The changes that took place in the economic, social and spiritual life of the Slavs led to the 9th century. to the formation of the state of Kievan Rus. It was an early feudal state, distinguished by a large number of cities (foreigners called Rus' the country of “Gordariki”) and an advantageous geopolitical position.

Business life in Rus', as in other states of the era early Middle Ages, developed mainly in the form of trade, but not so much internal as external, thanks to the profitable geographical location countries. Princes and warriors acted as traders. Having collected tribute in furs, wax, honey, they went to Byzantium and other countries, where they exchanged the goods they brought for wine, silk, weapons, etc. The Arab geographer and traveler Ibn Ruste described them most figuratively, testifying that “they were perfectly armed: on their side was a steel sword, in their hands was a spear. They are dressed very well,” as they are engaged in trade. He also mentions golden hoops (hryvnia), trousers of 100 cubits of material and swords, belts in which money is tied.

Trade was often combined with robbery and military attacks. They plundered in foreign and Russian lands, captured slaves and furs, and robbed on the way to the south. This was one of the distinctive features of the business life of the early Middle Ages, when the traditions of the past were preserved and in effect, when the prince “having become a sovereign, like a horse, he, like a Varangian, did not cease to be an armed merchant.”

Only in the 10th century. professional merchants appeared. Among the prerequisites that caused the emergence of merchants, one should highlight the accumulation in the hands of the feudalizing nobility of significant surplus products agriculture and forestry trades, the need for their sale, as well as the emergence of trade and craft settlements around the former tribal centers, which became the main points of exchange of goods. From what environment did the first Russian merchants come?

These were, first of all, warriors-combatants (representatives of the “junior squad”, youths who were not included in the emerging class of feudal lords), artisans, princely and boyar servants, i.e. those people who were associated with the feudal nobility and who were distinguished by enterprise, initiative, courage, and determination.

Merchants always went on long journeys in entire detachments. The military camp for merchants was called “goods”. The word “comrade” at that time meant “belonging to the same camp, to the same detachment.” Such an armed detachment, setting off on a long journey, made sacrifices to the god of thunder and weapons - Perun. And on everything further path merchants did not forget their warlike gods, swore by their names when concluding contracts, sacrificed animals to them, and carried their images with them.

In the XI-XII centuries. merchant organizations similar to Western European guilds and brotherhoods began to emerge in Rus'. Their emergence was dictated by the general commercial interests of the merchants, the difficulties of long-distance trade, and the increased attention of the feudal nobility to commercial capital.

According to sources and literature, they were among the first in Rus' to create their own corporate organization in 1134-1135. merchants of Novgorod. The corporation had the Church of John the Baptist on Opoki and was called “Ivanskoe Sto”. At the head of the Ivan merchants were five elders, including the thousand. The elder was in charge of all trade and living affairs and the commercial court; The mayor and boyars did not have the right to enter into the affairs of the guild. Only those who were able to contribute to the temple treasury, i.e., could become a full member of the Ivan Merchant Association. to the corporation fund, a fee of 50 hryvnia silver (10 kg), and also present the Novgorod thousandth with a roll of expensive “Ypres cloth” brought from Flanders. Anyone who joined the corporation became full-fledged, vulgar, as they said then (from the word “vulgar”), i.e. a hereditary merchant (vulgar merchants were passed on from father to son). The Ivan community had its own pier on the banks of the Volkhov, and a fee was charged for the right to dock there. The Ivan merchant elder was a prominent person in Novgorod. The actual scale of the Ivansky Sto's activities was quite wide. There are assumptions that the corporation exercised leadership functions in relation to the entire Novgorod merchant class, carried out commercial legal proceedings, and ensured the collection of duties. On behalf of the entire Novgorod merchant class, the elders of the “Ivansky Sto” participated in negotiations with foreign merchants.

In addition to Ivansky, there were other merchant organizations in Novgorod: Overseas Merchants, Yugorshina, Nizovsky Merchants. Each group of merchants had a temple, which, as a rule, was founded by the ruler of the organization.

There were similar organizations of merchants in other Russian cities - Kyiv, Polotsk, but sources and literature do not allow them to adequately illustrate their activities. For the same reasons it is difficult to carry out comparative analysis between the merchant guilds of the West and merchant associations Kievan Rus. But the very fact of their creation and activity suggests that a layer of professional business people, in which corporate consciousness was awakened, which sought to consolidate and unite in order to jointly overcome difficulties, defend and protect their interests.

That the merchant class had established itself in ancient Russian society, became one of its classes and received recognition from the state, as evidenced by “Russkaya Pravda” - the first code of laws in the history of our state (XI-XII centuries). In it, the “price of life” of a merchant was determined somewhere in the middle between the “price of life” of the boyars, on the one hand, and the Smerds, on the other. Thus, for the murder of a princely tiun there was a “vira” (fine) of 80 hryvnia, for the murder of a “liudin”, a simple free man(most of the merchants apparently belonged to this category) - a fine of 40 hryvnia, for the murder of a scumbag and a slave - 5 hryvnia.

