Russian culture of the 18th century.
1. The legislative act of Peter I on the reform of church governance and the subordination of the church to the state was called:
a) “Table of Ranks”,
b) “Decree on unified inheritance”,
c) “Spiritual regulations”,
d) "Order".
2. Match the names of the sculptors with their works:
1 F. I. Shubin a) “The Bronze Horseman”
2 M.I. Kozlovsky b) “Minin and Pozharsky”
3 I. P. Martos c) “Samson...”
4 E.M. Falcone d) “A. V. Suvorov"
e) “Bust of M.V. Lomonosov”
3. What was the name of the first Russian printed newspaper:
a) “Izvestia”,
b) “Chimes”,
c) “Vedomosti”?
4. Name the state document that determined the procedure for noblemen to perform civil, military and court service.
5. Name the first Russian book that taught the rules of good manners:
A) “Butts, how to write compliments”,
b) “Symbols and emblems”,
c) “An honest mirror of youth.”
6. Buildings of St. Petersburg from the time of Peter the Great, preserved to this day (find the odd one out and underline):
Building of 12 Collegiums, Shlisselburg Fortress, Menshikov Summer Palace, Hermitage Palace, Peter and Paul Cathedral, Kunstkamera, Peter and Paul Fortress.
7. Name the scientist who revived the forgotten art of mosaic in Rus':
a) Kulibin
b) Lomonosov
c) Tatishchev
8. Under Elizabeth Petrovna, three decrees were issued that were of great importance for Russian culture, remember their names:
9. The main features of classicism (find the odd one):
a) Liberation from religious and church morality,
b) Rationalism,
c) Appeal to antiquity,
d) Dynamism,
e) Strict regulation of the creative process.
10. The main goals of the “Enlightenment” (to find the superfluous):
a) Introduction of fair laws,
b) Education of the nation,
c) Propaganda of the national idea,
Propaganda of the great truths of freedom.
11.In the 18th century, historical knowledge developed. Famous historians were (find the odd one):
F. Polikarpov, G. Miller, N. Novikov, A. Mankiev, L. Schlötzer, K. Kavelin, M. Lomonosov.
12. Match the names of scientists with their achievements:
1 Shelikhov G.I. a) founder of epidemiology;
2 Samoilovich D.S. b) description of the Aleutian Islands;
3 Kulibin I.P. c) universal steam engine;
4 Polzunov I.I. d) father of domestic astronomy;
5 Razumovsky S. Ya. d) single-arch wooden bridge across the Neva,
prosthetics for the disabled
13. Who are we talking about?
He was a poet, playwright and classicist theorist. He wrote 9 tragedies and 12 comedies; he is rightfully considered the creator of Russian theater. His most famous tragedies: “Dmitry the Pretender”, “Khorev”. This man published the first Russian literary magazine, Hardworking Bee.
14. In the last quarter of the 18th century, the formation of a national school of composition in Russia began. Match composers and musical genres:
1 Kozlovsky O. A. a) spiritual choral singing
2 Bortnyansky D.S. b) lyric song
3 Fomin E.I. c) opera
4 Sokolovsky M. M.
5 Berezovsky M. S.
15. Name the term:
The style and direction in literature and art, which turned to the ancient heritage as a norm and ideal, was based on the ideas of rationalism, on ideas about the rational laws of the world, proclaimed sublime heroic and moral ideals, strived for a strict organization of images, and pursued an educational program of art.
16. Match the names of famous travelers and their discoveries:
1 Krasheninnikov S.P. a) Northern Sea Route
2 Laptev brothers b) description of Kamchatka
3 Atlasov V. c) expedition to Siberia and the Far East
4 Krylov I. A. d) “Felitsa”
5 Derzhavin G. R. d) “Philomena”
Thanks for the work!
Key
2 1 –d; 2 – c, d; 3 – b; 4 – a.
4 “Table of ranks”
6 - Summer Palace of Menshikov
8 a) – opening of Moscow University
b) - opening of the theater
c) – opening of the Academy of Arts
11 – N. Novikov
12 1- b; 2 – a; 3 – d; 4 – in; 5 – g
13 Sumarokov
14 1- b; 2 – a; 3 – d; 4 – in; 5 – a
15 classicism
16 1- in; 2 – a; 3 – b; 4 – d; 5 – g
36 – 32 points = “5”
31 – 27 points = “4”
26 – 22 points = “3”
21 points or less = “2”
In Russian culture of the 18th century. Significant changes are taking place, which are determined by fundamental changes in the socio-economic sphere, in the life and way of life of the people. The main influence is the fact that a capitalist structure is being formed in the country's economy.
