Essay topic: Originality folk character in the poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”
Answers:
N. A. Nekrasov occupies a special place in the history of Russian literature. He is the creator of his own “Nekrasov” school. In his poetry, Nekrasov reflected the essential features of his time and had a significant influence on the social atmosphere of his time. At the center of this poet’s work lies the fate of the simple peasant and the Russian people as a whole. A clear confirmation of this is the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” This work was written over fourteen years, from 1863 to 1877, but was not completed. Nekrasov himself said that he collected it “word by word for twenty years.” “I decided to present,” the poet wrote, “everything I know about the people, everything that I happened to hear from their lips...” Main character poems - Russian people. He is shown as a carrier best features Russian national character . In his poem, the author sought to create a generalized image of the Russian people. It was created thanks to all the characters in the poem. This and central characters (Matryona Timofeevna, Savely, Grisha Dobrosklonov, Ermila Girin), and episodic (Agap Petrov, Gleb, Vavila, Vlas, Klim and others), and the “polyphony” of the crowd (chapter “A Feast for the Whole World”). Nekrasov brings heroic natures to the fore. These are, first of all, Matryona Timofeevna and Savely. They are described in the part “Peasant Woman” - the only part in the poem that is written in the first person. By this, the author emphasizes the exclusivity of Matryona Timofeevna, as well as the fact that her voice is the voice of the people themselves. That's why the heroine sings very often folk songs and motives. Korchagina is one of the candidates for the “happy” ones that the author and the heroes of the poem are looking for. But her fate is difficult and tragic, just like the fate of almost all Russian peasant women: “It’s not a matter of looking for a happy woman among women!..”. Matryona Timofeevna felt happy only before marriage. She had a happy and carefree childhood. From the age of five, they began to accustom her to feasible work (“carried breakfast to her father, tended ducklings,” “raked hay,” and so on): So I got used to the job... And a good worker, and a huntress to sing and dance, I was from a young age. Once again Matryona Timofeevna was lucky in her life - she came across a kind and loving husband. We can say that Matryona Timofeevna was happy with her husband. But all future life Korchagina represents continuous troubles and misfortunes. First, her first-born son tragically dies. Due to an oversight, he was killed by a pig. Then they unjustly took the husband into the army, and the family was left without a breadwinner. Later, Matryona Timofeevna was publicly flogged (she stood up for her assistant son). But even this was not enough for fate. Matryona Timofeevna’s family was burned twice more, “God visited us with anthrax three times.” However, despite all this, the image of Matryona Timofeevna is
heroic image . She persevered and endured all the trials. Korchagina managed to save her son from the lashes, her husband from being a soldier. She retained her own dignity and the strength she puts into her work. It is not for nothing that at the beginning of “The Peasant Woman” this heroine is shown as a part of nature itself, at its most fertile time - the harvest: ... It’s a wonderful time! There is no more fun, no more elegant, There is no richer time!
In Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” the Russian people appear before us in all the colors of their national character. The work, according to the author himself, was created for many years, “by word of mouth,” but was never finished. The impetus for its writing was a significant event - the abolition of centuries-old serfdom in 1861. The peasants received freedom, but did their lives change? better side. So what are they, the Russian people? Kind, patient, unapologetic and flexible, hardworking and carefree, unrestrained, unique, in general, different. It’s not for nothing that they say that “you can’t understand Russia with your mind.”
The life threads of people form a coherent epic canvas, creating a generalized image of the people's character. The difficult stories of Savely, Matryona Timofeevna, Ermil Girin symbolize the fate of the peasantry, difficult and in many ways tragic.
The poet wrote that he planned to present everything he knew about the people and heard from their lips. Therefore, the work is built according to folklore canons, it contains songs, fairy tales, tales, and epics. This is how the author penetrates deeper into the essence, turning to ordinary people and becoming closer to them in spirit.
There is a lot of movement in the poem, the characters are not static, but alive, from central characters to the polyphony of the crowd. Real picture folk life with characters and thoughtful " lyrical digressions"! Are there any ordinary people lucky ones? This can only be understood by reading the work. Everyone will find something of their own in it.
The main character of N. A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is the Russian people. This collective image in which the characters are drawn and at the same time the collective image of the people is recreated.
