, 1999. p. 83-85.

Tourism theme parks culture. Theme parks are man-made recreational resources that are born of creativity and create a special atmosphere with one theme or several themes to attract tourists. In 1955, American Walt Disney Walt Disney created Disneyland Disneyland, opening the history of theme parks in the world. Following him, in Western countries, especially in North America and Europe, magnificent theme parks were created, the most popular of which was The Universal Studio Tour of Hollywood, which attracts about 10 million tourists annually. Saprunova V. Tourism. Evolution. Structure. Marketing. M.: Os-89, 1997.c. 95.

Tourism of the urban environment and culture. Cities, as places of concentration of culture, economy and politics of countries and regions, have their own advantage and form a first-class tourism market for foreign tourists. Their role in historical and cultural tourism is constantly increasing.

Museum tourism. Museums, as places where the historical and cultural quintessence of a country is exhibited, are quite attractive, especially for foreign tourists. For example, the Gugong Museum (Beijing, China), the Hermitage Museum (St. Petersburg, Russia), the Louvre (Paris, France), the Prado (Madrid, Spain), etc. are world attractions. The six types of historical and cultural tourism presented form the core of the culture of tourist centers. Ismaev D.K. The main activities of a tourism company (using the example of the Russian tourism industry). M.: Knigodel: MATGR, 2005. p. 52.

Historical and cultural tourism and development of tourist cities. Historical and cultural tourism plays an important role in the formation and development of tourist cities. In territorial recreational systems, subsystems of natural and cultural complexes are the cores of their tourist attraction. Unlike natural factors, the historical and cultural factor combines the characteristic features of movable and real estate and has its own historical dynamics. With the increasing level of culture of the population, historical and cultural tourism plays a more important role in the development of tourist centers. Places for the preservation of historical and cultural monuments form tourist areas, the focal points of which are tourist cities. Therefore, it is tourist cities that serve as the final destinations for tourists. Senin V.S. Organization of international tourism. M.: Finance and Statistics, 1999. p. 86-88.

Modern cities perform multiple functions: political; economic; scientific and educational; transport; informational; cultural; tourist. Most cities in the world are characterized by a tendency to consistently strengthen tourism functions.

A city as a tourist destination, first of all, must have its own style. According to the requirements of tourism marketing, tourists are primarily interested in cities when choosing foreign attractions. To maintain the continuously strong vitality of tourist cities, they need to maintain cultural content.

Cities are a collection of centers of culture, politics, economics, science, education of countries or regions. These, in particular, are capital cities: Beijing, Moscow, Kyiv, Paris, Rome, etc. For the rational development of these cities, a very important task is to implement the principles of sustainable development, preserve historical and cultural monuments and at the same time not limit the development of the city’s economy. For example, Kaifin City, Henan Province is a famous tourist city in China, having the glorious title of "Ancient City of the Seven Dynasties". It has been the capital of China seven times in Chinese history, especially during the northern Song period (960-1027). Kaifin (then called Tongjing - the eastern capital) was one of the busiest, most developed and largest cities in the world. In order to preserve the monuments of the ancient city, the city government decided to locate new industrial enterprises, mainly with new technologies, only in the western part of the city. Kaifin is a successful example of the coordination of conflicting interests between economic development and the protection of cultural and historical monuments in tourist cities. Vavilova E. V. Fundamentals of international tourism. M.: Gardariki, 2005. p. 107.

Historical and cultural center. Cities are both places of concentration of historical and cultural monuments and world-famous centers of resort tourism. For example, Sochi is a major center of recreation - resort treatment and health improvement, tourism, mass non-organizational recreation, which in the main areas can and should reach the international level. Moreover, the deep cultural atmosphere of Sochi creates a strong attractiveness of the city for foreign tourists. The combination of cultural and natural (seaside location, warm climate) resources allows the city to become a famous tourist city in the world.

Table 2. Classification of historical and cultural tourism products by level and thematic type Vavilova E. V. Fundamentals of international tourism. M.: Gardariki, 2005. p. 109-111.

Level view	Professional	Specialized	Non-specialized	Related
Historical	Scientific tourism: conferences, expeditions	Historical, military-patriotic tours	Excursion to historical places, places of military battles, animation program
Ethnographic	Ethnographic tours	Ethnographic excursion, animation program, tasting of traditional cuisine
Architectural	Architectural tours	Architectural tour
Archaeological	Participation in excavations	Archaeological tours	Excursion to excavation and burial sites
Folklore	Participation of professional groups in festivals, etc.	Folklore tours, visiting festivals	Folklore concert, folklore program
Religious	Pilgrimage	Religious tour	Tour of holy places

Specialized historical and cultural tourism is characterized by detailed thematic tours. For example, a specialized architectural tour introduces the tourist in detail to the architectural features of the region, etc.; ethnographic tour - with the peculiarities of culture, traditions, life, cuisine of the people or peoples of the region, country.

Non-specialized historical and cultural tourism involves various thematic excursions, animation programs, which are more of an informational nature, the same applies to accompanying tourism.

A cultural tourist is a conventional concept, a consumer of a tourism product based on various types of cultural tourism. In Russian, this can be: (a) an individual, a tourist, who has the skills and habits of a cultured person in terms of modernity and traditions of society, who treats objects of culture and nature with care and understanding, striving to understand them, (b) a participant in a tourist trip attributed according to its characteristics and attributes to cultural tourism. In the theory of cultural tourism, three different types of cultural tourists are distinguished: (1) a special category of cultural tourists-enthusiasts - 10-15%. They specialize in a particular area and travel systematically with a fair degree of repetition. As a rule, there is a relationship between their professional activities and tourist trips; (2) permanent category of cultural tourists - 30-40%. They have sufficient motivation for cultural tourism in general. They are most attracted to the cultural aspect of tourism, although, as a rule, they have other interests and engage in other activities during their holiday; (3) category of casual cultural tourists - (45-60%). They engage in cultural tourism sporadically out of curiosity, but they constitute the largest category of those who visit historical and cultural heritage sites. During the rest period, they visit cultural attractions within a radius of 50 km from their permanent place of residence.