The 18th century prepared the powerful rise of Russian culture in the 19th century, which is called the “golden age” of Russian culture.
In the second half of the 18th century. V field of education In Russia, two trends that had emerged under Peter I continued to develop: expanding the network of educational institutions, increasing the number of public schools and consolidating the principle of class education, expanding the network of educational institutions for nobles.
The center of Russian education became University of Moscow, created on the initiative of M. V. Lomonosov. The decree on the establishment of Moscow University with two gymnasiums (noble and common) was signed in 1755. Elizaveta Petrovna. In fact, this meant the creation of the first Russian university. All documents were prepared by Lomonosov, who ensured that teaching was conducted in Russian. The university had 3 faculties: philosophy, law, and medicine. Serfs were not allowed to be students. In 1757 was opened in St. Petersburg Academy of Arts- a higher educational institution in the field of plastic arts, which has done a lot for the development of Russian painting and sculpture. In 1783 open Russian Academy- scientific center for the study of Russian language and literature.
In the middle of the 18th century. A comprehensive school system began to take shape in the country. It was planned to introduce three types of educational institutions - small, medium and main public schools. Main four-grade schools were created in provincial cities, and small two-grade schools were created in district cities. The children of peasants, artisans, soldiers, and sailors were taught here. The main textbooks were “Grammar” by M. Smotritsky, “The First Teaching of the Line” by F. Prokopovich, “Arithmetic” by L. Magnitsky, ABC, Book of Hours, Psalter. Children of the Orthodox clergy studied in 66 theological seminaries. Noble children received education in closed noble educational institutions: private boarding schools, gentry corps - or were taught at home. More than 20 schools - mining, medical, navigation, commercial - provided special education.
In 1764 The first women's educational institution is created"Educational Society of Noble Maidens"
All activities in the field of education were associated with the name of I. I. Betsky, who headed the Academy of Arts, the Cadet Corps, and the Smolny Institute. He believed that through education it was possible to create a new breed of people. To give children a good education, it is necessary to isolate them from their parents and home environment (to avoid bad influences) and place them in closed schools (boarding schools).
The center of scientific thought in Russia since 1725. becomes the Academy of Sciences. Its first members were foreign scientists: the great mathematicians L. Euler, I. Bernoulli. But there were also many rogues among the foreigners: the librarian Schumacher or the historian Bayer, the creator of the Norman theory about the origin of the Russian state. Since the mid-60s, the expeditionary activities of the Academy of Sciences have gained wide scope. Geographers, ethnographers, and naturalists traveled across the vast expanses of European Russia and Siberia. Ethnographer S.P. Krasheninnikov in 1757 made up"Description of the land of Kamchatka"
, where he collected information about nature, the population, their way of life and rituals.
In the 18th century The first works on the history of the Russian state were created. V. N. Tatishchev is called the “Father of Russian history”. He collected a huge number of documents, collated many chronicle materials, and provided them with geographical, ethnographic, and chronological notes. The entire “Russian History...” was published in the second half of the 1760s, when its author was no longer alive. Historians M. M. Shcherbatov and I. N. Boltin made a great contribution to the development of social sciences and the development of Russian history, historiography, etc. An outstanding encyclopedist and educator was Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov (1711-1765).
In the second half of the 18th century. In Russian literature, as well as in culture as a whole, classicism was established, the ideological basis of which was the struggle for a powerful statehood under the auspices of autocratic power. Classicism was formed in all countries as a literary movement of absolutism. Russian classicism was characterized by strong educational tendencies, the pathos of citizenship, and accusatory motives. The aesthetics of classicism established a hierarchy of genres - “high” (tragedy, epic, ode) and “low” (comedy, satire, fable, etc.). M. V. Lomonosov, A. P. Sumarokov, A. D. Kantemir, Ya. B. Knyazhnin, V. K. Trediakovsky, M. M. worked in the style of classicism in literature. Kheraskov.
One of the largest and most prominent representatives of Russian classicism was the poet G. R. Derzhavin. His odes “Themis”, “Nobleman” and others are imbued with the idea of strong statehood and at the same time include satire on nobles, civic lyrics, philosophical reflections, everyday sketches, and landscapes. Derzhavin played an exceptional role in the formation of Russian literature and the development of the language.
