Yes, yes... I know the Bashkirs too. I don’t know about others, but I personally met a good, responsive, friendly person from Bashkiria. It seemed to me that the man was very gentle and kind. I don’t know about the rest of the Bashkirs. I know that among them there are not the best people, but there are also good ones, like the ones I came across...
05/02/10, Heavenly Heights
I love Bashkirs because they are cool people... I myself am 25% Bashkir. although a little harmful, but still cool people
06/02/10, disciple
What difference does it make what nationality a person is? Fucking Nazis are writing negative things about this topic.
31/03/10, Kushtemo
rugmag, that's the point - in OUR Bashkortostan! In YOUR Tatarstan no one will oppress you, go there if you don’t like it here. And then, who is touching you? Live calmly, don't insult us, and everything will be fine. There are generally more Tatars in Bashkiria than the titular nation, so it’s a sin for you to complain about anything.
28/04/10, CHELOVEK
There are enough idiots in any nation! As for oppression...nothing like that! These are close peoples... Why quarrel? They are deliberately pitting you against you for fun! Is it really not clear? There are people who are bad, some who are not so good... and it doesn’t depend on what nationality the person is!
10/06/10, Filchik
because we are open, wonderful, friendly, and sometimes we can be harmful, but mostly we are just super! Yes, all nations are wonderful, there is no need to single out anyone, since the main thing is that we live and enjoy life! A nation is not determined by the fact that in society you had many acquaintances of Bashkirs or another nation, each person is individual. and the nation does not influence the character of people so much!
04/08/10, DemigoD
This small people held back Genghis Khan for 14 years (while the campaign through Rus' took only 3 years) after which they actually received territorial autonomy as part of Genghis Khan’s empire. They also occupied a privileged position as a people who owed the Khagans primarily military service and retained their own tribal system and governance. And where did you get the idea that you are nationalistic?
15/12/10, Tony Soprano
In principle, I didn’t really communicate with them, but my mother said that she had one Bashkir acquaintance and a seemingly normal aunt, so that’s enough in me, in principle, I don’t like every nation as a whole, in each of them (and in mine including) there are both normal people and all sorts of criminals there
24/02/11, Wasim
I love Bashkir women, they are so approachable, you don’t even need to persuade them, if only there was a bubble.
03/11/11, Andros Ranger
I am half Bashkir myself and experienced a lot of problems and depression with my appearance
10/11/11, Sonya Reid
I'm Bashkir. I'm not a Nazi, I respect other nationalities. But in Bashkiria the president is now a Tatar. The Tatars were happy xD
01/06/12, bashkord
Good afternoon Guys, I’ll put everyone in their place right away! I am happy that I am a 50/50 half-breed, and the son of two great cultures and peoples, the Bashkirs and Tatars - I love and communicate with individuals in any nation and I know that there are enough scoundrels and Nazis everywhere! So live happily, love your neighbors and treat people the way you want to be treated. Bashkirs are friendly and very hospitable people! Don't forget whose land you live on! My ancestor Zainitdinov put the ancestral tamga on the treaty on the annexation of Bashkiria to Russia (if this had not been done, the fate of the Indians on the reservations would have awaited us), but if we are angered, no one can compare with us in repelling the enemy! who doesn’t know, even the Japanese emperors had a personal guard of bodyguards from Bashkir samurai, and the French still remember Bashkir bows and steles. Don't try to pit two fraternal peoples against each other!
06/08/12, Bashkort
That’s why I love Bashkirs myself))
14/08/12, Bashkir
Yes, friendship between peoples has probably passed. And why are all the brave people on the site trying to say this to my face about the Bashkir people. I think my health will decrease sharply and we’ll see who is stronger, a Bashkir warrior or some cowardly mongrel. You only have the courage to be angry on sites. But in life you are cowards.
12/10/12, Shaolin
Fuck you bitches, come to Ufa, in the virtual world we are all heroes, but what is weak in real life? The Tatars, etc., are the ones who know how to divide people into castes... well, of course, you yourself haven’t achieved anything in life, so what can you do? Be grateful that you are still alive, in Russia you would have been kicked out and would have been homeless. If there are any more offensive comments against the Bashkirs, then tell them this to their faces and they will bury all of you on the spot. And what kind of asshole even created such a topic? Ban him forever!!!
30/10/12, Ale4e4ka
Russians you are no better than us so fuck off
30/10/12, Nibelung
I have never crossed paths with them in real life, so I have a neutral attitude, and I am also quite loyal to the Tatars and to many Uzbeks and Tajiks and to the Armenians and Kyrgyz.