The authorities supported the merchant class and were interested in its growth. Why? Firstly, part of the tribute received by the Grand Duke from the population in the form of food and products was sold by guests. Secondly, international contacts were established and maintained through merchants and, thirdly, the treasury was replenished. The grandson of Yaroslav the Wise, Vladimir Monomakh, in 1125, after a congress of princes, issued a law protecting Russian merchants from more enterprising representatives of other nationalities who participated in internal trade. Vladimir Monomakh bequeathed to his children to especially honor the guest “from wherever he came: whether simple, eminent, or an ambassador.”

But, on the other hand, the state controlled and regulated the trade and business activities of merchants and imposed heavy customs taxes on them. This is primarily a wash - the oldest trade duty. “Russkaya Pravda” mentions the “mytniks” - the collectors of this tax. In addition to customs, merchants had to pay taxes on weights and measures. Fees in cash were considered a tax in kind.

Thus, in ancient Russian society a layer of business people was established - merchants engaged in commercial activities regularly and professionally. The lowest category of this layer were merchants (or merchant people), who lived primarily in local trade. The highest are the guests (from the Old Russian “gostba” - trade), who conducted foreign trade operations, as well as operations with other Russian principalities.

IN weekdays merchants wore a cap (a type of cap), a long-brimmed, insulated frock coat made of thick cloth, and boots with high tops. Merchants preferred frock coats of black or dark blue crepe, castor or cloth. The buttons on merchant coats were small, the size of a two-kopeck coin, flat, covered with silk. Wide trousers were tucked into boots. They often wore trousers with small checks or stripes. In winter they wore fur coats. Small merchants wore an insulated type of frock coat called "Sibirka". The Siberian coat simultaneously served as both a summer coat and a formal suit.

IN holidays merchants followed European fashion, wearing frock coats, vests, shoes, and sometimes tailcoats and top hats.

In order to stand out, merchants combined different styles in their clothes: an overcoat could be combined with a top hat. Gradually, traditional Russian clothing in the merchant's wardrobe became European - tailcoats, business cards, suits, often made by capital craftsmen.

Marriages

Merchants' wives were, as a rule, younger than husbands. Inter-class marriages were widespread. For example, at the end of the 18th century in Tomsk and Tyumen, about 15% of merchant marriages were intra-class. The wives of the remaining merchants came mainly from peasants and townspeople. In the first half of the 19th century, merchants began to marry bourgeois women more often, and the number of intra-class marriages increased to 20% - 30%.

Family

Merchant families are of the patriarchal type, with a large number of children. The families of Jewish merchants and Old Believers were larger.

The merchant family was also a form of merchant company, a family enterprise. Some of them became the largest companies in Russia, for example, Partnership of A.F. Vtorov and his sons.

After the death of their husband, merchant women often continued their husband's trading activities, despite the presence of adult sons. The daughters of merchants in marriage could receive a merchant certificate in their name, and independently conducted their own affairs, and even entered into transactions with own husband.

Divorces were extremely rare. Permission to divorce was issued by the Holy Synod.

Children with early age started labor activity. From the age of 15-16, they traveled to other cities to make transactions, worked in shops, kept office books, etc.

Many merchant families had “pupils” - adopted children.

The image of a merchant in Russian art

The image of a merchant in Russian art was often brightly negative character. For the first time in Russian art, the image of a merchant appeared in the second half of the 18th century.

Operas and plays were famous: M. A. Matinsky’s opera “St. Petersburg Gostiny Dvor” (1779), the comedy “The Noble Merchant” by V. P. Kolychev (1780), “The Merchant Company” by O. Chernyavsky (1780) , “Funny Gathering, or Bourgeois Comedy” by Blagodarov (1787), anonymous comedy “Change in Morals” (1789). The comedy “Sidelets” by P. A. Plavilshchikov was considered the best (Sidelets is a tavern worker who sells excise goods).

The main character of M. A. Matinsky’s opera “St. Petersburg Gostiny Dvor” was a merchant named Skvalygin. The opera gained great popularity. For the first time, the life and customs of the “third estate” were shown on stage.

The plays “The Merchant Company” and “The Noble Merchant” show the desire of merchants to acquire nobility, or simply imitate the nobles.

In the comedy “Sidelets” by P. A. Plavilshchikov it is shown new type merchant - striving for education, knowledge and culture. IN this work the merchant is depicted as the guardian of virtue and honest character.

