The most important feature of Nekrasov’s lyrics is their newspaper quality, feuilletonism, and attachment to fact. This desire to convey reality almost reportorally is a feature of the new style. And it shows up in the most unexpected verses.
Nekrasov's lyrics remain relevant, modern and popular to this day.
New lyrics
Nikolai Alekseevich opened a completely new, urban reality for Russian poetry. This diversity of views makes it possible to see life from different points of view. If you read the text, you can hear polyphony.
Here is the old woman’s voice: “When the master comes, the master will judge us.” Behind her, a deceived peasant speaks up: “The master will say his word - And our land will be given to us again.” Next is a young farmer who wants to receive the master's permission to marry, and his chosen one, Natasha, in anticipation of a woman's happiness, gives her voice.
Finally one day in the middle of the road
The drogues appeared like gears in a train:
There is a tall oak coffin on the road,
And there’s a gentleman in the coffin; and behind the coffin is a new one.
The old one was buried, the new one wiped away the tears,
He got into his carriage and left for St. Petersburg.
The writer will later use these well-developed techniques of polyphony in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”
Contrast is the fundamental point in Nekrasov's lyrics.
There is noise in the capitals, the ornate thunders,
A war of words is raging
And there, in the depths of Russia, -
There is an age-old silence there.
He managed to reflect everything in his works. And life seen from different angles, and the contrast between city residents and villages, and the contrast between the noise of cities and rural silence. We can say that the writer discovered a new, urban reality in Russian lyrics.
The peculiarity of Nekrasov’s lyrics, combining the incompatible, is very clearly shown in the multi-layered poem “Ballet”, written in 1866.
In the wild cold, the nobility gathers from the theater, to the premiere, to the benefit. A good half of those who arrived do not understand anything about music or ballet. And the purpose of the trip for the majority is to show themselves and each other. The author condemns, rather harshly and categorically describes society.
There are still millions in Russia,
One has only to look at the boxes,
Where the bankers' wives settled, -
A hundred thousand rubles, no matter what!
Swan necks in pearls,
A diamond in a nut in the ears!
How can you not love ballet?
Here is a peaceful citizen
Forgets summer
Forgets the rank...
And so he moves on to the fact that, parallel to the ballet action, someone, out of necessity and the need to earn a penny, is now on a convoy run in the very cold. The poet makes a short excursion into this journey and describes how the peasants walk, what they think, what they sing.
Spurred on by the bitter frost,
Making a day's trek,
He dances behind the creaking train,
He dances - he even sings songs!..
These song motifs, as an alternative to the art that was just described at the beginning of the work, are a vivid example of how Nikolai Alekseevich could combine lyrics, satire, and civic position in one poem.
Female image
The writer loved to write about women, making predictions and conclusions. Take for example the poem “Wedding”
Many cruel reproaches await you,
Working days, lonely evenings:
Will you rock a sick child?
To wait for the violent husband to come home,
Cry, work - and think sadly,
What did your young life promise you?
What she gave, what she will give in the future...
Poor thing! Better not look ahead!
The poet makes all these conclusions and appeals to the girl walking down the aisle based on the fact that he communicated a lot with older women, old women, peasant women, and saw the reality of their everyday life.
Nikolai Alekseevich knew life well not only in the village. He easily plunged into the life of a city landowner. And the fact that all his women suffered differently can be well analyzed in the poem “Cheap Buy or St. Petersburg Drama.”
Property is being sold. The master doesn’t care what prices will be received, but the lady negotiates painfully. The author is interested in what lies behind this scrupulousness.
Only the nanny's eyes began to water:
“So we said goodbye to our dowry!” -
The nanny said... “What dowry?”
- “He took all this for our young lady...
Here is the answer to all the scrupulousness and sadness of the lady. A young woman says goodbye to her dreams, her way of life, her desires and dreams are being auctioned off.
Nanny meanwhile mournful complaints
Whispers in my ear: “They sold it cheap -
Just getting to the village would be enough.