19/11/12, Renato12
Bashkirs are normal people. Good people. I am Tatar. All the quarrels between the Tatars and Bashkirs are bullshit, something like a quarrel between two small children, but what does this have to do with adults? I don’t even want to comment on this.
14/01/13, Nega
But really, who would have thought of creating such a stupid survey? Even in the rules for posting messages, etc., it is written in paragraph 11 not to touch on Nazi topics. I see it has become fashionable to be a nationalist, everyone who is not too lazy follows the teachings of Hitler, BUT this did not lead to any good. In fact, every nation has its own freaks, and if in your life you met a bad person, let’s say, with our nationality, this does NOT mean that all Bashkirs are like that, the moderator must have fallen asleep, this poll should be deleted!!!
10/05/13, vir
I am a Bashkir myself. I understand that we belong to a dying nation at all times, they say we were vassals, that’s how it is, you don’t understand why it was like this, but because my ancestors were threatened by their people and loved ones. And what they say is that we oppress the Tatars, then get out to your Tatarstan if you don’t know how to value hospitality. The whole point is that this hatred is cultivated by the Russians themselves, they still take tribute from us, it’s just that the name is different now. And the fact that my ancestors wandered around the steppes is a property of all peoples. Yes, and they walked on their land, the entire belt of the Urals was ours, only the Russians came and took it away, and the Bashkirs did not understand that this land could be left to their people. Even in the battle with the French, my origins distinguished themselves no less than the Russians and therefore I respect them as strong people. And I regret that I was not born earlier, I would have concluded an agreement with Hitler on the destruction of Russia with the condition of a peaceful life for the Bashkirs. And if possible, he would help Genghis Khan, because the Mongols are Turkic people who are brothers in language.
14/05/13, rayan
I am a Bashkir myself. I don’t mind if you think there are stupid people among us. Everyone has them. Especially among the Russians (dirty like pigs, complete alcoholics and stupid like Putin, brought to a crisis, let’s say there was no other choice)). I love my people and my tradition. I am ready to rip out the heart of anyone who tries to take away the freedom of my people. We have suffered enough from the actions of the Russian authorities. We are too hospitable and calm.
28/10/13, Personal life
“The Bashkirs are a small people, but they are constantly trying to deceive or humiliate someone” - give an example. Those who babble foulbrood towards the Tatars, Bashkirs, Finnish Ushros and other indigenous peoples of Russia are chauvinists who want to destroy us. You are only pumping out our resources and robbing us, you are of no use to us. And most importantly, think for a moment what will happen when the indigenous peoples rise up at once and drive all the Russians back to their historical homeland. This is where everything is heading if the chauvinists and nationalists do not change their attitude towards us.
15/12/13, Bashkirin
I love the Bashkirs, because I myself am a Bashkirin, because the rest of the nations are suckers. We Bashkirs are the smartest people, the most honest, the most decent, the bravest, we will never let anyone down or let anyone down. We make our own way everywhere. Always thinking about others, that’s why we love to teach others about life
06/04/14, istorik19
The Bashkirs are a great people with a thousand-year history. Throughout their history, they have always been tied to the Urals, they managed to breed a unique breed of Bashkir horse, their own breed of bees, Russia owes the Bashkirs the birth of its mining and iron processing. They were always famous as good warriors, they guarded the southern borders of central Russia for several centuries, and participated in the European campaigns of Kutuzov and Suvorov. They sheltered many Volga peoples on their territory (Tatars, Chuvash, Mordovians, Mari and others), peasants who fled from serfdom and Muslim Turks who fled from forced Christianization. The attempts of haters to incite national hatred are ugly and ridiculous. The history of all the Volga and Ural peoples is closely intertwined; they have long been fraternal.
12/06/14, Yulia95
I won’t say that I love these people as a whole. At least I didn't like them before. In general, the point here is not specifically this nation, but the fact that I generally cannot tolerate people of other nationalities. But something has changed in my life. I have a Bashkir boyfriend. And you know, I loved him very much. Yes, he loves to push his license, loves himself and is sometimes arrogant, but I see his love, care, tenderness. He is very nice and funny. I'm happy to be with him. And even in the future, perhaps I will marry him. Because besides him, I don’t need anyone :)
09/03/15, surhan
My paternal family is Bashkir. I love the culture of the Bashkirs, the nature of Bashkiria and the Urals!!! Scientists still don’t know where the Bashkir family came from! There are many versions and theories) I know such places of power in Bashkiria! Such energy! Breathtaking! Bashkir honey is the healthiest honey in the world! There are cave paintings in the Muradymov Gorge, which means that the Bashkirs are the ancient people of Russia! The Ural Mountains are the most ancient mountains on earth! This is the backbone of our mother earth! There is no bad nation, there are bad people) Anyone who says that the Bashkirs are stupid, etc. is deeply mistaken in their ignorance) Even the Mongols Tatars could not conquer the Bashkirs for almost 19 years... This ancient writing says . In general, good luck and love to all of you!))))