IN works of the XVIII century, the main theme remains the relationship between the merchants and the nobility: ruined nobles marry merchants' daughters for a dowry, merchants strive to become related to the nobles. The merchant is portrayed as greedy, cunning and poorly educated.

Proverbs and sayings about merchants

If you don't cheat, you won't sell
The merchant swears, but privately denies
Every region is a custom; What is the people, is the faith; like a merchant, so is the measure
The merchant is like an archer: hit, so with the field; but if it didn’t hit, the charge was gone!
He drinks tea like a merchant, but doesn’t pay like a merchant.
A blind merchant on rotten goods

Literature

Berlin P. Bourgeoisie in Russian fiction // New life. 1913. N1.
Levandovskaya A., Levandovsky A. Angle of refraction. Russian entrepreneur in the mirror of fiction // Book review “Ex libris NG”. Weekly supplement to Nezavisimaya Gazeta. 2000. N45 (168). 30 Nov
Ushakov A. “Our merchants and trade from a serious and caricature side.” Moscow, 1865.
Berkov P. “Russian comedy and comic opera XVIII century // Russian comedy and comic opera of the 18th century.” Moscow, 1950.
Vsevolozhsky-Gernsross V.N. "Russian Theater Second" half of the XVIII century // History of Russian drama theater" T. 1. Moscow, 1977.
Gukovsky G.A. " Comic opera// History of Russian Literature". Volume IV: Literature XVIII century. Moscow, 1947
Bryantsev M.V. "Culture of Russian merchants: Upbringing and education." Bryansk, 1999
Goncharov Yu. M. " Family life citizens of Siberia second half of the 19th century- beginning of the 20th century." Barnaul, 2004. ISBN 5-7904-0206-2

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Kuptsov Valentin Alexandrovich
Kupchegen (village, Ongudaysky district of the Altai Republic)

See what “Merchants” are in other dictionaries:

merchants- moneyrobes (Corinthian); rich merchants (Sadovnikov) Epithets of literary Russian speech. M: Supplier of His Majesty's court, the Quick Printing Association A. A. Levenson. A. L. Zelenetsky. 1913... Dictionary of epithets

Merchants- Merchants. In the Middle Ages, only people who belonged to merchant guilds could be K. Now in the West In Europe, capitals do not represent a class, but a class whose corporate organization is expressed in the chambers of commerce. In French bidding Code of 1807... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Merchants- (Isa.23:2). One of oldest species trade was undoubtedly caravan. The merchants to whom Joseph was sold were caravan traders. Ancient trade with India, about which we have some information, was also carried out by caravan route... ... Bible. Old and New Testaments. Synodal translation. Bible Encyclopedia arch. Nikifor.

merchants- 1. B historical sources the initial period of the Middle Ages K.y. are mentioned relatively rarely. This does not mean, however, that they did not play any role in the economic and public life. Trade ties in the Mediterranean region are not... ... Dictionary of medieval culture

Merchants- In the Middle Ages, only people who belonged to merchant guilds could be K. (see Merchant guilds.). Now in the West In Europe, capitals are not an estate, but a class (see Class), the corporate organization of which is expressed in chambers of commerce... Encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

Merchants do not stand on the threshold of a shop.- (you will drive away buyers). See TRADE... V.I. Dahl. Proverbs of the Russian people

The heroes of A.N. Nekrasov’s poem, deciding the question of “who can live well in Rus',” among other “candidates,” remember the “fat-bellied merchant.” Indeed, this character has been known for a long time - even among ancient civilizations, and traditionally represented as "fat-bellied", greedy and cunning... to be honest, such a stereotype has always been "stuck" to those who were involved in trade - even in Soviet times, when trade was entirely state-owned... What were the merchants really like and how did they arise?

A merchant is, in essence, old name entrepreneur, a person who carries out trade transactions on his own behalf. Such a person bought a product not in order to use it, but in order to sell it to someone else - i.e. acted as an intermediary between the manufacturer and the buyer. This is especially important, for example, when a product is produced far away from the place of residence of potential buyers, however, even without taking into account distances, it is more convenient for the manufacturer when he does not have to worry about finding buyers himself. Of course, mediation is associated with certain expenses (as the Russian proverb says, “overseas a heifer is half a heifer, and a ruble is transportation”), and the intermediary himself needs to live on some income - therefore he sells the goods at a higher price than he buys from the manufacturer.

This profession was born along with trade during the period of the collapse of the clan system, when subsistence farming was losing ground, and already in the civilizations of the Ancient World it played a significant role, and not only economic: trade contacts helped peoples get to know each other, merchant caravans brought from distant countries not only goods, but also fairy tales, songs, legends... They were most famous in Ancient world, perhaps, Phoenician merchants.