D. I. Fonvizin’s comedies “The Brigadier” and “The Minor” were extremely popular. In the comedy “The Brigadier,” the writer satirically depicts the morals of the Russian nobility and their passion for everything French. In “The Minor” the author directly names the cause of all the evils of Russian life - serfdom, denounces the system of noble upbringing and education, creates typical images of the landowners-serfs Prostakovs, Skotinins and the ignorant minor Mitrofanushka, which later became household names.
In the middle of the 18th century. Russian architecture is still dominated by the Baroque style. St. Petersburg becomes a city of palaces. V. Rastrelli erects his masterpieces in the Baroque style:
The Great Palace in Tsarskoe Selo, the Winter Palace, the Smolny Monastery, the Stroganov Palace. Monumentality, splendor, bizarre lines of facades, stucco decorations on walls, an abundance of columns, round and oval windows are characteristic features of Russian Baroque.
In the second half of the 18th century. Baroque is being replaced by classicism, for which ancient art was a model of artistic perfection. The architectural creations of classicism are characterized by simplicity and grandeur, reasonable design of buildings, symmetry of compositions and harmony of proportions. The founders of Russian classicism in architecture were V. I. Bazhenov (Pashkov House in Moscow, project of the Grand Kremlin Palace, palace ensemble in Tsaritsyn), M. F. Kazakov (Moscow University, Senate building in the Moscow Kremlin, Column Hall of the Noble Assembly, 1- I City Hospital), I. E. Starov (Tavrichesky Palace. Trinity Cathedral of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra).
A new phenomenon in Russian fine art of this period - sculptural portrait. A prominent representative in this area was the talented Russian sculptor F. I. Shubin, who created a gallery of psychologically expressive sculptural portraits of A. M. Golitsyn, M. R. Panina, I. G. Orlov, M. V. Lomonosov. Representatives of classicism were sculptors - F. F. Shchedrin, M. I. Kozlovsky. In 1782, a monument to Peter I was solemnly opened in St. Petersburg - the famous “Bronze Horseman” by the sculptor E. Falcone.
Second half of the 18th century. - the heyday of Russian portraiture, which produced a number of outstanding portrait artists - A. P. Antropov, I. P. Argunov, F. S. Rokotov, D. G. Levitsky, V. L. Borovikovsky. The development of Russian painting and sculpture was greatly facilitated by the Academy of Arts, opened in 1757.
In 1756
The first professional theater in Russia was established in St. Petersburg, the basis of which was a troupe of Yaroslavl actors led by F.G. Volkov. Volkov’s successor and his friend I. A. Dmitrievsky did a lot for the development of Russian theater.
Thus, the culture and social life of Russia in the second half of the 18th century. reflect the fundamental transformations taking place in the socio-economic sphere. The ideas of the Enlightenment had a noticeable impact on public life in general. This is the period when natural sciences begin to develop in Russia and the Russian literary language is being formed. The richness and diversity of the cultural process in the second half of the 18th century. paved the way for the “golden age” of Russian culture in the 19th century.
In Russia, the ideas of the Enlightenment became widespread; Catherine II herself was keen on them (until about the 70s, before Pugachev’s uprising). Enlightenment is an anti-feudal ideology of the era of transition from feudalism to capitalism, which arose in Russia in the 60s of the 18th century, when social contradictions in the country reached a certain severity, and issues of relations between landowners and peasants came to the fore. At the first stage, Russian educators, sharply criticizing serfdom, advocated only mitigating and limiting the most blatant manifestations of serfdom. At the same time, they pinned all their hopes on the omnipotence of enlightenment and an enlightened monarch. At the second stage, in the 80-90s, educators advocated the destruction of serfdom as a state system. True, at the end of the 18th century, frightened by the uprising of E. I. Pugachev and the revolution in France, the enlighteners abandoned the revolutionary struggle against absolutism.
A major educator of the second half of the 18th century. was N.I. Novikov, comes from a wealthy landowner family. In 1767, he became a “scribe” in one of the departments of the Commission of Deputies convened by Catherine II to draw up a new Code. While keeping the minutes of the Commission, he received rich material about the state of affairs in landowner Russia and later used it in his publishing activities. In the 70s, Novikov published the satirical magazines Truten, Pustomelya, Wallet, and Zhivopiets in St. Petersburg. He ridiculed human weaknesses and vices; it is no coincidence that the landowners in his works have such expressive surnames - Nedoumov, Zmeyanov, Zloradov; denounced their ignorance, greed, and hypocrisy. But Novikov did not rise to the idea of abolishing serfdom, realized by the brightest minds of his time. After moving to Moscow, Novikov organized a printing company, published the newspaper “Moskovskie Vedomosti”, the magazine “Moscow Monthly Edition” and hundreds of books in all fields of knowledge. At one time, up to a third of all books printed in Russia came out of his printing houses. They dispersed throughout the country, forming new tastes, views, and ideas for Russian society.