What will happen there? I don't expect anything good!
Nekrasov has plenty of such poems about unsightly city life. Plots between mother and daughter, when it is the mother who pushes her daughter either into marriage or simply into a dissolute path, are common and cause indignation.
Mother's image
Can't get around famous poem"Arina, Soldier's Mother", written from memoirs, and based on real events. When the author was working on this work, he specially went to this Arina’s village several times, so as not to lose any details, in order to correctly convey the depth of her grief. To convey to the reader that life was bad even when everyone was alive, but after the death of her son, the woman begins to understand how much worse her condition has become.
The poor woman cries as she tells her story. The entire work is saturated with pain and suffering. From the poem we learn that just before his death, when Vanyushka imagined relief, falling, he said “Your Honor,” and it becomes clear that the soldier was beaten, did not suffer in battle, came mutilated from the army lawlessness of that time.
There are few words, but a river of grief,
Bottomless river of grief!..
In Nekrasov’s works, old women and aged heroines, in general, live life to the fullest. For example, the verse “What does an old woman think about when she can’t sleep.”
In the work, the image of the old woman is depicted in the listing of her sins. Going through my own sins from my youth, old man reproaches himself, castigates himself: since he left with procession on a date, another time she took a couple of eggs from under a neighbor’s hen, out of a desire to meet her husband, during the peak of the harvest she pretended to be sick, and even before the holiday she slept with him, and once she almost cheated with the soldier Fedka, she drank milk during Lent .
That's why I'm a sinner! she's a criminal!
I was lying drunk out of grief...
Mother of God! Holy patron!
I'm all a sinner, a sinner!..
Nekrasovskaya woman
Despite the fact that the writer wrote a lot about women's suffering. He did not pick around selflessly, airing his dirty laundry for everyone to see. I tried to show that inner strength, which has always been characteristic of Russian women. With sympathy and understanding, he describes the life of a simple peasant woman in the poem “In full swing of the village suffering...” written in 1862, immediately confronting the reader with the fact:
Dolya you! - Russian female dolyushka!
Hardly any more difficult to find.
And right there, like a hymn to the Russian woman, in the poem “Frost, Red Nose” in 1863, Nikolai Alekseevich writes:
There are women in Russian villages
With calm importance of faces,
With beautiful strength in movements,
With the gait, with the look of queens...
☛
Here real image, which has been carried through decades, and is now quoted with pleasure when it is necessary to describe a woman who is strong in spirit and physical health, capable of coping with life’s difficulties on her own, and without the help of a man.
The Nekrasov woman will not save, she will not let you down:
In trouble he will not fail - he will save:
Stops a galloping horse
He will enter a burning hut!
Panaevsky cycle
This love lyrics dedicated to one woman with whom the poet was close for many years.
Avdotya Panaeva, writer and memoirist, was 20 years old common-law wife Nikolai Alekseevich. She published independently and in collaboration with Nekrasov, under the pseudonym Stanitsky.
The poet was attracted to everything about this woman. Her beauty, mystery, fatal passion, intelligence, literary talent. This interweaving of the merits of a lovely young woman made the writer fall in love with her seriously and for a long time. It didn’t even bother me that Avdotya was married.
Some critics claim that some of the poems from the ball are too intimate, and the writer did not publish them. The other part of the poems that were sent in letters was simply burned by Avdotya.
The poetry of the relationship between the two writers is based only on feelings and is very biographical. It's talented and expressive. The cycle itself was written over decades, and it is not surprising that the poems written in different time, have different moods.
The cycle began with this bright and gentle poem, written in 1847:
You are always incomparably good,
But when I'm sad and gloomy,
Comes to life so inspirationally
Your cheerful, mocking mind;
…..........................................
What's wrong with you?
I bear it wisely and meekly,
And forward - into this dark sea -
I look without the usual fear...
This glorified image of the beloved woman, despite the misunderstanding, rejection and condemnation of society, entered the classics of Russian literature.