On the pages of the work we see a whole gallery of the most diverse representatives of the peasant world. Among them are seven wandering men, and artisans, and soldiers, and coachmen, and bast workers. Here is a man with an earring, a man with a rolling pin, a man with rims, women, girls, a pregnant woman with a child, a stonecutter, a Belarusian peasant, a bear hunter, reapers, cutters, feisty Old Believers, wanderers and pilgrims. This is noisy, colorful, truly a “people's sea”. In my own way social status and occupation, the representatives of the people in the poem belong to several groups: peasants, workers, artisans, servants, soldiers, coachmen.
Depending on the attitude of representatives common people to serfdom, several groups can also be distinguished. For example, some peasants consider their slave status justified and servile in front of their bars. These are male traitors, such as headman Gleb and Yegorka Shutov, and “people of the servile rank”: Sidor, Yakov the faithful, Ipat, Peremetyev’s slave. The nicknames of these people already show their attitude towards life. For peasants, the worst sin is betrayal of the people. Such a betrayal was committed by the “villain” elder Gleb, to whom the dying admiral entrusted a golden casket containing the will of eight thousand peasants, and he burned the will. There is no popular forgiveness for this Judas. A different kind of betrayal is carried out by Yegorka Shutov. He is a spy and informer, he also has no forgiveness, and therefore the peasants of fourteen villages drive him through the villages, cursing him as a “vile man” and beating him. There are also peasants who reach the point of absurdity in their habit of slavery. For example, the peasant Sidor, even after being imprisoned, continues to regularly send quitrents to his master. And about Jacob the faithful, exemplary slave, the people even composed a parable. This man is spiritually devoted to his paralytic master to such an extent that “in revenge” for the insults he had caused, he took the master into a dense forest and hanged himself in front of his eyes. Unfortunately, such examples are taken from life. Spiritual servitude was common in those years, and many were proud to be their bar's favorite slaves, and their wives' favorite slaves. So, the footman Ipat, even after the announcement of peasant freedom, still values the fact that “the princes have slaves.”
There were also those in the general mass who did not accept their slave status. For example, Agap Petrov is seething with fierce hatred of the landowners, he refuses the role of a comedian prepared for him in the estate of Prince Utyatin, and reproaches other men taking part in the fun. But Agap’s rebellion was broken as soon as the mayor got him drunk until he was unconscious. Or Ignatius Prokhorov, a peasant who drove a cab, brands the elder Gleb for treason, but that’s all. Headman Vlas is convinced that the master should be praised only in his grave, but he is full of despair and lacks faith in goodness. Klim Lavin also does not go further than denouncing the bar, officials and soldiers, and Kalinushka, mentioned in the song “Corvee”, will never forget his hunger, the lord’s whips, “ripped skin,” but the most he will dare to do is to drown his grief in wine.
The truth-seeking wanderers are dissatisfied with their situation, and this dissatisfaction grows stronger as the plot progresses, but they are not yet ready to participate in an active performance.
Yakim Nagoy suffered through both poverty and backbreaking labor in his life. He has a rebellious disposition, he believes in the people, protects the interests of the peasants, becoming a kind of tribune. The consciousness of human dignity is already awakening in him, but he “drinks half to death,” and outbursts of anger fade away just as quickly.
Another group of characters are those who rebel against oppression and become fighters for people's rights. This is the Old Believer Kropilnikov, angrily denouncing the oppressors and calling on the people not to obey them. His life is spent in prison. Yermil Girin is an honest, selfless lover of truth, he is a guardian folk customs. He openly enters the fray
merchant Altynnikov, actively defends the interests of the people, participating in the revolt of the peasants of the village of Stolbnyaki. The robber Kudeyar has many crimes on his conscience, but he atones for his sins, and then takes revenge for the abuse of the peasants by killing Pan Glukhovsky.
The image of Savely Korchagin is depicted most vividly and in detail. This " Holy Russian hero» endowed with traits epic hero. We see his power and prowess, he enters into single combat with a bear, Shalashnikov’s rods do not frighten him, he courageously endures hard labor and settlement. Savely despises the slavish obedience of his fellow villagers, and his image becomes a symbol of the possibilities of the peasantry. K.I. Chukovsky believed that the image of Saveliy Korchagin “belongs to the most monumental” of all the images created by Nekrasov.