But in 1792 Novikov was arrested, tried and sentenced first to death, and then to 15 years in prison. The reason was Novikov’s membership in the Masonic movement in Russia. The investigation tried to identify harmful political intentions among Russian Freemasons in general, and among Novikov in particular. They were charged with connections with foreign countries, and attempts to involve the heir to the throne in the Freemasons. But in fact, Novikov was convicted for religious beliefs that differ from generally accepted ones. Paul I, who ascended the throne, freed him, and Novikov lived for more than 20 years on his family estate, where he died.
The second stage in the development of enlightenment in Russia is closely connected with the name of the Russian revolutionary thinker and writer A. N. Radishchev. Radishchev was well acquainted with the works of great figures of French educational philosophy. His worldview was strongly influenced by the peasant war led by Pugachev. In 1781-1783 he creates the ode “Liberty”, where his revolutionary convictions directed against the government and tsarism are fully manifested. Radishchev glorifies the people's revolution, believes that the “longed-for time” will come when the people, who have received their sight, will rise up and “crush” the predatory wolf - the Russian autocrat. In the 1780s, Radishchev worked on his main work, “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow,” which he printed in a home printing house in a circulation of 650 copies, without indicating the author’s name; only 25 copies of this number were sold. But Radishchev’s book immediately attracted attention and aroused, according to informed contemporaries, “great curiosity.”
“The Journey...” reflects a wide range of ideas of the Russian Enlightenment. Radishchev not only clearly showed all the evils of autocracy and serfdom, but also for the first time in literature openly called for a merciless fight against this evil, considering the most sure path to freedom to be a revolutionary uprising of the people against their oppressors. In the margins of the book, Catherine II wrote that the author was “a rebel worse than Pugachev.” Radishchev was arrested and sentenced to death, which was commuted to exile to 10 years in Siberia. After the death of Catherine II, he was allowed to return to European Russia, but to live in a village without the right to leave under police supervision. In 1801, when Paul I was killed by conspirators and his son Alexander I ascended the throne, Radishchev was finally amnestied. He joined the Law Drafting Commission, but soon felt that all his projects and proposals, even the most moderate ones, were met with misunderstanding and rejection. There was a threat of a new exile. Deep disappointment in the possibility of implementing at least a minimal program of reforms and disbelief in enlightenment in Russia caused a fatal outcome. On September 11, 1802, A. N. Radishchev committed suicide. His words have been preserved: “Autocracy is the state most contrary to human nature.”
18th century culture test.
1. Match artists and types of art:
A) V.L. Borovikovsky
B) V.I. Bazhenov
B) F.G. Volkov
D) Full name Shubin
D) D.S. Bortnyansky
E) M.F. Kazakov
1. sculpture
3. painting
5. architecture
2. Arrange the following representatives of art in the columns of the table:
1. Architecture
2. Sculpture
3. Artists
M.F.Kazakov
V.A. Borovikovsky
I.P. Argunov
V. Rastrelli
V. I. Bazhenov
F.S. Rokotov
D.G. Levitsky
F.I.Shubin
3. Pashkov’s house in Moscow was built:
A) V. Rastrelli
B) M.F. Kazakov
B) I.P. Argunov
D) D.G. Levitsky
D) V.I. Bazhenov
4. Sculptural bust of M.V. Lomonosov was created:
A) I.P. Argunov
B) V.L. Borovikovsky
B) Full name Shubin
D) F.S. Rokotov
D) A.P. Antropov
5. A movement in literature and art, art characterized by increased attention to revealing the mental state and experiences of heroes -...?...
6. The largest Russian scientist and encyclopedist: A. Shein M.I. B. Lomonosov M.V. V.Rikhman G.V. G. Bruce P.Ya.
7. The work, which, after reading it, Catherine II characterized: “it was harmfully characterized by intellectualism that destroys the peace ... of society, and belittles respect for authority” * A. “Minor.” *B. "Felitsa." * V. “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.” * G. “Dmitry the Pretender.”