To the question: Civil motives of Nekrasov's lyrics. which? given by the author Neurosis the best answer is ...So you may not be,
But you have to be a citizen.
N. A. Nekrasov
Nekrasov's citizenship is closely connected with his understanding of the purpose of the poet. What should a poet be like? What is his role in society? What are the tasks of poetry? In the poem “The Poet and the Citizen,” Nekrasov outlined his poetic program and expressed his views on the social duty of the poet. He wrote that a true poet cannot be indifferent to the grief and torment of “those who do not have bread.”
Go into the fire for the honor of your fatherland,
For conviction, for love...
Go and die perfectly,
You will not die in vain - the matter is solid,
When blood flows underneath.
“People’s pains” pass through the poet’s heart. ...Nekrasov's Russia is a poetic reflection on the fate of the people.
The poet's muse was the companion of "the poor, born for labor, suffering and fetters." She revealed the abyss of violence and evil and called for struggle.
The poet dedicated many of his poems to the courageous, strong spirit people who were an example for him during his life, and to whose behests he remained faithful in his work after their death. These are the leading figures of their time, the leaders of the social democratic revolutionary movement: Belinsky, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky, Pisarev. The pathos of citizenship and revolutionary spirit are the main differences between such poems. But Nekrasov is also characterized by the expression of simple human feelings that evoke in the poet memories of his revolutionary friends. This is a feeling of friendly tenderness, affection, care, loyalty, a feeling of gratitude.
The poem "Motherland" reveals another side of Nekrasov's personality. Let us read the lines about the majestic soul of a patient woman, the poet’s mother:
But I know: your soul was not dispassionate;
She was proud, stubborn and beautiful,
And everything that you had the strength to endure,
Forgave your dying whisper to the destroyer! .
Nikolai Alekseevich carried the image of his mother, dear to his heart, throughout his entire life. ...The poet believes that it is precisely such women who should raise a new generation of Russian people; they are the ones who are able to pass on to children all their life wisdom and spiritual beauty, teach them to be tolerant and merciful. …It’s not for nothing that Nekrasov calls the woman-mother the “long-suffering” mother of the “all-bearing Russian tribe.” Such a woman in Nekrasov’s poems becomes a symbol home, native land, memories of which are always alive in the heart of a Russian person.
And with the same feeling that permeates the lines about the saints, the sincere “tears of poor mothers,” the poet will talk about the “tears” of the Russian land:
I was called to sing of your suffering,
Amazing people with patience!
And throw at least a single ray of consciousness
On the path that God leads you...
The poet is sincerely concerned about the fate of the people who are capable of making not only stove pots, but also building railways, create unique works of art. The poet himself was the greatest Citizen of his Fatherland. Before last days he sang the beauty of the Russian land, the beauty of the human soul. Nekrasov continued to develop in his work best traditions, bequeathed to Russian literature by Ryleev, Pushkin, Lermontov. He believed in a wonderful future for Russia.
Don’t be shy for your dear Fatherland...
The Russian people have endured enough
He also took out this railway -
He will endure whatever God sends!
Will bear everything - and a wide, clear
He will pave the way for himself with his chest.
It's a pity to live in this wonderful time
Neither me nor you will have to.
Nekrasov's lyrics are an inexhaustible source vitality and wisdom.
...You may not be a poet
But you have to be a citizen.
N.A. Nekrasov
A poet in Russia is more than a poet.
Poets are destined to be born in it
Only to those in whom it wanders proud spirit citizenship,
For those who have no comfort, there is no peace. Evgeniy Yevtushenko
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a Russian realist poet. Love for the homeland, reflection on the secrets of the national Russian character, a high sense of citizenship - these are the features of Nekrasov’s lyrics.
Proximity to the democratic revolutionaries affected Nekrasov’s views on the essence of art, on the place and role of poetry in the life of society. Supporters" pure art"were his ideological opponents. Nekrasov stated: “There is no science for science, no art for art - everything exists for society, for the ennoblement of man...”