Folk features are embodied in the image of Matryona Timofeevna. This peasant woman recognized the severity of serfdom and the sorrows of life, but did not bend, but retained her human dignity, spiritual beauty and resilience.
The generalized image of the people in Nekrasov’s epic is the poverty and poverty of the peasants, their hungry life. Let us at least remember the names of the “adjacent villages” where the seven truth-seekers come from: Zaplatovo, Dyryavino, Razutovo, Znobishino, Gorelovo, Ne-elovo... Whole villages of men come out in the fall “to beg”, “as a profitable trade”. We see the exhausting labor of the peasants, their lack of rights and oppression, and recruitment. But we also see the responsiveness of the common people to the suffering of others, the awakening in them of self-esteem, spiritual nobility, hard work, craving for beauty and the desire for something new, free life. And if “such good soil” is ready, then the yoke of long-term slavery “has not yet set limits for the Russian people, there is a wide path before them.”
people in the poem by N. A. Nekrasov. “I dedicated the lyre to my people,” these words from Nekrasov’s “Elegy” have long become textbook. The pinnacle and result of understanding the life of the people in Nekrasov’s work, of course, is the poem “Who Lives Well in Russia.” The life history of individual heroes - Matryona Timofeevna, Ermil Girin, the hero Savely - presents the history of the country. The panorama of national disasters staggers the imagination. Even the topographic names speak for themselves. Truth seekers gathered from the following villages:
Zaplatova, Dyryavina,
Razutova, Znobishina,
Gorelova, Neelova,
Crop failure too.
Hard, exhausting work does not save you from the eternal threat of ruin and hunger. The portrait of a peasant worker does not resemble a fairy-tale good fellow:
The chest is sunken, as if depressed
Stomach; at the eyes, at the mouth
Bends like cracks
On dry ground;
And he himself looks like Mother Earth...
A hopeless life should give rise to discontent and protest.
Every peasant
Soul, like a black cloud -
Angry, menacing - it should be
Thunder will roar from there,
Bloody rains,
And it all ends with wine...
Nekrasov does not idealize peasant Rus'. Many years of “strengthening” and “servility” made Rus' “wretched” and “powerless.” The vicious sides - drunkenness, ignorance, wild life - are not obscured by the poet-citizen. The former servants, corrupted and poisoned by slavery, are shown to be especially flawed. Servitude, ingrained in the blood and changing the psychology, causes anger and shame:
People of servile rank -
Real dogs Sometimes!
The heavier the punishment,
That's why gentlemen are dearer to them.
N. A. Nekrasov not only talks about the way of life of the people. He paints the people from the inside, showing their soul and morality. The enormous potential of the Russian nation is based on centuries-old moral laws. That's how it is folk performance about happiness: “peace, wealth, honor.” "Peace" - inner harmony- gives a clear conscience (examples of this are the repentance of Yermil Girin, songs and legends about “sin”). “Wealth” - prosperity - gives honest work that brings joy to a person and benefit to others. “Honor” - respect, love, compassion - is manifested in the most different situations in the poem.
The poem preserves folklore traditions, vernacular. Folk art, like a mirror, reflects the spiritual life of a nation, its thoughts and hopes. The connection of the poem with folklore was manifested in the plot, which at first resembled a fairy tale. A wonderful bird that speaks humanly is fabulous, a self-assembled tablecloth that made the search for the happy possible. Nekrasov uses various oral techniques folk art: constant epithets (“the damp earth”, “violent winds”), negative comparisons (“it is not the violent winds that blow, it is not mother earth that sways”), openings, repetitions, hyperboles.
The poem by N. A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'” represents a broad canvas of folk life, revealed in a number of bright, memorable, authentic scenes. These scenes contain anger and joy, sadness and pity, they are painted in the tones of mercilessly flagellating satire or light humor. This is the only way a truly folk work can be.
Option I
“I dedicated the lyre to my people,” these words from Nekrasov’s “Elegy” have long become textbook. The pinnacle and result of the understanding of the life of the people in Nekrasov’s work, of course, is the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” The life history of individual heroes - Matryona Timofeevna, Ermil Girin, the god Savely - presents the history of the country. The panorama of national disasters staggers the imagination. Even the topographic names speak for themselves. Truth seekers gathered from the following villages:
Zaplatova, Dyryavina, Razutova, Znobishina, Gorelova, Neelova, Neurozhaika, etc.