Historical and cultural tourism, in its classical sense, provides for the tourist’s acquaintance with new destinations, territories, peoples, architecture, the way of life of the local population, religion or cults, i.e., a new or insufficiently known or completely unknown culture, presented in the form of material cultural monuments and natural heritage, in museum collections, cities and tourist historical centers, as well as products of spiritual creativity. Strengthening the relationship between culture and tourism is based on the role of culture in realizing the needs that form the basis of tourism as a phenomenon, and the role of tourism in meeting cultural needs. The basis is five motivational characteristics: (a) knowledge of phenomena and things, (b) communication, (c) relaxation, (d) treatment and recovery, (e) social prestige. Culture provides tourists with immersion in a different state of society in which the people of another country, society, city, region live, and on this basis a sharp change in impressions. A deeply rich intellectual and informational component of tourism activity is provided, which is very important for a modern person acting as a tourist. There is a beneficial effect of entertainment and entertainment of phenomena and images, as well as a subsequent relaxation effect. Vavilova E. V. Fundamentals of international tourism. M.: Gardariki, 2005. p. 117.

Among the subtypes of historical and cultural tourism, there are several levels:

Professional, based on contacts of professional performers and members of creative groups, actors, artists. It is usually carried out within the framework of art festivals, creative meetings, etc.

Specialized, aimed at meeting the needs of tourists in terms of detailed acquaintance and study of local customs, history and life of the population, folklore and other cultural heritage.

Non-specialized, programs are based on the consumption of cultural goods as an accompanying stage of a tourist trip, but are not the basis of the goal-setting of a tourist trip, for example, the excursion part of the tourist program, non-ritual visits to holy places, places of worship for educational purposes.

Accompanying, which is an additional and optional part of the tourist program (cultural program). Usually accompanies business tourism, sports tourism and other types and subtypes of tourism.

Cultural quasi-tourism, tourism for the local population (residents), most often acting as excursionists and actively consuming cultural products.

You should be careful when purchasing and trading. Trade is the oldest form of human activity. This is part of human culture, formed over centuries and millennia. A visit to the local market or oriental bazaar is a most interesting activity for a tourist. Thus, Dubai (UAE) has historically been a center on the trade route between the Southeast and the Levant for thousands of years. And today it is the largest shopping center, and the tourist product of the destination is largely built on trade for tourists. Unique modern shopping centers have been built, trade fairs and festivals are held, preferential tax regimes for trade are introduced, and at the same time open markets are maintained, occupying entire street blocks (spice market, fabric market, gold market, electronics market and many others). If the purchase does not become an end in itself for the tourist, and he is not drawn into small wholesale trade, then it is reasonable and useful. Vavilova E. V. Fundamentals of international tourism. M.: Gardariki, 2005. p. 121.

Historical and cultural tourism is a complex multidisciplinary type of activity, in which, in addition to the traditional components of the tourism infrastructure (such as inbound tourism tour operators, hotels, air carriers, transport companies specializing in serving tourists, security companies), many other organizations and service enterprises are involved.

To develop excursion activities in the area there must be the following objects:

archaeological sites, old and new,

fairly heavily urbanized developed cities,

rural areas,

museums, exhibitions, expositions. Kabushkin N.I. Tourism management. Minsk: New knowledge, 2001. p. 87.

Features of the lifestyle and historically established cultural traditions attract tourists to travel. Getting to know a new culture enriches your horizons and contributes to personal development.

The success of the development of cultural tourism business depends not so much on a competent approach to organizing the process, but on the uniqueness of the area, the people and their customs and way of life.

In many countries, the cultural values offered differ little from each other, in which case the cost of tours is noticeably reduced relative to more unique countries.

The subjects of cultural tourism include the following sub-sectors of the service sector: museums, museum-reserves and palaces; art galleries and art centers; directorates of festivals and carnivals; theaters and concert organizations; circuses and concert halls; cultural and entertainment centers, night clubs; production centers; agencies for the sale of theater and museum tickets, directorate of theater and entertainment box offices; excursion bureaus; a bus fleet specially designed for excursions, a small fleet and river pleasure boats. Authentic catering establishments and art galleries and antique shops, which are attractive to some tourists, are also an integral part of cultural tourism. Numerous churches of various faiths make their contribution to the formation of the cultural tourism product, some of which are objects of excursions by tourists.

A simple listing of the sub-sectors involved in creating the product of historical and cultural tourism shows its significant role in the economy. This circumstance becomes fundamentally important in conditions of economic crisis. Ibid., 2001. p. 89.

A typical negative phenomenon in historical and cultural mass tourism is the imposition of a cultural stereotype - a far-fetched, emasculated image of a phenomenon, simplified reproduction for quick development and unpretentious entertainment. This could be the stereotype of the image of a Scot in a checkered skirt (kilt), playing the bagpipes with a bottle of eternal Scotch whiskey, or a Russian in trousers, boots, a hat, with a glass of vodka and dancing with a bear in his arms. Self-deception is often cultivated with the mutual tacit consent of both the manufacturer of the tourism product and the consumer. The local tourism industry creates a certain image of a phenomenon or a set of material objects due to which it exists, with the secret consent of tourists to see and “eat” the proposed fake. Kabushkin N.I. Tourism management. Minsk: New knowledge, p. 91.

A typical image of tourist activity is being formed, focused on the local tourism production of the tourist product - what to visit, what to see, what to photograph, what to buy as souvenirs. Rituals that do not exist are specially generated for tourists, floating colorful boat markets on the water, which have been gone for a long time and local residents do not need them, and so on for the needs of the mass tourist-consumer. True culture remains unclaimed, unnoticed, unknown, and the impressions received remain very far from true or authentic. At the same time, tourism becomes a kind of conveyor production.

Federal Agency for Education

Ural State Forestry University

Department of SKSiT

"Tourist cultural and historical resources of the Russian Federation"

Completed by: Shaikhutdinova A.R.