Nekrasov's citizenship is closely connected with his understanding of the purpose of the poet. What should a poet be like? What is his role in society? What are the tasks of poetry? In the poem “The Poet and the Citizen,” Nekrasov outlined his poetic program and expressed his views on the social duty of the poet. He wrote that a true poet cannot be indifferent to the grief and torment of “those who do not have bread.”
Go into the fire for the honor of your fatherland,
For conviction, for love...
Go and die perfectly,
You will not die in vain - the matter is solid,
When blood flows underneath.
“People’s pains” pass through the poet’s heart. Here they are driving the ragged mob away from the “front door”; here on the “uncompressed strip” a peasant woman is crying from backbreaking labor; here are the devastated, hungry villages; threes racing off-road; here are the barge haulers groaning as they pull the barge; here is Russia, where “a swarm of depressed and trembling slaves envied the life of the last master’s dogs.” Nekrasov's Russia is a poetic reflection on the fate of the people.
The poet's muse was the companion of "the poor, born for labor, suffering and fetters." She revealed the abyss of violence and evil and called for struggle.
The poet dedicated many of his poems to courageous, strong-willed people who were an example for him during his life, and to whose behests he remained faithful in his work after their death. These are the leading figures of their time, the leaders of the social-democratic revolutionary movement: Belinsky, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky, Pisarev. The pathos of citizenship and revolutionary spirit are the main differences between such poems. But Nekrasov is also characterized by the expression of simple human feelings that evoke in the poet memories of his revolutionary friends. This is a feeling of friendly tenderness, affection, care, loyalty, a feeling of gratitude.
In the poem “In Memory of Belinsky,” the poet shares with readers sad memories of a friend whose “naive and passionate soul” strove “for one high goal"Before the reader is a real image of a man who lived, dreamed and fought, “persevering, worrying and hastening,” and not at all stone monument, erected on the grave by friends.
You loved us, you were faithful to friendship -
And we honored you in good time!
In another of his poems dedicated to Belinsky, the poet will call him “a brother by fate,” with whom he walked “the same thorny road.” Nekrasov considers himself the legal successor of his closest friend. Poetic lines that have become textbooks are dedicated to the fighters for the bright future of Russia:
Mother Nature!
If only such people
Sometimes you didn't send to the world,
The field of life would die out.
The poem "Motherland" reveals another side of Nekrasov's personality. Let us read the lines about the majestic soul of a patient woman, the poet’s mother:
But I know: your soul was not dispassionate;
She was proud, stubborn and beautiful,
And everything that you had the strength to endure,
Your dying whisper has forgiven the destroyer!..
Nikolai Alekseevich carried the image of his mother, dear to his heart, throughout his entire life. Five years after her death, he will talk about tragic fate dear person, consonant with the destinies of many Russian women. Nekrasov always remembered his mother as strong woman. Selfless love for your children, mercy and the ability to forgive, but at the same time perseverance, courage, loyalty - these characteristic features The poet endowed many of his heroines with mothers. Let us remember Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina, who endured the greatest grief for every mother - the loss of a child, and, despite this, managed to forgive Savely, the accidental culprit in the death of Demushka; Let us remember the princesses Trubetskoy and Volkonskaya, who remained devoted to their husbands, faithful to their duty.
The poet believes that it is precisely such women who should raise a new generation of Russian people; they are the ones who are able to pass on to their children all their life wisdom and spiritual beauty, teach them to be tolerant and merciful. “Don’t be afraid,” the mother will say and, holding her child by the hand, will lead him through life.
Don't be afraid of bitter oblivion:
I already hold in my hand
Crown of love, crown of forgiveness,
A gift from your gentle homeland...
It is not for nothing that Nekrasov calls the woman-mother the “long-suffering” mother of the “all-bearing Russian tribe.” Such a woman in Nekrasov’s poems becomes a symbol of her home, her native land, the memories of which are always alive in the heart of a Russian person.