11/04/15, Gunn
“No people shed as much blood for their freedom as the Bashkirs” Lobavsky (1860-1936) “If he did not bow his head to the padishahs, the Bashkirs will not bow his head to the rest” Are you pigs to denigrate my people? The only people in Russia who had the right to land. Votchiniki. The only people in Russia who fought in all wars and campaigns with the Russians and at the same time fielded their regiments entirely from among the Bashkirs. We have the blood of Sarmatians, Huns, Magyars and Turks - this is why we are strong.
BASHKIRS (self-name - Bashkort), Turkic-speaking people in Russia, indigenous population of Bashkortostan. Population 1673.4 thousand people (2002, census), of which in Bashkortostan - 1221.3 thousand people, Orenburg region - 52.7 thousand people, Perm region - 40.7 thousand people, Sverdlovsk region - 37.3 thousand people, Chelyabinsk region - 166.4 thousand people, Kurgan region - 15.3 thousand people, Tyumen region - 46.6 thousand people. They also live in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, etc. They speak the Bashkir language, Russian and Tatar are also common. The believers are Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi madhhab.
The ancestors of the Bashkirs (Bashdzhart, Bashgird, Bashkerd) were first mentioned by Arab authors among the Oghuz tribes of Central Asia in the 9th century. By the 920s, they came through Southern Siberia to the Urals (Bashkird by Ibn Fadlan), where they assimilated the local Finno-Ugric (including Ugro-Magyar) and ancient Iranian (Sarmatian-Alan) populations. In the Southern Urals, the Bashkirs came into contact with the Volga-Kama Bulgars and Finno-Ugric tribes of the Ural-Volga region and Western Siberia. Among the Bashkirs, 4 anthropological types are distinguished: Subural (Ural race) - mainly in the northern and northwestern forest regions; light Caucasian (White-Baltic race) - northwestern and western Bashkiria; South Siberian (South Siberian race) - among the northeastern and especially Trans-Ural Bashkirs; southern Caucasoid (Pontic version of the Indo-Mediterranean race) - in the Dema River basin and in the southwestern and southeastern mountain forest regions. According to paleoanthropology, the most ancient layer consists of representatives of the Indo-Mediterranean and Ural races, identified respectively with the Sauromatians and Sarmatians of the 7th century BC - 4th century AD (Almukhametovsky, Starokishkinsky, Novomuraptalovsky mounds in Bashkiria, Filippovsky mounds in the Orenburg region) and Finno-Ugrians 2 centuries BC - 8 centuries AD (Pyanobor culture, Bakhmutin culture), which is confirmed by toponymic data. Representatives of the South Siberian race can be associated with the Turks of the 9th-12th centuries (Murakaevsky, Starokhalilovsky, Mryasimovsky mounds in the northeast of Bashkiria) and partly with the Kipchaks who appeared here during the Golden Horde (Syntashtamaksky, Ozernovsky, Urta-Burtinsky, Linevsky and other mounds ).