Checked by: Ph.D., Associate Professor

Zakharova S.V.

Ekaterinburg 2008

Introduction

Chapter 1. Characteristics of the geographical location of the Russian Federation

Chapter 2. Characteristics of the type of tour (features)

Chapter 3. Tourist cultural and historical resources of the Russian Federation

Conclusion

Bibliography

Application

Introduction

The relevance of studying the influence of cultural and historical tourism on the development of regions is explained by the fact that, despite all the difficulties, the modern period is a period of development of new trends in cultural life, previously forgotten names, monuments and events are being revived, and the historical heritage is being assessed in a new way. And therefore, for most Russian regions, focusing on cultural and historical tourism is becoming one of the real opportunities for economic, social and cultural growth.

The abstract consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and applications.

The first chapter examines the characteristics of the geographical location of Russia.

The second chapter examines the theoretical foundations of cultural and historical tourism, its essence, and provides a list of its main characteristics.

The third chapter examines tourism cultural and historical resources in the Russian Federation.

In conclusion, conclusions about why this type of tourism is developing in this region and its prospects.

Chapter 1. Characteristics of the geographical location

1.1.Economic-geographical location and borders of Russia

The Russian Federation is the largest state in the world by area - 17.1 million km 2

The Russian Federation occupies the northern and northeastern parts of the Eurasian continent (1/3 of Russia is in Europe, 2/3 is in Asia). Northern Russia accounts for 11 million km 2 and 10 million people.

Northern mainland point- Cape Chelyuskin on the Taimyr Peninsula. Northern island point– Cape Fligeli on Rudolf Island in the Franz Josef Archipelago.

Southernmost point mainland– on the crest of the main Caucasian ridge – 41 0 12 ’ northern latitude – on the border of Dagestan and Azerbaijan.

Westernmost point- a limb on the Sand Spit in the Baltic Sea near Kaliningrad.

Easternmost continental point– Cape Dezhnev – in Chukotka. Easternmost island point– Rotmanov Island in the Bering Sea near the border with the United States (on Kruzenshtern Island).

Almost the entire territory of Russia is located in the Eastern Hemisphere. Due to the large length in longitude, the time difference is large - it is 10 hours (accordingly, the country is divided into 10 time zones). In sparsely populated areas and on the seas, the boundaries of time zones follow the meridians. In densely populated areas they pass along the administrative boundaries of the constituent entities of the federation.

The total length of the borders of the Russian Federation is 60,000 km, of which 40,000 km are maritime borders. The maritime boundaries are 12 nautical miles (22.7 km) from the coast. The borders of Russia's maritime economic zone are located 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the shores of the islands and the mainland. Within this zone, navigation of any countries is allowed, but the development and extraction of all types of natural resources located in the waters, on the bottom and in the subsoil, is carried out only by Russia.

Northern maritime borders of Russia pass through the waters of the seas of the Arctic Ocean (Barents Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea, Chukchi Sea). Except for part of the Barents Sea, all of them are covered with drifting ice all year round, so navigation in the seas is difficult. Our sector of the Arctic is located within the Arctic Ocean from the coast of Russia to the North Pole. All the islands of this sector, except for a few islands of the Spitsbergen archipelago, belong to our country.

Eastern borders pass through the waters of the Pacific Ocean and its seas (Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan). The closest maritime neighbors are Japan and the USA. The La Perouse Strait separates Sakhalin Island from Hokkaido Island in the Sea of Japan (it does not freeze, which favors Russia’s maritime ties with its neighbors).

Maritime borders in the west. The waters of the Baltic Sea connect Russia with Sweden, Poland, Germany and the Baltic countries. The northern part of the Baltic Sea freezes off some Russian coasts, but not off the coast of Kaliningrad. The Baltic Sea provides connections with many Western European countries.

In the southwest of the Russian Federation maritime borders pass through the waters of the Azov and Black Seas, which connect Russia with Ukraine, Georgia, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Romania. Along the Black Sea there are routes to the Mediterranean Sea. Short maritime borders run along the Caspian Sea.

Russia is a world maritime power. Its territory is washed by the waters of three oceans.

The length of Russia's land borders is long. The number of neighbors is fourteen (and with two more neighboring states the Russian Federation has only maritime borders - with Japan and the USA). The actual borders with border posts and customs offices stretch for 1605 km (990 km with the Baltic countries, 615 km with Azerbaijan and Georgia). The border with the Baltic countries is demarcated. The border with Norway, Finland, Mongolia and the DPRK (17 km) has not changed. The border with Poland (which now borders only the Kaliningrad region) and with China has been sharply reduced by more than half.

The territory of Russia does not have clearly defined boundaries, which were drawn conditionally in the 20s and 30s. At present, it is at least unreasonable to raise the question of changing the boundaries that have developed historically. World experience testifies to this: attempts to change borders end in tragic consequences (for example, Yugoslavia).

Some of the borders established by international agreements are guarded by border troops, operating outposts, and customs (with Norway and Finland). The borders with the CIS countries are quite arbitrary. They were changed arbitrarily and were not secured by relevant agreements. By agreement with the CIS countries, Russia provides its border troops to many sections of the borders of the former USSR.

The geographical features of economic relations are determined by transport capabilities. In the Baltic Sea, the Russian Federation has one large port - St. Petersburg, and Vyborg and Kaliningrad ports are small ports (see page 21 and additional material in the Roma textbook). Today St. Petersburg is a port of international importance. It is provided by a system of internal transport routes fanning out from St. Petersburg.

A similar situation has developed in the Black Sea-Azov basin. Novorossiysk and Tuapse are 2 ports through which oil cargo is exported and grain is imported. But here Russia does not have berths for loading piece goods and containers. In addition, Russia does not have coastal areas in the north-west and south suitable for the construction of ports without limiting costs.

Despite all the difficulties, Russia, actively using the benefits of its geographical location, is pursuing a new policy. It entered the top ten Baltic states by signing an agreement on economic and cultural cooperation. A similar agreement was signed with the Black Sea states. Recently, the possibility of relations with Western Europe, the USA, Canada, and Korea has increased.