In medieval society, merchants united in trade guilds (similar to how artisans united in guilds). And although such guilds protect the interests of merchants, everyone still has their own risk associated with trading operations - and success (or, conversely, failure) too. Therefore, a merchant in the Middle Ages is special person, differing from other people of that era primarily in his “course towards individualization”, less connection with the community than that of a peasant or even an artisan. The activities of a merchant required the ability to read, write, and count - while knights and even dukes were often illiterate... in a certain sense medieval merchants can be considered the harbingers of the coming eras - the Renaissance and the New Age, when it was from the merchants that the class of owners of manufactories was formed, and in the future - capitalists.

There were merchants in our country too. In Ancient Rus', the main trade routes were rivers - it was no coincidence that cities arose on their banks. Since the 13th century, Rus' has been included in the system of the Great silk road, and the main burden falls on land transport - goods are carried on horses. Until the appearance railways in the 19th century, it was horse-drawn transport that was the basis of trade, giving rise along the way to the famous coachman songs that modern academic singers love to include in their repertoire, especially with the Russian folk orchestra.

Originating in Ancient Rus', the merchants in the 18th century. becomes a semi-privileged class. The turning point was the guild reform of 1775, when merchants were ordered to pay a guild fee of 1% of the capital instead of a capitation tax. Not everyone was able to do this - the number of merchants was reduced to 12% of their previous number. True, the situation changed after the Charter of Cities in 1785, which granted merchants a monopoly on trade. According to this act, merchants were divided into three guilds: merchants of the 1st guild had the right to move freely around the country (“passport exemption”), conduct foreign trade and own sea vessels, and merchants of the 2nd guild had the right to river vessels, both of them were exempt from recruitment duty, owned plants and factories. Merchants of the third guild were engaged in small trade and maintained inns.

At the same time, a specific merchant life is emerging, as they would say now - “lifestyle”, glorified by A.N. Ostrovsky: big family patriarchal type, as a rule, with many children, often in addition to their own children there were adopted children - the so-called. "pupils". Children of merchants already at the age of 15-16 were included in professional activity: they kept office books, worked in shops and even traveled to other cities to conclude trade deals. A merchant's wife was not always such a powerless creature as is sometimes imagined: if she herself was from a merchant family, she could have her own merchant's certificate, conduct business independently and even enter into transactions with her own husband. True, the merchant’s wife was not always a merchant’s daughter: merchants often married bourgeois women - representatives of the lower layer of the urban class (apparently, this was exactly the fate of Katerina in A.N. Ostrovsky’s drama “The Thunderstorm” and Katerina Izmailova, the heroine of N. Leskov’s story “Lady” Macbeth of Mtsensk district").

The merchants were also distinguished by their unique manner of dressing: a cap, a long-skirted frock coat made of dark blue crepe or thick cloth, boots with high tops, and often a mixture of styles: a fur coat and a top hat. However, over time, merchants increasingly switch to european style clothes (remember Vozhevatov from A.N. Ostrovsky’s drama “Dowry”: “European in costume”).

As for people of art, they, as a rule, did not favor merchants: a merchant in literature is usually a deceiver, a swindler, a miser, a family despot and a narrow-minded person. The desire of merchants to become on par with the nobles is often ridiculed - however, they also have their own interests: a bankrupt nobleman is not averse to profitably marrying the daughter of a rich merchant... It even came to serious conflicts on this basis: after the release of A. Ostrovsky’s play “We Will Be Numbered Our Own People” The Moscow merchants demanded that measures be taken against the author, and the writer was under police surveillance for five years...

In what relation to reality were such literary images? Of course, one cannot call them 100% slander - all this really happened. But like any literary type, they are exaggerated - among the merchants there were also people who were distinguished high culture, such people often became patrons of the arts. Let us remember Savva Mamontov, whose advice even F. Chaliapin listened to! The Demidov merchant dynasty created the industry of the Urals... in a word, the role of the merchants in the history of our country in particular and civilization in general is difficult to overestimate!

Russian merchants have always been special. Merchants and industrialists were recognized as the most wealthy class of the Russian Empire. These were brave, talented, generous and inventive people, patrons of art and connoisseurs of art.

Bakhrushins

They come from the merchants of the city of Zaraysk, Ryazan province, where their family can be traced through scribe books until 1722. By profession, the Bakhrushins were “prasols”: they drove cattle in droves from the Volga region to big cities. The cattle sometimes died along the road, the skins were torn off, taken to the city and sold to tanneries - this is how the history of their own business began.

Alexey Fedorovich Bakhrushin moved to Moscow from Zaraysk in the thirties of the last century. The family moved on carts, with all their belongings and youngest son Alexander, the future honorary citizen of the city of Moscow, was carried in a laundry basket. Alexey Fedorovich - became the first Moscow merchant Bakhrushin (he has been included in the Moscow merchant class since 1835).