According to folklore sources, the Bashkirs around 1219-1220 entered into an agreement with Genghis Khan on vassalage, maintaining autonomy in the form of a union of tribes on the ancestral lands of the Southern Urals. Perhaps this agreement explains that the Bashkir lands were not included in any Golden Horde ulus, until the formation of the Nogai Horde in the 14th-15th centuries. By the 14th century, Islam was spreading, writing and literature were developing, and monumental architecture appeared (the mausoleums of Hussein Beg and Keshene near the village of Chishmy near Ufa, Bende-Bike in the Kurgachinsky district). New Turkic (Kipchaks, Bulgars, Nogais) and Mongolian tribes join the Bashkirs. After the annexation of the Kazan Khanate to the Russian state, the Bashkirs accepted Russian citizenship, reserving the right to own their lands on a patrimonial basis, to live according to their customs and religion. In the 17th and 18th centuries, violation of these conditions repeatedly caused Bashkir uprisings. After the suppression of the Pugachev uprising of 1773-75, the resistance of the Bashkirs was broken, but their patrimonial rights to the land were preserved. The establishment of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Russia in 1789 in Ufa recognized their right to live according to their religion. In 1798, within the framework of the cantonal system of government (see the article Canton), the Bashkirs were transferred to the military Cossack estate, and after its abolition in 1865, they were assigned to the tax-paying estate. The position of the Bashkirs was heavily affected by the colonization of the Russian Ural steppes in the 18th and 19th centuries, which deprived the Bashkirs of their traditional pastures. The number of Bashkirs fell sharply as a result of the Civil War of 1917-22 and the famine of 1920-21 (from 1.3 million people, according to the 1897 census, to 625 thousand people, according to the 1926 census). The pre-revolutionary number of Bashkirs was restored only by 1979. In the post-war period, the migration of Bashkirs from Bashkiria intensified (in 1926, 18% of Bashkirs lived outside the republic, in 1959 - over 25%, in 1989 - over 40%, in 2002 - over 27%), the urban population is growing (from 1.8 % in 1926 and 5.8% in 1938 to 42.3% in 1989 and 47.5% in 2002). In modern Bashkiria there are the Bashkir People's Center "Ural", the All-Bashkir Center of National Culture "Ak Tirma", the Society of Bashkir Women, the Union of Bashkir Youth, and World Kurultai of Bashkirs are held (1995, 1998, 2002).
The traditional culture of the Bashkirs is typical for the Urals (see the section Peoples and languages in the “Russia” section). The main traditional occupation in the steppes of Southern Bashkiria and Trans-Urals is semi-nomadic cattle breeding (horses, sheep, etc.), supplemented in mountain forest areas by beekeeping and hunting; in the forest areas of Northern Bashkiria - farming, hunting and fishing. Agriculture became the predominant occupation by the end of the 19th century. Traditional arable tools are the wheeled plow (saban), and later the Russian plow (khuka). Crafts - smelting iron and copper, making felt, carpets, carving and painting on wood (Izhau ladles with a figured handle, dugout Tepen vessels for kumys; from the 19th century - architectural carving); in patterned knitting, weaving and embroidery, geometric, zoo- and anthropomorphic motifs close to Chuvash, Udmurt and Mari art are common; in leather embossing (quivers, hunting bags, vessels for kumys, etc.), patterned felt, metal chasing, jewelry ornaments - curvilinear motifs (floral, “running wave,” “ram’s horns,” S-shaped figures) having Turkic roots.
The main dwelling of nomads is a felt yurt (tirme) of the Turkic (with a hemispherical top) or Mongolian (with a conical top) type. During the transition to sedentism, permanent settlements-auls arose in place of winter roads (kyshlau). Dugouts, turf, adobe, adobe buildings were known; in the forest zone - semi-dugouts, log houses. Summer kitchens (alasyk) are typical. Men's clothing is based on a shirt and trousers with a wide leg, while women's clothing is based on a long dress cut off at the waist with frills (kuldak); men and women wore a sleeveless vest (kamzul), a fabric robe (elyan), and a cloth checkmen. Women's clothing was decorated with braid, embroidery, and coins. Young women wore breast ornaments made of coral and coins (seltzer, hakal, yaga). Women's headdress (kashmau) is a cap with a sewn coral net, silver pendants and coins, a long blade going down the back, embroidered with beads and cowrie shells; girlish (takiya) - a helmet-shaped cap covered with coins, tied with a scarf on top. Young women wore bright head coverings (kushyaulyk). Men's headdresses - skullcaps, round fur hats, malachai covering the ears and neck, hats. Traditional dishes - finely chopped horse meat or lamb with broth (bishbarmak, kullama), dried sausage made from horse meat and fat (kazy), various types of cottage cheese (eremsek, jezkey), cheese (korot), millet porridge, barley, spelled and wheat groats and flour, noodles in meat or milk broth (halma), cereal soups (oyre), unleavened flatbreads (kölse, schese, ikmek); drinks - diluted sour milk (ayran), kumiss, beer (buza), honey (bal).
The division into tribes is preserved (Burzyan, Usergan, Tamyan, Yurmat, Tabyn, Kipchak Katai, etc. - more than 50 in total); tribal territories after annexation to Russia were transformed into volosts (basically coincide with the modern regional division of Bashkiria). The volosts were headed by hereditary (after 1736 - elected) elders (biy); large volosts were divided into related associations (aimak, tyuba, ara). The leading role was played by the Tarkhans (an estate exempt from taxes), batyrs, and the clergy. Tribal mutual assistance and exogamy were widespread; genealogies and tribal symbols (tamga, war cry-oran) exist to this day. The main holidays occur in the spring-summer period: Kargatuy (“Rook Festival” - the day of arrival of rooks), Sabantuy (“Festival of the Plow” - the beginning of plowing), Yiyyn - the holiday of the end of sowing.