Chapter 2. Cultural and historical tour as a type of tourism

This type of tourism, such as cultural-historical or educational, has long emerged and become independent. Cultural and historical tourism is the spiritual appropriation by an individual through travel and excursions of the riches of culture in their authenticity. It can be considered as a system that provides every opportunity to get acquainted with the history, culture, customs, spiritual and religious values of a given country.

The basis of cultural and historical tourism is the historical and cultural potential of the country, which includes the entire sociocultural environment with traditions and customs, features of everyday and economic activities. Any locality can provide a minimum set of resources for educational tourism, but its mass development requires a certain concentration of cultural heritage sites, among which are:

Archaeological monuments;

Religious and civil architecture;

Monuments of landscape architecture;

Small and large historical cities;

Rural settlements;

Museums, theaters, exhibition halls, etc.;

Sociocultural infrastructure;

Objects of ethnography, folk arts and crafts, centers of applied art;

Technical complexes and structures.

Cultural and historical tourism is the best way to get to know another culture. The humanitarian significance of cultural and historical tourism lies in the use of its opportunities for the development of personality, its creative potential, and expanding the horizon of knowledge. The desire for knowledge has always been an integral feature of man. Combining recreation with knowledge of the life, history and culture of another people is one of the tasks that cultural and historical tourism is fully capable of solving. Getting to know the culture and customs of another country enriches a person’s spiritual world.

Cultural and historical tourism is divided into:

- cultural (the cultural characteristics of various regions of the world increasingly encourage people to spend their holidays traveling. Objects visited by tourists contribute to their spiritual enrichment and broadening their horizons. Culture is one of the main elements of tourist interest).

- historical (the cultural potential of the region is expressed in its historical heritage. Most tourist destinations carefully treat their history as a factor in attracting tourist flows. The presence of unique historical sites can predetermine the successful development of tourism in the region. Acquaintance with history and historical sites is the strongest motivating tourist motive.

The historical heritage of the region needs to be promoted to the tourist market. Therefore, national tourism organizations should disseminate information about the historical potential of the area).

-cultural-historical ( based on impressions as a result of acquaintance or study and knowledge of someone else’s or one’s own culture and cultural artifacts).

It is advisable to hold cultural events (folklore, festivals, etc.) that are traditional for tourist destinations and that can interest tourists from different parts of the world.

Religion. Pilgrimage is the oldest type of travel, known to mankind for thousands of years. The motives for a pilgrimage journey are the spiritual desire to visit religious centers and holy places, especially revered in a particular religion, the performance of religious rituals, etc. Motivation comes either from the prescriptions of religion, or from the religious aspirations and beliefs of a person. Industry and business. The level of industrial development of the region is a serious motive for attracting a certain category of tourists, especially foreign ones, interested in the state of the economy of another country, industry, manufactured products, etc.

Education. A high level of education increases a person's desire for knowledge. The influence of people on each other shapes the global lifestyle, affecting the development of tourism. Residents of one country tend to show interest in the education system of another country. Therefore, educational institutions (colleges, universities, etc.) can become significant attractive elements of culture in the tourism market. World-famous universities have long become tourist attractions and independent objects of tourist display. In addition, the education system is a feature of tourism potential and can be successfully used as an element of attracting tourist flows, in particular as the basis of educational tourism. The opportunity to receive a prestigious education attracts students from different regions, which strengthens the established and stable segment of the consumer market.

The trend of using educational institutions for tourism purposes has developed: organizing and holding conferences, business meetings, seminars at colleges, universities and other educational institutions.

Monuments of history, culture and nature are the national treasure of the country. The development of the territory for tourism purposes requires a careful approach according to the principle: “Save - restore - do no harm.”

Many regions are rich in such unique historical territories as ancient cities, estates and palace and park ensembles, religious architecture complexes, historical buildings, historical and cultural monuments, etc. They should not remain frozen formations. When organizing unique territories, one should combine traditional forms of activity that historically shaped these territories with innovative types, which include tourism. Moreover, new types of activities should complement, and not suppress, existing economic, sociocultural and natural processes.

Each region has a unique heritage. To determine the basis necessary for the development of cultural tourism in the region, the questions should be answered: “What resources (heritage) make a specific area unique relative to other territories?” and “How can the resources (heritage) of a particular area be used for tourism purposes?”

There are four principles of cultural and historical tourism:

1) active assistance in preserving the heritage of the area: cultural, historical and natural;

2) emphasizing and highlighting the uniqueness of the area’s heritage relative to other regions;

3) creating a sense of pride and responsibility for the unique heritage among the local population;

4) development of a tourism development program based on the use of the unique heritage of the area.

Cultural and historical tourism not only brings income to the region, but gives the local population a reason to be proud of their unique heritage and provides opportunities to share it with tourists. If society takes this into account, it will be able to create a system for the rational use of unique resources for tourism.

Cultural and historical tourism has a number of aspects of influence on the development of the region, including:

· Socio-cultural aspects.

The preservation and development of historical cities are interconnected with the inclusion of a particular country in the world process of modernization, urbanization on a global scale, with the development of the media, the world market, transport, etc. All this influences the formation of modern mass culture, which undoubtedly includes tourism, which contributes to the unification of both regional and ethnic culture, especially in major cities of the world.

As a reaction to this process, in the last decade there has been an opposite movement - an orientation towards a return to the past, to understanding and preserving cultural identity. In this context, cultural and historical tourism plays an important role in understanding one’s own identity and in the revival of local traditions. And if folk traditions are destroyed, then new patterns arise, most often imitating historical elements of culture that previously had a certain meaning and significance.

Cultural and historical tourism has cognitive and educational significance for tourists and an effect for those cities and regions in which it develops. However, understanding its role for local residents becomes essential. The positive significance of tourism is obvious in the economic benefits that cities and their residents can receive from enterprise investments, rental of buildings, rental of private houses, from the sale of items or reconstruction of homes and improvement of the infrastructure of settlements and territories. For a number of social groups, especially children, it becomes important to realize the historical and cultural significance of their own “small Motherland”, pride in its fame in the country and the world. In the social sphere, tourism also solves the problem of employment of local residents, providing them with jobs, introducing them to the values of international culture, including through interpersonal communication.