Alexander Alekseevich Bakhrushin, the same honorary citizen of Moscow, was the father of the famous city figure Vladimir Alexandrovich, collectors Sergei and Alexei Alexandrovich, and the grandfather of Professor Sergei Vladimirovich.

Speaking of collectors, this well-known passion for “gathering” was distinctive feature Bakhrushin family. The collections of Alexey Petrovich and Alexey Alexandrovich are especially worth noting. The first collected Russian antiquities and, mainly, books. According to his spiritual will, he left the library to the Rumyantsev Museum, and porcelain and antiques to the Historical Museum, where there were two halls named after him. They said about him that he was terribly stingy, since “every Sunday he goes to Sukharevka and bargains like a Jew.” But he can hardly be judged for this, because every collector knows: the most pleasant thing is to find for yourself a truly valuable thing, the merits of which others were not aware of.

The second, Alexey Alexandrovich, was a big theater lover, for a long time presided over Theater Society and was very popular in theatrical circles. That's why Theater Museum became the world's only richest collection of everything that had anything to do with the theater.

Both in Moscow and Zaraysk they were honorary citizens of the city - a very rare honor. During my stay in the City Duma there were only two honorary citizens of the city of Moscow: D. A. Bakhrushin and Prince V. M. Golitsyn, the former mayor.

Quote: "One of the largest and richest companies in Moscow is considered Trading house Bakhrushin brothers. They have tanning and cloth making. The owners are still young people, with higher education, famous philanthropists, donating hundreds of thousands. They conduct their business, albeit on a new basis - that is, using last words science, but according to ancient Moscow customs. Their offices and reception rooms, for example, make them want a lot." "New Time."

Mamontovs

The Mamontov family originates from the Zvenigorod merchant Ivan Mamontov, about whom practically nothing is known, except that the year of birth was 1730, and that he had a son, Fyodor Ivanovich (1760). Most likely, Ivan Mamontov was engaged in farming and made up for himself good condition, so his sons were already rich people. You can guess about it charitable activities: the monument on his grave in Zvenigorod was erected by grateful residents for the services rendered to them in 1812.

Fyodor Ivanovich had three sons - Ivan, Mikhail and Nikolai. Mikhail, apparently, was not married, in any case, he did not leave any offspring. The other two brothers were the founders of two branches of the venerable and numerous Mammoth family.

Quote: “Brothers Ivan and Nikolai Fedorovich Mamontov came to Moscow rich people. Nikolai Fedorovich bought a large and beautiful house with an extensive garden on Razgulay. By this time he had a large family.” ("P. M. Tretyakov". A. Botkin).

The Mamontov youth, the children of Ivan Fedorovich and Nikolai Fedorovich, were well educated and diversely gifted. Savva Mamontov’s natural musicality especially stood out, which played a big role in his adult life.

Savva Ivanovich will nominate Chaliapin; will make Mussorgsky, rejected by many experts, popular; will create a huge success in his theater with Rimsky-Korsakov’s opera “Sadko”. He would be not only a patron of the arts, but also an adviser: the artists received valuable instructions from him on issues of makeup, gesture, costume and even singing.

One of the remarkable undertakings in the field of Russian is closely connected with the name of Savva Ivanovich. folk art: famous Abramtsevo. In new hands it was revived and soon became one of the most cultural corners of Russia.

Quote: “The Mamontovs became famous in a wide variety of fields: both in the field of industry, and, perhaps, especially in the field of art. The Mamontov family was very large, and representatives of the second generation were no longer as rich as their parents, and in the third, the fragmentation of funds went even further. The origin of their wealth was tax farming, which brought them closer to the well-known Kokorev. Therefore, when they appeared in Moscow, they immediately entered the rich merchant environment." (" Dark Kingdom", N. Ostrovsky).

The founder of this one of the oldest trading companies in Moscow was Vasily Petrovich Shchukin, a native of the city of Borovsk, Kaluga province. At the end of the seventies of the 18th century, Vasily Petrovich established trade in manufactured goods in Moscow and continued it for fifty years. His son, Ivan Vasilyevich, founded the Trading House “I. V. Shchukin with his sons” The sons are Nikolai, Peter, Sergei and Dmitry Ivanovich.
The trading house conducted extensive trade: goods were sent to all corners Central Russia, as well as to Siberia, the Caucasus, the Urals, Central Asia and Persia. IN recent years The trading house began to sell not only calicoes, scarves, linen, clothing and paper fabrics, but also wool, silk and linen products.

The Shchukin brothers are known as great connoisseurs of art. Nikolai Ivanovich was a lover of antiquities: his collection contained many ancient manuscripts, lace, and various fabrics. He built a beautiful building in the Russian style for the collected items on Malaya Gruzinskaya. According to his will, his entire collection, along with the house, became the property of the Historical Museum.