And with the same feeling that permeates the lines about the saints, the sincere “tears of poor mothers,” the poet will talk about the “tears” of the Russian land:
I was called to sing of your suffering,
Amazing people with patience!
And throw at least a single ray of consciousness
On the path that God leads you...
The poet is sincerely concerned about the fate of a people capable of making not only stove pots, but also building railways and creating unique works of art. The poet himself was the greatest Citizen of his Fatherland. Until his last days, he sang of the beauty of the Russian land, the beauty of the human soul. In his work, Nekrasov continued to develop the best traditions bequeathed to Russian literature by Ryleev, Pushkin, and Lermontov. He believed in a wonderful future for Russia.
Don’t be shy for your dear Fatherland...
The Russian people have endured enough
He also took out this railway -
He will endure whatever God sends!
Will bear everything - and a wide, clear
He will pave the way for himself with his chest.
It's a pity to live in this wonderful time
Neither me nor you will have to.
Nekrasov's lyrics are an inexhaustible source of vitality and wisdom.
The 19th century gave the world a whole galaxy of brilliant poets - Pushkin and Lermontov, Fet and Tyutchev, Boratynsky and Batyushkov... The poetry of N.A. occupies a special place in the history of Russian poetry of the 19th century. Nekrasov, whose name was not lost among the names of his contemporaries. Nekrasov’s lyrics are easily recognizable by the themes of the works, their special lyricism, and the characters’ characters.
A small-scale nobleman by birth, Nekrasov, even as a child, saw his father’s despotism and serf-dominated tyranny towards the peasants. Dostoevsky wrote that Nekrasov is “a heart wounded at the very beginning of his life... This unhealed wound was the beginning and source of all his passionate, suffering poetry throughout his life...”.
The most important theme of Nekrasov's Muse was the fate of the powerless peasant, the Russian peasant woman, the urban poor people - the people.
In 1848, the poet wrote the poem “Yesterday, at six o’clock,” in which he called the peasant woman the sister of his Muse. The plot is simple: on Sennaya Square, where public punishments were carried out, a woman is beaten. Why is she being tortured? It is unknown, and that is not important. The very fact of monstrous humiliation is important, which can be considered a metaphor for all of Nekrasov’s poetry, an artistic generalization.
In the 1854 poem “The Uncompressed Strip,” a sad picture appears before the reader: late fall, and in the field there is still an uncompressed peasant strip. The owner overstrained himself at work and became seriously ill. The poet talks about this ordinary peasant fate with pain. The image of a Russian peasant, crushed by backbreaking work, is not only the image of a specific person referred to in the poem. This is a symbol of the entire village of that time - forced, poor, ruined, dark. The unharvested strip is not just bread that was not harvested by the owner on time, but a symbol of people's grief, lawlessness, and oppression.
The reader sees the same image of rural Russia, poignant and tragic, in the poem “Reflections at the Front Entrance.” The poet himself witnessed how to the luxurious entrance of the Minister of State Property M.N. Muravyov (Nekrasov rented an apartment opposite) petitioners came. The writer's observations formed the basis of a poem of enormous accusatory power. The men in Nekrasov’s depiction lose their individuality, their concreteness - this is all the village people, all of village Rus':
Once I saw the men come here,
Village Russian people...
The signs noted by the poet - “tanned hands, faces”, “thin Armenian on his shoulders, a knapsack on his bent backs” - characterize all walkers. No one from the group is highlighted. There are several men, but they all merge into the image of one person - “brown heads”, “blood on the feet”, “cross on the neck” - one cross for all. The cross in the poem is not just a detail; it gathers a group of petitioners into a single symbolic image of suffering and asceticism.
Not being allowed to see the nobleman, the peasants turn to God as the highest principle, the highest judge: “God judge him.” And the fact that they leave with their heads uncovered turns out to be the finishing touch, which completes the image of the peasants, tall and suffering.