· Economic aspects.

· Natural landscape aspects.

· Urban planning and architectural aspects.

· Organizational and managerial aspects.

Chapter 3. Tourist cultural and historical resources in the Russian Federation

Russia has enormous opportunities to attract tourists. This is facilitated by the presence of various natural and climatic zones; Russia's rich cultural and historical past; large, undeveloped areas where wild nature remains. Unfortunately, due to a number of circumstances, Russia has not yet fully realized its recreational potential and uses its resources in this area rather one-sidedly. Tourist zoning of recreational resources in Russia was carried out by A.A. Romanov and R.G. Sahakyants. It is based mainly on physical and geographical characteristics (terrain, climate, flora, fauna, presence of geothermal resources), as well as the presence of cultural and historical potential and the development of tourism infrastructure. As a result, four large regions were identified: the Center of Russia, the North of Russia, the South of Russia, Siberia and the Far East.

The Center of Russia includes the central, western, northwestern regions, the Upper Volga region, the Middle and Southern Urals. The region is characterized by rich recreational potential, a stable political situation, and a diverse cultural heritage, which contributes to the development of tourism. In the North of Russia, only the regions of the European part can be considered promising for the development of tourism: the Karelian-Kola and Russian North. There are both natural recreational resources and various cultural and historical attractions. The south of Russia includes the politically stable, but poorly developed in terms of recreation, Central Black Earth regions, as well as the Caucasus, which simultaneously has an explosive political situation and a well-developed tourism infrastructure. Despite political stability, the region of Siberia and the Far East is characterized by a number of factors that negatively affect the development of tourism: significant distance from the Center, harsh climatic conditions, sparse population, and underdeveloped infrastructure. Held in Moscow in March 2003. The tourism exhibition showed that more and more regions are showing interest in tourism development. All new areas began to advertise themselves as a tourist attraction.

Tourist opportunities in the Murmansk region are represented by the following types of recreation and entertainment: you can go on a nuclear icebreaker from Murmansk to the North Pole; catch and release the largest salmon in a clear, rapid river; go skiing in the snow-capped Khibiny Mountains; see the beauty of the underwater world of the White and Barents seas; take part in a ski marathon in April.

The Solovetsky Islands, located in the northern part of the Onega Bay of the White Sea, may be of great interest to representatives of the educational world. Here is the famous Solovetsky Monastery (XV century) with a Kremlin, temples and monasteries. The monastery played an important role in protecting the northern borders of Russia, acted as a spiritual and economic organizer, and also as a collector of works of art. Since 1920 forced labor camps were located on the islands, where political prisoners and clergy were kept, in particular the philosopher, mathematician, chemist and priest P.A. Florensky.

The Southern Urals have long been a “blank spot” on the tourist map. This is due to a number of “closed cities” located in the Chelyabinsk region. However, today the situation is changing. There are a number of interesting attractions here. The Ilmensky State Mineralogical Reserve was organized in 1920 near the city of Miass. There is an abundance of minerals here. Numerous rivers belonging to the Kama, Tobol and Ural basins originate within the region. There are more than three thousand lakes in the Chelyabinsk region. Favorable climate, high concentration radon waters, sapropel mud are widely used in the resort network of health facilities.

In the center of Russia, Spasskoye-Lutovinovo in the Oryol region is attractive for tourists, where I.S. spent his childhood. Turgenev, birthplace of S.A. Yesenina - the village of Konstantinov in the Ryazan region and the Yasnaya Polyana museum-estate in the Tula region, where the great Russian writer L.N. lived. Tolstoy, and many others.

The area of Lake Baikal, which in tourism terms is often called Baikal-Mongolian Asia, remains traditionally popular among tourists. Tourists here have the opportunity to visit old Evenki camps, get acquainted with the life of Old Believers and Buddhist monasteries in the national parks of the Baikal region, visit islands with seal rookeries, as well as the ancient capital of Mongolia, Karakorum.

Of the major cities in Russia, St. Petersburg is the most visited by tourists. The city itself and its suburbs are the greatest cultural and historical attraction. He became famous for his heroic defense during the Great Patriotic War. The city was under blockade for 900 days and survived. The celebration in 2003 attracted great attention to St. Petersburg from the world community. three hundredth anniversary of the founding of the city. It’s not for nothing that St. Petersburg is often called the Venice of the North. It was built in 1703 by the will of Peter I as a port, fortress and capital of the empire. The best architects and fortifiers from Western Europe were invited to carry out the construction.

Here, the attention of tourists is primarily attracted by the Winter Palace (architect B. Rastrelli). The building is decorated with columns, sculptures, vases and other architectural details. The interior decoration of the palace is luxurious. The Winter Palace houses the State Hermitage Museum, which is as famous as the Louvre. The Hermitage has more than 2.7 million paintings, sculptures, drawings, engravings, objects of applied art, furniture, historical costumes, coins, medals, weapons and other objects from all eras of civilization.

The ensembles of squares in St. Petersburg are beautiful: Palace Square, Decembrist Square, Arts Square, Field of Mars, etc. The main square of St. Petersburg is Palace Square. The formation of Palace Square began with the construction of the Winter Palace. In the center of Palace Square stands the Alexandria Column (height including the base 47.5 m), supported by its own weight. The Alexandria Column symbolizes the victory of the Russian people in the War of 1812. Nedadeko is the majestic St. Isaac's Cathedral with a gilded dome. This is the largest Orthodox cathedral in the world. Its height is 102 m, its area is 1 hectare.

The symbol of St. Petersburg “The Bronze Horseman” - the equestrian statue of Peter I by the sculptor Falcone - is located on Decembrist Square (formerly Senate Square).