Sergei Ivanovich Shchukin occupies a special place among Russian nugget collectors. We can say that all french painting beginning of this century: Gauguin, Van Gogh, Matisse, some of their predecessors, Renoir, Cezanne, Monet, Degas - were in Shchukin’s collection.

Ridicule, rejection, misunderstanding by society of the work of this or that master did not mean anything to him. of the slightest significance. Often Shchukin bought paintings for a penny, not out of his stinginess and not out of a desire to oppress the artist - simply because they were not for sale and there was not even a price for them.

Ryabushinsky

From the Rebushinskaya settlement of the Pafnutievo-Borovsky monastery in the Kaluga province in 1802, Mikhail Yakovlev “arrived” to the Moscow merchants. He traded in Kholshchovoy Row in Gostiny Dvor. But I went broke during Patriotic War 1812, like many merchants. His revival as an entrepreneur was facilitated by his transition to the “schism.” In 1820, the founder of the business joined the community of the Rogozhskoe cemetery - the Moscow stronghold of the Old Believers of the “priestly kind”, to which the richest merchant families of the mother throne belonged.

Mikhail Yakovlevich takes the surname Rebushinsky (that’s how it was spelled then) in honor of his native settlement and joins the merchant class. He now sells “paper goods”, runs several weaving factories in Moscow and Kaluga province, and leaves his children a capital of more than 2 million rubles. Thus, the stern and devout Old Believer, who wore a common people's caftan and worked as a “master” in his manufactories, laid the foundation for the future prosperity of the family.

Quote: “I have always been struck by one feature - perhaps characteristic feature the whole family is internal family discipline. Not only in banking matters, but also in public affairs, everyone was assigned his own place according to the established rank, and in the first place was the elder brother, with whom others reckoned and, in a certain sense, obeyed him." ("Memoirs", P. Buryshkin).

The Ryabushinskys were famous collectors: icons, paintings, art objects, porcelain, furniture... It is not surprising that Nikolai Ryabushinsky, “the dissolute Nikolasha” (1877-1951), chose the world of art as his career. An extravagant lover of living in grand style, he entered the history of Russian art as the editor-publisher of the luxurious literary and artistic almanac “The Golden Fleece,” published in 1906-1909. The almanac, under the banner of “pure art,” managed to gather the best forces of the Russian " silver age": A. Blok, A. Bely, V. Bryusov, among the "seekers of the golden fleece" were the artists M. Dobuzhinsky, P. Kuznetsov, E. Lanceray and many others. A. Benois, who collaborated in the magazine, assessed its publisher as "a figure most curious, not mediocre, in any case special."

Demidovs

The founder of the Demidov merchant dynasty - Nikita Demidovich Antufiev, better known under the name Demidov (1656-1725) was a Tula blacksmith and advanced under Peter I, receiving vast lands in the Urals for the construction of metallurgical plants. Nikita Demidovich had three sons: Akinfiy, Gregory and Nikita, among whom he distributed all his wealth.

In the famous Altai mines, which owe their discovery to Akinfiy Demidov, ores rich in gold and silver content, native silver and horny silver ore were found in 1736.

His eldest son Prokopiy Akinfievich paid little attention to the management of his factories, which, despite his intervention, brought in huge income. He lived in Moscow, and surprised the townspeople with his eccentricities and expensive undertakings. Prokopiy Demidov also spent a lot on charity: 20,000 rubles to establish a hospital for poor mothers at the St. Petersburg Orphanage, 20,000 rubles to Moscow University for scholarships for the poorest students, 5,000 rubles to the main public school in Moscow.

Tretyakovs

They came from an old but poor merchant family. Elisey Martynovich Tretyakov, the great-grandfather of Sergei and Pavel Mikhailovich, arrived in Moscow in 1774 from Maloyarovslavets as a seventy-year-old man with his wife and two sons, Zakhar and Osip. In Maloyaroslavets merchant family Tretyakov existed since 1646.
The history of the Tretyakov family essentially boils down to the biography of two brothers, Pavel and Sergei Mikhailovich. During their lifetime, they were united by genuine family love and friendship. After their death, they were forever remembered as the creators of the gallery named after the brothers Pavel and Sergei Tretyakov.

Both brothers continued their father's business, first trading, then industrial. They were linen workers, and flax in Russia has always been revered as an indigenous Russian product. Slavophile economists (like Kokorev) always praised flax and contrasted it with foreign American cotton.

This family was never considered one of the richest, although their commercial and industrial affairs were always successful. Pavel Mikhailovich spent huge amounts of money on creating his famous gallery and collecting his collection, sometimes to the detriment of the well-being of his own family.