Hard, exhausting work does not save you from the eternal threat of ruin and hunger. The portrait of a peasant worker does not resemble a fairy-tale good fellow:
Goud is sunken, like a depressed Belly; at the eyes, at the mouth Bends like cracks on the dried earth; And he himself looks like Mother Earth...
A hopeless life should give rise to discontent and protest.
Every peasant has a soul like a black cloud -
Angry, menacing - the thunder should thunder from there, the rain should fall bloody, And it all ends in wine...
Nekrasov does not idealize peasant Rus'. Many years of “strengthening” and “servility” made Rus' “wretched” and “powerless.” The vicious sides - drunkenness, ignorance, wild life - are not obscured by the poet-citizen. The former servants, corrupted and poisoned by slavery, are shown to be especially flawed. Servitude, ingrained in the blood and changing psychology, causes anger and shame:
People of servile rank are real dogs sometimes! The more severe the punishment, the dearer the gentlemen are to them.
N.A. Nekrasov not only talks about the way of life of the people. He paints the people from the inside, showing their soul and morality. The enormous potential of the Russian nation is based on centuries-old moral laws. This is the popular idea of happiness: “peace, wealth, honor.” “Peace” - inner harmony - is given by a clear conscience (examples of this are the repentance of Yermil Girin, songs and legends about “sin”). “Wealth” - prosperity - gives honest work that brings joy to a person and benefit to others. “Honor” - respect, love, compassion - is manifested in a variety of situations in the poem.
The poem preserves folklore traditions and folk language. Folk art, like a mirror, reflects the spiritual life of a nation, its thoughts and hopes. The connection of the poem with folklore was manifested in the plot, which at first resembled a fairy tale. A wonderful bird that speaks humanly is fabulous, a self-assembled tablecloth that made the search for happiness possible. Nekrasov uses various techniques of oral folk art: constant epithets (“the damp earth”, “violent winds”), negative comparisons (“it is not the violent winds that blow, it is not mother earth that sways”), openings, repetitions, hyperboles.
The poem by N. A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'” represents a broad canvas of folk life, revealed in a number of bright, memorable, authentic scenes. In these scenes there is anger and joy, sadness and pity, they are painted in the tones of mercilessly flagellating satire or light humor. This is the only way a truly folk work can be.
Option II
In many of Nekrasov’s works, the Russian peasant appears as! a collective image of the entire people. But truly the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” can be considered the anthem of Russia and the Russian people. In this work, the author tried to create a kind of “encyclopedia of the Russian soul.” And it looks like he succeeded. Nekrasov brightly, colorfully, deeply, with great love, paints the image of the Russian people, giving special significance to such worthy human qualities as honesty, sincerity, complacency, kindness, compassion.
The Russian peasant is mysterious and unique: stubborn as a bull, strong (“I walked around, tried the rims: I bent one - I didn’t like it, I bent the other, I pushed…”), cocky and hot-tempered:
Look - they've already grabbed it! Roman pushes Pakhomushka, Demyan pushes Luka...
Hardworking, thrifty, unpretentious in desires: “bread and water - this is our peasant food.” Kind, generous, united - someone else’s grief is the same as your own (“The peasantry forked out money, they bring Ermil money, they give it, whoever is rich in what”). He is characterized by deep religiosity (“No, you are not a nobleman, give us a Christian word”), humility (“I don’t complain that God took away the baby”) and superstition (“What is written in the family cannot be avoided!” ).
The description of the fair, where the Russian peasant reveals all his qualities, both good and bad, gives particular expressiveness to the depiction of the Russian character:
As far as the eye could see, They crawled, they lay, they rode, they floundered drunkenly, and they moaned and groaned!
However, in these paintings one does not feel disgust for Russian drunkenness, but states an inevitable sad fact. The peasant drinks because “every peasant has a soul like a black cloud,” and instead of “thunder thundering from there,” a glass flows through “the veins,” and a miracle occurs: “and the good peasant soul laughed!” Drunkenness is not a national disaster (“We have a non-drinking family for our family”), but a way of relaxation, to some extent even a form of salvation (“We are not gentle white-handed people, we are great people in work and revelry”).