Other attractions of the city include the Admiralty, the Peter and Paul Fortress, the State Russian Museum with a large collection of paintings and sculptures by Russian and Soviet artists and sculptors, the ensemble of buildings on Vasilyevsky Island, the Summer Garden with a magnificent cast-iron fence. Nevsky Prospekt, the main street of the city, is also magnificent.

Tourists are also attracted by the surrounding areas of St. Petersburg, wonderful country palaces and parks - world-famous palace and park ensembles - summer residences of the royal family and the capital's nobility. During the Great Patriotic War they were looted and destroyed, but after the war they were restored and again amaze with their splendor.

These are the imperial residence of Tsarskoe Selo, Pavlovsk, Peterhof and Oranienbaum. The Oranienbaum palace and park ensemble on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland, opposite the Kronstadt fortress, became the summer residence of Emperor Peter III, for whom the ensemble of the Peterstadt fortress with a miniature palace by the architect A. Rinaldi was erected. Later, for Empress Catherine II, he built a Chinese palace and a slide with a pavilion. All these monuments are a combination of the elegant Rococo style and the emerging classicism style. The halls of the museum display masterpieces of art from the 18th century. - engravings, graphics, painting, sculpture.

Tsarskoe Selo was created in the middle of the 18th century. The luxurious Bolshoi (Catherine Palace) was built for the wife of Peter I, the future Empress Catherine I (designed by B. Rastrelli). It stands surrounded by other palaces in a magnificent park and is distinguished by an incredible variety of plastic decor. The sky blue façade features white columns with gilded details. The interior decoration of the palace is exquisite, the main decoration of which was the Amber Room, stolen by the German occupiers during the war. The search for her is still ongoing. Currently, through the efforts of restorers, it has been restored. The palace is surrounded by regular and landscape parts with marble sculptures by Italian masters of the late 17th-18th centuries. Perpendicular to the façade of the palace, on a gentle hill rises the Cameron Gallery (architect Charles Cameron, 1787). On the second floor of the gallery there is a collection of bronze sculptures made in 1780-1790. Petersburg masters. The park has a large pond, near which there are beautiful pavilions. Next to the Great (Catherine) Palace is the building of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where A.S. studied. Pushkin. A monument to the poet was erected in the Lyceum Garden.

2 km from Tsarskoe Selo is Pavlovsk, located on the banks of the beautiful winding Slavyanka river. Catherine II gave these lands to her heir, the future Emperor Paul I. The architect Charles Cameron laid out the foundation for the Grand Palace and two pavilions. Pavlovsk Park is one of the most beautiful and largest landscape parks in Europe. Its area is 600 hectares. The museum displays a magnificent collection of Russian portraits.

Peterhof is one of the most famous monuments of Russian art. Its picturesque gardens and parks, fabulously beautiful palaces and fountains are called the “pearl of art”. In September 2005, Peterhof celebrated its 300th anniversary. The ensemble includes 7 parks, more than 20 palaces and pavilions, as well as 140 fountains. The fountain system is supplied with water from a 22-km gravity pipeline. There are no pumps or water structures in this system. The jet of the largest fountain rises to a height of 22 m. The large cascade of fountains is decorated with 225 gilded sculptures.

Oranienbaum is located 40 km from St. Petersburg, not far from Peterhof. Its palace and park ensemble was almost undamaged during the war, since the city was not occupied. The estate belonged to Peter I's associate A.M. Menshikov.

Moscow - the capital of Russia - has a great future for the development of tourism, but it is still held back due to undeveloped infrastructure. One of the most attractive sites for tourists is the Kremlin, where the residence of the President of the Russian Federation is now located. The Kremlin is called the heart of Moscow; it is a wonderful architectural and historical monument that was created over many centuries. Moscow was first mentioned in the chronicle in 1147, however, as excavations have shown, the place where the Kremlin is now located was inhabited in the second half of the 1st millennium AD. In 1156, under Yuri Dolgoruky, a fortification was built, surrounded by a wooden fence. In 1339, Prince Ivan Kalita built new walls from oak trunks with a diameter of up to 70 cm. A deep ditch was dug on the eastern side.

In 1367, under Prince Dmitry Donskoy, walls of white stone were erected, so Moscow began to be called white stone. From here, Russian soldiers set off on a campaign in 1380, which culminated in victory over the Tatar-Mongol army on the Kulikovo Field.

The largest construction in the Kremlin was carried out under Ivan III (1462-1505). Moscow became the capital of the Russian centralized state. By the end of the 15th century. Brick Kremlin walls were built and 18 towers were built. Their length was 2235 m. The height of the Kremlin walls is from 5 to 19 m, thickness from 3.5 to 6.5 m. They have 1045 battlements with narrow loopholes. Ruby stars were installed on five towers for the 20th anniversary of the October Revolution. Each star weighs about a ton and has a ray span of 3.75 m.

The most beautiful tower of the Kremlin is Spasskaya, on which in the 19th century. a clock with a dial diameter of 6.12 m was installed. It is driven by three weights weighing up to 224 kg. The weight of the pendulum is 32 kg. Nine bells chime the quarter hour. Each of them weighs 320 kg. One bell chimes the full hour. This bell weighs 2160 kg. The height of the Spasskaya Tower with the star is 71m. It was built in 1491 under the leadership of Pietro Antonio Solari from Milano (Italy). The tower received its name in honor of the icon of the Savior placed above its gate. Of the Kremlin towers, three are corner, round (Beklemishevskaya, Corner Arsenalnaya and Vodovzvodnaya), and four are travel towers (Spasskaya, Nikolskaya, Troitskaya and Borovitskaya). From the Trinity Tower, the highest (80 m), central automatic control of the Kremlin stars is carried out. At the foot of Borovitsky Hill in 1490, Solari built a pyramidal tower, called Borovitskaya. This tower had a drawbridge. The same bridges used to be at the Konstantino-Eleninskaya, Spasskaya, Nikolskaya and Trinity towers. The Vodovzvodnaya Tower was built in 1488. In the 30s of the 17th century. a machine was installed that supplied water from a special well through lead pipes to the Kremlin. The machine was created under the direction of the English master Christopher Galovey.