Quote: "With a guide and a map in his hands, zealously and carefully, he reviewed almost everything European museums, moving from one big capital to another, from one small Italian, Dutch and German town to another. And he became a real, deep and subtle connoisseur of painting." ("Russian Antiquity").

Soltadenkovs

They come from the peasants of the village of Prokunino, Kolomensky district, Moscow province. The founder of the Soldatenkov family, Yegor Vasilievich, has been listed in the Moscow merchant class since 1797. But this family became famous only in the half of the 19th century, thanks to Kuzma Terentievich.

He rented a shop in the old Gostiny Dvor, sold paper yarn, and was involved in discounting. Subsequently he became a major shareholder in a number of manufactories, banks and insurance companies.

Kuzma Soldatenkov had a large library and a valuable collection of paintings, which he bequeathed to the Moscow Rumyantsev Museum. This collection is one of the earliest in terms of its composition and the most remarkable in terms of its excellent and long existence.

But Soldatenkov’s main contribution to Russian culture is considered to be publishing. His closest collaborator in this area was the well-known Moscow city figure Mitrofan Shchepkin. Under the leadership of Shchepkin, many issues were published dedicated to the classics of economic science, for which special translations were made. This series of publications, called the Shchepkin Library, was a most valuable tool for students, but already in my time - the beginning of this century - many books became bibliographic rarities.

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The meaning of the word merchant

merchant in the crossword dictionary

Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Dal Vladimir

merchant

Kupchina; into the song. and tale merchant m. merchant, townsman, merchant, selling something;

buyer. A blind merchant deals with rotten goods. Merchant darling. A crappy merchant. Millionth merchant, merchant. First-class merchant, eminent. Kupchina is also called, for the sake of distinction, a clerk on a trip, an attorney for purchases, from a merchant. Don’t miss the first merchant (buyer), don’t run around. God will help and send a merchant. The merchant is like an archer: hit, so with the field; but if it didn’t hit, the charge was gone! The goods are not for the merchant. As is the merchant (i.e., the buyer), so is the seller. It is not the product that feeds, but the merchant, that is, the buyer. It is not obvious that he is not a merchant who has money at home. Merchant's wife merchant's wife; a woman enrolled in a guild, trading, Merchants, merchants, merchants; merchant, belongs to him, belongs to her, merchant, merchant, related to merchants and trade. He drinks tea like a merchant, but doesn’t pay like a merchant. Merchants, merchants cf. estate, class, or brotherhood of merchants. Merchant, trade, commercial to be a merchant, to trade, to be a merchant and to trade. Buy a church in the south or buy southern zap. north buy, buy what, buy, acquire by purchase, purchase. We buy or buy tea in Kharkov, buy. I buy, buy, buy. I haven't bought this product in ages. What did you buy today? What will you buy tomorrow? Buy - what to kill a louse; sell - what, catch a flea? You buy it, and it’s a fig (answer to assurance: I’ll buy it cheaper at another store). From now on, buy your wits for this, that is, at the cost of your mistakes. First buy a seat, and sit there, from wedding custom. Bought or not bought, but you can trade. What I bought for is what I sell for. What we bought for is what we sell for; We don’t take profit, about the news. The rich man will buy his mind; poor, I would sell my own, but they won’t take it! Money can't buy intelligence. When trouble comes, you buy your mind. What God did not give, you cannot buy with money, you cannot sew to your skin. You can buy everything, but you can’t buy your father and mother. A friend is more valuable than money: you can’t buy a friend with money. Thomas will not buy his mind, but will sell his own. He will buy you and sell you. The truth is a bought piece; not true - stolen. Buy one, sell the other. Sold - lived; bought - made money. What you don't love, you can't buy. Buy high, sell low. Not born, not a son, not bought, not a slave. Give it to him if he died, but his brother survived, buy it. If you donate, he went to Paris, but his brother stayed, you buy it.

The priest will buy money and deceive God! irony, i.e. as if. Buy someone, bribe. You can buy a priest, but you can’t buy God.

Buy grass, meadows, buy back, rent. In all examples of these verbs. buy perfect or final; but in ancient times and to this day in the south and north (Voronezh, Novgorod), buy used. as a verb imperfect or incomplete in meaning. buy. We will buy (buy, buy, buy) timber, we don’t have our own. They buy (buy) bread, but there is not enough of their own. They won’t buy a horse for their eyes, that is, they don’t buy it, they don’t buy it. They will buy soap with the extra money. Purchased document, bill of sale, fortress. (Bathe. -sya, also bathe). To bathe or be bathed; buy; to bathe, to be bought. The word will buy the abuse. Buy supplies at the fair, they will be purchased. Once upon a time, good morocco was bought in Kazan, but now the best are made in St. Petersburg. Join the artel. To be redeemed from bondage. Buy something forgotten. Buy everything. I'm completely stocked up. Redeem something. Buy extra. The expense paid off. Buy back wine or wine sale. He bought his way out of trouble by force. What are you buying? The investigator is bribed. Traders buy everything. Buy a yard of cloth. I bought it, I made a mistake in my purchase. The product is sold out. He bought all the bread. Bathing, shopping Wed. purchase f. about. valid by value verb