In 1864 Nekrasov wrote the poem “The Railway”. The poet spoke in it about the builders of the Nikolaev railway between St. Petersburg and Moscow. The men, on whose bones the road is being built, personify the multimillion-dollar mass of people, because they came here “from different parts of the great state.” Patiently and resignedly they bear the burden of fate. The Belarusian, exhausted by backbreaking labor and illness (this image is especially clearly highlighted by Nekrasov), is a typical representative of the working masses. Nekrasov respectfully and with admiration calls the road builders “God’s warriors,” “children of labor,” and the people’s habit of working “noble.” But the poet’s attitude towards the people in the poem is ambiguous.
In part 4 of the poem, the writer is indignant at the fact that the men shout “hurray” and thank the merchant who gave them a barrel of wine and forgave them the arrears, but in fact robbed and deceived them. It seems that the “fatal labors” of the men are over, but the final picture, which should be bright and joyful, does not make such an impression on the reader. On the contrary, it becomes the most bitter.
This noble habit of work
It would be a good idea for us to adopt...
Bless the work of the people
And learn to respect a man.
Don’t be shy for your dear fatherland...
The Russian people have endured enough
He also took out this railway -
He will endure whatever the Lord sends!
Will bear everything - and a wide, clear
He will pave the way for himself with his chest.
It’s just a pity to live in this wonderful time
You won't have to - neither me nor you.
The position of Nekrasov the citizen is distinguished by sobriety and certainty: he did not have despair, but there was no delusion regarding the immediate prospects of the peasant revolution. He lived with hope for a better future for the people, and this is especially felt in those poems of the writer that are dedicated to children - “Peasant Children”, “Grandfather”, “Schoolboy”.
In 1843 Nekrasov met V.G. Belinsky, begins to collaborate in the magazine “Sovremennik” (1847). The writer's social circle in those years was A.I. Herzen, I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, D.V. Grigorovich, I.I. Panaev. In 1859 there was a break between writers of a liberal way of thinking and revolutionary democrats. Nekrasov remained with Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky, and new democratic writers began to collaborate in the magazine - Uspensky, Reshetnikov, Pomyalovsky, Sleptsov, Yakushkin.
The civic ideal that we see in Nekrasov’s poems was created by the poet on the basis of personal impressions, the poet’s personal communication with these people. Nekrasov considered V.G. to be his teacher. Belinsky, Dobrolyubov was a model of civil, public service for the writer. He died in 1861 (at the age of 25), and this was a real grief for Nekrasov. The poem “Memory of Dobrolyubov” is dedicated to him.
About my civic position, Nekrasov writes about the meaning of creativity and all life in “Elegy” (1874). The lines of this poem - “I dedicated the lyre to my people” - can be considered the epigraph of the poet’s entire work. There are many contradictions in his poetry, especially in “Last Songs” - a cycle of poems written shortly before his death (1877). He struggled all his life - and was aware of the futility of the struggle, his helplessness, experienced attacks of determination and lack of will - all this was reflected in his poems, the main advantage of which is humanism.
He understood that the outcome of this struggle would be his death, and although the poet could not change much in Russian life - literary and social - he did a lot to awaken the conscience of Russian society. The Russian intelligentsia of the 2nd half of the 19th century was brought up on his poetry.
In the works of N.A. Nekrasov updated the traditional genres of Russian poetry - he introduced civil motives into the genre of elegy, political motives into the romance (“More Troika”), social issues into a ballad (“The Secret. Experience of a modern ballad”). Nekrasov creatively used Russian folklore - in his works one can feel song rhythms and intonations (“Frost the Red Nose”, “Peddlers”, “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, “Song to Eremushka”). His lyrics are characterized by anaphors, parallelisms, repetitions, hyperboles - traditional techniques oral folk art. In his poetry, more than anyone else’s, three-syllable verse meters develop - dactyl and anapest (“Am I driving down a dark street at night”), mainly verbal rhymes. Nekrasov poetically played on proverbs, widely used constant epithets, simple colloquial speech, and folk phraseology.