In the center of the Kremlin, on the white-stone Cathedral Square, there are cathedrals. The largest of them is the Assumption, crowned with five golden domes, built in 1475-1479. Russian masters under the guidance of the Italian architect Aristotle Fioravanti. The Assumption Cathedral was a place of solemn services. It was where people were crowned kings and important state acts were announced. The iconostasis of the Assumption Cathedral is a rare collection of Russian icon painting. Another cathedral - the Annunciation Cathedral, erected by Pskov craftsmen in 1484-1489, was the home church of the royal family. It houses an exhibition of about 50 works of Russian painting from the 12th to 16th centuries. The third cathedral is the Arkhangelsk Cathedral, built at the beginning of the 16th century. The walls and pillars of the cathedral are painted with images of princes, whose possessions became part of the Russian centralized state. The Archangel Cathedral was the burial place of great princes and kings.

On Cathedral Square there is the Chamber of Facets. It is named so because its eastern façade is lined with cut stone. In this chamber, built in 1487-1491, celebrations, meetings of Zemsky Sobors, state meetings and receptions of ambassadors took place. On Cathedral Square rises the octagonal bell tower of Ivan the Great, which served as the main watch and signal tower of the ancient city. Its height is 81 m. At the foot of the bell tower there is the largest bell in the world, which is called the Tsar Bell. Its weight is 200 tons, its diameter is 6.6 m, and its height is 6 m. It was cast in the Kremlin by Ivan Motorin and his son Mikhail in 1733-1735. Not far from the bell stands the Tsar Cannon, cast in bronze in 1586 by master Andrei Chekhov. Its weight is 40 tons, caliber 89 cm, length 5.35 m.

Not far from the Tsar Cannon are the Church of the Twelve Apostles, the Patriarchal Chambers and the Arsenal building, built in 1702-1736. Cannons captured from the French in the War of 1812 and guns used during the capture of Kazan are exhibited here.

On the territory of the Kremlin at the end of the 18th century. architect M.F. Kazakov built a three-story building, which housed the Moscow branch of the Senate under Catherine II, and the Council of Ministers of the USSR under Soviet power. Other buildings in the Kremlin include the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Armory, where unique precious jewelry and works of decorative art are collected, as well as samples of firearms from Russian and foreign craftsmen, armor, sabers and other weapons. Among the museum's exhibits are the legendary Monomakh cap, the Great outfit of Tsar Mikhail Romanov, the diamond cap of Peter I, a collection of items by foreign masters, as well as an exhibition of diamonds. Red Square adjoins the Kremlin. On it there is the mausoleum of V.I. Lenin and the uniquely beautiful Intercession Cathedral, also called St. Basil's Cathedral. This cathedral was built in the middle of the 16th century. Russian architects Postnik and Barma in memory of the capture of Kazan and Astrakhan. Near the Intercession Cathedral stands a monument to Kozma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, national heroes who led the city in 1611-1612. the people's militia that liberated Moscow and the country from Polish invaders. On the opposite side of the square stands a red brick building with turrets and patterns, built according to the design of V.O. Sherwood and A.A. Semenov in the 70-80s of the XIX century. This building houses the State Historical Museum. The museum's collection includes tools, weapons, precious jewelry, clothing, frescoes, documents, books, paintings, and household items. The iron cage in which Emelyan Pugachev was taken to execution is kept here. The museum's holdings include about four million items. Opposite the Kremlin wall stretches the former Upper Trading Rows, built at the end of the 19th century. according to the project by A.N. Pomerantseva. The State Department Store is now located here. The landmark of the building is the glass domes made according to the design of V.G. Shukhova.

Red Square has witnessed many historical events. Here at Lobnoye Place Stepan Razin and Emelyan Pugachev were executed. Revolutionary battles took place on this square in 1917. From here the Soviet regiments went to the front in 1941. Here in 1945 A Victory Parade took place, in which representatives of all fronts participated. Red Square welcomed the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin with jubilation in 1961, and then other cosmonauts.

Around the Kremlin and Red Square there is a Central semiring, which is a chain of streets and squares. The ends of this chain abut the Moscow River. Many historical monuments and government institutions are concentrated here. In the Middle Ages, Kitay-gorod adjoined the Kremlin from the east. The wall around this city was built in 1535-1538. The length of the wall was 2.5 km. It had 12 towers. The remains of this wall can be seen in Kitaisky Proezd on Teatralnaya Square.

Within the Central semicircle there is the Rossiya Hotel with the largest State Concert Hall, the Polytechnic Museum, the Bolshoi and Maly Academic Theaters, the Russian Academic Youth Theater (Central Children's Theater), the old building of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, Hall of Columns, Russian State Library and the newly built magnificent Cathedral of Christ the Savior. Built at the end of the 19th century. In honor of Russia's victory over Napoleon, the temple was then demolished in the 1930s under Soviet rule. In addition, there are a large number of historical monuments in the central semicircle.

In the city center, outside the central semicircle, there is the Boulevard Ring, which includes 10 boulevards. Earlier (at the end of the 14th century), a high earthen rampart with a moat was erected along the line of this ring, which was replaced by a stone wall with 9 towers with gates and 30 blind towers. In the 18th century These structures were dismantled, and boulevards were subsequently laid out in their place. In the center of the boulevard ring is Arbat Square, where the tower of the same name stood with a gate. In 1439, the Tatar army of Khan Mehmet tried to break through the Arbat Gate into the city. The defense was led by the blind boyar Khovrin. The soldiers under his leadership recaptured the women and children taken prisoner and put the enemy to flight. On the old Arbat there is a theater named after. E.B. Vakhtangov and the house-museum of the AS. Pushkin. Not far from Arbat Square, on Volkhonka, there is the State Museum of Fine Arts. AC. Pushkin.