8. State the correct statement. A. gymnasiums were the main educational institutions B. nobles and peasants wore European clothes C. numbering of houses along the streets appeared for the first time.
9. “The odd one out.” Argunov, Shubin, Rokotov, Levitsky.
10. The opening of Moscow University took place in A. 1745. B.1750 B.1755 G.1762
11. In the 2nd half. XVIII century in artistic creativity, the leading place was occupied by the style of A. baroque B. classicism C. rococo D. romanticism.
12. Founder of the first Russian professional theater: A. Volkov F.G. B. Fonvizin D.I. V. Ugryumov G.I. G. Derzhavin G.R.
13. Who are we talking about? A self-taught mechanic, whom Derzhavin called “the Archimedes of our days,” and Catherine II appointed him a mechanic at the Academy of Sciences.
14. Fill in the blanks. “The largest architect of the 18th century. in Russia ...?... He was the author of the largest palace ensembles built in St. Petersburg and its suburbs: ...?... palace, Stroganov palace, ...?... monastery, Great Palace in ...?..., ...? ... in Tsarskoe Selo.
15. By what principle is the series formed? D. Bortnyansky, V. Pashkevich, E. Fomin. D. Bortnyansky V. Pashkevich E. Fomin
16. Extra in a row. According to the designs of M. Kazakov, the following were built: the Senate in the Moscow Kremlin, Moscow University, the Tauride Palace, and the Golitsyn Hospital.
17. The monument to Peter I was created by the sculptor A.V.Shubin B.E.Falcone V.C.Rastrelli G.M.Kozlovsky.
19. M. Kazakov, I. Starov, V. Bazhenov are A. Russian historians B. architects C. composers D. sculptors.
History test Changes in culture and life in the first quarter of the 18th century for 7th grade students with answers. The test includes 2 options, each option consists of 2 parts (part A, part B).
1 option
A1. The appearance in Russia is associated with the reforms of Peter the Great
1) lyceums
2) Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy
3) assemblies
4) Moscow University
A2. Created under Peter I, the Kunstkamera was the first Russian
1) archive
2) a museum
3) theater
4) university
1) Ya.V. Bruce
2) A.K. Nartov
3) A.F. Zubov
4) L.F. Magnitsky
A4. What characterizes the development of artistic culture in Russia under Peter I?
1) weak ties with Western European culture
2) the emergence and development of new genres - engraving and portraiture
3) strict adherence in art to the canons of the Russian Orthodox Church
4) dominance in the architecture of the tent style
A5. Which of the listed architectural monuments was created under Peter I?
1) the building of the Twelve Colleges
2) St. Basil's Cathedral
3) Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye
4) Chamber of Facets in the Moscow Kremlin
IN 1. Below is a list of terms. All of them, except one, appeared in Russia under Peter I. Find and write down the serial number under which the term appears, the appearance of which in Russia belongs to a different historical period.
1) Academy of Sciences
2) Navigation school
3) engraving
4) parsuna
5) observatory
Option 2
A1. Which of the listed Italian architects worked in Russia during the reign of Peter I?
1) Mark Ruffo
2) Aristotle Fioravanti
3) Domenico Trezinn
4) Aleviz New
A2. What characterizes the education system under Peter I?
1) admission to educational institutions of representatives of all classes, including serfs
2) the emergence of the first specialized educational institutions for girls
3) the creation in large Russian cities of universities modeled on Western European ones
4) the beginning of the formation of vocational education
A3. What was the name of the first printed newspaper that began to be published under Peter I?
1) Chimes
2) Gazette
3) Moscow news
4) Government Gazette
A4. The founder of the Navigation School and the first observatory in Russia was an associate of Peter I
1) J. Bruce
2) A. Vinius
3) P. Gordon
4) F. Lefort
A5. What moralizing book was published during the reign of Peter I?
1) Domostroy
2) An honest mirror of youth
3) A Word about Law and Grace
4) The Tale of Misfortune
IN 1. Below is a list of terms. The phenomena they designate, except for one, appeared in Russia under Peter I. Find and write down the serial number under which the term appears, the appearance of which in Russia belongs to a different historical period.
1) Museum
2) civil alphabet
3) engraving
4) assembly
5) court theater
Answers to a history test Changes in culture and life in the first quarter of the 18th century
1 option
A1-3
A2-2
A3-4
A4-2
A5-1
B1-4
Option 2
A1-1
A2-4
A3-2
A4-3
A5-2
B1-5