Purchase, trade in general: purchase;

new purchase Buying and selling is worth bargaining. Place of purchase, old. shopping place, bargaining, market, bazaar. Show me your purchase, purchase. Neither gift, nor purchase, neither this nor that. Not a purchase, but something free, cheap. It’s not buying that teaches, it’s selling. Bill of sale, purchased, purchased, ungrown. Bought, buyer, purchase cf. shopping cart pl. money. I would buy a village, but my pocket is empty; I would have started a patrimony, but the purchase was damaged. Buyer, what an awl: just break off the sock. I would have bought it, bought it, but what I bought dulled me! Purchases are like forks (i.e. pitchforks): if you break them, you cannot guide them. The coupon is missing. Bill of sale a fortress, a legal certificate for a purchased real estate approved in court. Buyer, -nitsa, thing, person, animal purchased, purchased, not domestic offspring. "

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

merchant

A person who owns a commercial enterprise and conducts trade.

A person belonging to the merchant class (pre-revolutionary). Goncharov was a merchant.

A merchant ship, as opposed to a military one (marine argo). The Red Merchant (colloquial joke) is an employee of the Soviet trading apparatus.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.

merchant

A wealthy merchant, owner of a trading enterprise. K. first guild.

Buyer (obsolete and special). Find a merchant for the house. Merchants from different countries came to the fur auction.

decrease merchant, -a, m. (to 1 value).

took away kupchina, -y, m. (to 1 value).

and. merchant's wife, -i (to 1 meaning).

collected merchants, -a, cf. (to 1 value).

adj. merchant, -aya, -oe (to 1 meaning) and merchant, -aya, -oe (to 1 meaning; obsolete simple). Merchant corporations. Merchant luxury (translated: tasteless, tacky). Merchant habits (translated: boastful, ostentatious wastefulness). Merchant's son.

New explanatory and word-formative dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

merchant

A person who conducts private trade and owns a commercial enterprise.

A person who belonged to the merchant class (in the Russian state until 1917).

outdated Buyer.

trans. outdated Groom during matchmaking, wedding ceremony.

Wikipedia

Merchant

In the Russian Empire, merchants, like the Cossacks, were identified as a separate class (see Merchants), with their own status and taxes.

A merchant's wife is a merchant's wife, or a woman enrolled in a merchant guild.

Examples of the use of the word merchant in literature.

Sudan of Aden has a large income and a lot of wealth from duties on ships and merchants who come here.

It was special work, which he meticulously mastered under the guidance of del Acqua, who gave him the best teachers from among the Jesuits and Portuguese merchants who traded in Asia.

In the first centuries of Christianity, in one of the trading villages on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, there lived two merchant, whose names were Alcaeus and Hyphas.

I’ll reveal my agents: the Kunst and Albers department store in Vladivostok, the first guild Churin in Irkutsk - he also gets a haircut in his tail and mane, and in Blagoveshchensk - Chinese merchant Tifontai that he married a Russian fool.

The house slave came to short clothes, bent in a bow: - Venerable Ambon, there you merchants are waiting.

On the third day,” he reported, “the Carthaginians brazenly attacked ships at sea merchant Ambon, coming from the Tin Islands.

In fourteen eighty-five, after the Portuguese king rejected his project, Columbus moved to Castile, where, with the support of mainly Andalusian merchants and the bankers managed to organize a government ocean expedition under his leadership.

Long, long ago, in time immemorial, a rich and famous man lived in Andijan. merchant Makam bey mirza sarafejin.

She tracked down the girl, she lived in Mahakam with seven dwarves at a time, whom she convinced that it was much more profitable to rob merchants on the roads than to earn anthracosis in the mines.

Only shepherds with their numerous herds settle in the mountains and mountain valleys; thieves, robbers, and merchants trample secret paths from the hostile countries of Artania and Slavia.

Beside himself with indignation, Esarhaddon approached the table where the Phoenicians were drinking merchants, and called one of them aside.

Suddenly it appears as if merchant with an unheard of assortment in a box.

The orchestra played, the parade continued, and all of us - young and old, Portuguese, African and neither, merchants, idlers and beggar children - stood and watched, fascinated by military uniforms, sabers and the solemnity of the whole action, music and marching, loud commands and complex parade ceremony.

Sinyak led eleven people towards the gray pentagon of the Elizabethan warehouses, where in old times merchants, who entered Aachen through the southern gate, stored their goods.