The historical center of the city is surrounded by the Garden Ring. Important objects located in the city center and representing great historical as well as cultural value include the State Tretyakov Gallery, where more than five thousand Paintings by artists, over three thousand works of ancient Russian art, 900 sculptural works, more than 30 thousand drawings and engravings. Near the Nikitsky Gate Square there is the world famous Conservatory named after. P.I. Tchaikovsky. Having visited Moscow, it is impossible not to visit the Sparrow Hills, where a new building of Moscow State University was erected in the 50s of the last century. M.V. Lomonosov. The height of the main building with the spire is 385 m. This is the second highest point on the Russian Plain after the Ostankino Tower. A new university library was built on Lomonosovsky Prospekt. The observation deck near the university offers a magnificent view of the city. On the other bank of the Moscow River you can see the Sports Palace and the Big Sports Arena.

Among the outstanding works of Russian monumental art is the Kolomenskoye architectural complex, located on the high bank of the Moscow River. They were created here in the 16th-17th centuries. architectural monuments, which include the churches of the Ascension, John the Baptist, etc. Russian soldiers returned through Kolomenskoye after the victory on the Kulikovo field and through Kolomenskoye Ivan IV the Terrible led troops to Kazan. A historical museum has been created in Kolomenskoye.

Truly “music in stone” are two historical and architectural monuments of Moscow - the Novodevichy and Donskoy monasteries. Moscow is home to over 70 museums, over 60 professional theatres, over 80 universities and many large industrial enterprises.

The Moscow region is also rich in attractions. These are mainly former noble estates and memorial places associated with the lives of famous figures of literature and art. Not far from Sofrino station there is the Muranovo estate, where a museum named after. F.I. Tyutcheva. The Abramtsevo estate went down in the history of Russian fiction as the cradle of Russian art of the 19th century. Kolomna, located near Moscow, is rich in monuments of ancient architecture.

Among other attractions of the Moscow region, the Arkhangelskoye estate, where AS visited, should be noted. Pushkin. The surroundings of Volokolamsk are picturesque. In this ancient city, built by the Novgorodians, there is the Joseph-Volokolamsky Monastery with architectural monuments of the 15th century. The town of Klin, located near Moscow, also attracts the attention of tourists, where the museum-estate of P.I. Tchaikovsky.

Truly the pearl of the Moscow region is Zvenigorod. The first mention of Zvenigorod in written sources dates back to 1339 (letter of the Moscow Grand Duke Ivan Danilovich Kalita). But it is likely that the city arose much earlier; archaeological finds indicate that already in the 12th-13th centuries. Zvenigorod lived by trade and crafts. There is a beautiful version about the name: they say that Zvenigorod is a city that, with its ringing, let Moscow know about the approach of the enemy. In the XIV century. Moscow princes were engaged in unifying the lands along the Moscow River, and then Zvenigorod had an undeniable strategic importance. Not far from the city there was a “watchman” (a guard post of Moscow governors). At the end of the 14th century. The Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery was founded in Zvenigorod. The highest point of the monastery is the Nativity Cathedral, built in 1405. The cathedral preserves fragments of fresco painting from the early 15th century, created by artists from the circle of Andrei Rublev, and frescoes from the 17th century.

Popular tourist routes include the route along the Golden Ring - ancient Russian cities: Sergiev Posad, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Rostov, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Suzdal and Vladimir.

Sergiev Posad was formed as a settlement near the Trinity-Sergeevsky Monastery, founded by Sergius of Radonezh in the 14th century. The painting of the Assumption Cathedral in the monastery was carried out by the great Russian artist Andrei Rublev. The monastery is considered one of the main Orthodox shrines.

Sergiev Posad From Sergiev Posad, on the road to the northeast, on the shore of Lake Pleshcheevo, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky is located. The city was founded in 1152 at the behest of Yuri Dolgoruky and has preserved to this day historical and architectural monuments dating back to the 12th century. The most famous Pereyaslavl prince was Alexander Nevsky. In Pereyaslavl-Zalessky there is a historical and art museum, the Transfiguration Cathedral, the Vladimir Cathedral, etc. In this city, Peter I built his first boat. From Pereyaslavl-Zalessky you can get to Rostov, located near Lake Nero. The city was founded in 862, i.e. much earlier than Moscow. The Rostov Kremlin of the 15th-17th centuries is magnificent. The city has many architectural monuments from different eras.

From Rostov, moving along the highway to the north, tourists find themselves in the ancient Russian city of Yaroslavl on the Volga River, which was founded at the beginning of the 11th century. Prince Yaroslav the Wise. According to legend, on the site of the future city there was a pagan sanctuary, where the prince hacked to death the sacred bear. And the city's coat of arms depicts a bear. In 1463 the city became part of the Russian state. During the years of turmoil, Yaroslavl played the role of the temporary capital of the country. The militia under the leadership of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky entered here. Yaroslavl has many historical and architectural monuments: Spassky Monastery, Elias Church, Tolgsky Monastery, etc. It is a large university and industrial center.

Conclusion

In conclusion, I would like to say that this type of tourism is developing very quickly and actively in Russia. In my opinion, firstly, because the history of Russia is quite extensive and interesting to a large number of people.

Secondly, because there are resources to receive tourist flows in this region. This includes a large number of architectural monuments, literary monuments, and historical attractions.

This type of tourism has great prospects in the future. Because currently everything is being done to increase the flow of tourists: the number of places in hotels is increasing, living conditions are improving, the quality of excursions is being restored, historical and artistic monuments are being restored.

Bibliography

1. “Geography of tourism” A.N. Romanov, G.A. Soakyants.-M.: “Soviet Sport”, 2002, 464 pp.

1. Magazine “Around the World” No. 28, 2003

2. Kvartalnov V.A. Cultural or educational tourism. – Access mode: http:// www.culturalmanagement.ru

3. Access mode http:// www.studzona.com

4. Access mode http:// www.travelexpo.ru

5. “Soviet encyclopedic dictionary” / chief editor: A.M. Prokharov.-3rd ed.

Access mode http:// www.travelexpo.ru

. “Geography of Tourism” A.N.Romanov, G.A.Soakyants.-M.: “Soviet Sport”, 2002, p.33

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