Oral creativity includes ritually timed (chants, round dances, work songs of wedding and funeral rites) and non-timed genres. There are 3 main styles of singing: ozon-kuy (“long song”), kyskakuy (“short song”) and hamak (recitative style), in which shamanic recitations (kharnau), laments for the dead (hyktau), calendar and family rituals are performed chants, sentences, epic kubairs (“Ural-batyr”, “Akbuzat”, etc.; performed by improvising singers - sesen, accompanied by a plucked string instrument - dumbyr), epic beats of secular content, Muslim recitations - religious and didactic (munazhat), prayers, Koranic. A special type of singing is solo two-voice (uzlyau, or tamak-kuray, literally - throat-kuray), close to the throat singing of Tuvans and some other Turkic peoples. Vocal culture is predominantly monodic; ensemble singing produces the simplest forms of heterophony. The most popular instruments are the longitudinal flute kurai, the metal or wooden kubyz harp, and the harmonica. Instrumental music includes onomatopoeia, program tunes (“Ringing Crane”, “Deep Lake with Water Lilies”, etc.), dance melodies (byu-kui), marches.
Folk dances of the Bashkirs are divided by theme into ritual (“Devil’s Game”, “Exile of Albasta”, “Pouring of the Soul”, “Wedding Sweets”) and play (“Hunter”, “Shepherd”, “Felting of Cloth”). They are characterized by a figured organization of movements, built on the principle of repeated repetition. Men's dances reproduce the movements of hunters (archery, tracking prey), the flapping of the wings of birds of prey, etc. Movements in women's dances are associated with various labor processes: spinning, churning butter, embroidery, and the like. Solo dances have the most developed forms in Bashkir choreography.
Lit. and ed.: Rybakov S.G. Music and songs of the Ural Muslims with an outline of their life. St. Petersburg, 1897; Rudenko S.I. Bashkirs: historical and ethnographic essays. M.; L., 1955; Lebedinsky L.N. Bashkir folk songs and tunes. M., 1965; Kuzeev R. G. Origin of the Bashkir people. M., 1974; Akhmetzhanova N.V. Bashkir instrumental music. Ufa, 1996; Imamutdinova Z. A. Bashkir culture. Oral musical tradition: “Reading” of the Koran, folklore. M., 2000; Bashkirs: Ethnic history and traditional culture. Ufa, 2002; Bashkirs / Comp. F. G. Khisamitdinova. M., 2003.
R. M. Yusupov; N. I. Zhulanova (oral creativity).
The history of the Bashkir people is also of interest to other peoples of the republic, because Based on the theses about the “indigeneity” of the Bashkir people in this territory, unconstitutional attempts are being made to “justify” the allocation of the lion’s share of the budget for the development of the language and culture of this people.
However, as it turns out, not everything is so simple with the history of the origin and residence of the Bashkirs on the territory of modern Bashkiria. We bring to your attention another version of the origin of the Bashkir people.
“Bashkirs of the Negroid type can be found in our Abzelilovsky district in almost every village.” This is not a joke... It's all serious there...
"Zigat Sultanov writes that one of the other peoples called the Bashkirs Astecs. I also support the above authors and claim that the American Indians (Astec) are one of the former ancient Bashkir peoples. And not only the Aztecs, but also the Mayan peoples have the same philosophies about the Universe with the ancient worldviews of some Bashkir peoples. The Mayan peoples lived in Peru, Mexico, and a small part in Guatemala, it is called the Quiche Maya (Spanish scientist Alberto Rus).
The word "quiche" sounds like "kese". And today, the descendants of these American Indians, like us, have many words in common, for example: keshe-man, bakalar-frogs. The joint life of today's American Indians with the Bashkirs in the Urals was noted in the scientific-historical article by M. Bagumanova in the republican newspaper of Bashkortostan "Yashlek" on page seven dated January 16, 1997.
The same opinion is also shared by Moscow scientists, such as the compiler of the first Russian “Archaeological Dictionary”, the famous archaeologist, Doctor of Historical Sciences Gerald Matyushin, which contains almost seven hundred scientific articles by scientists from different countries.
The discovery of an Early Paleolithic site on Lake Karabalykty (the territory of our Abzelilovsky district - approx. Al Fatih) is of great importance for science. It says not only that the history of the population of the Urals dates back to very ancient times, but also allows us to take a different look at some other problems of science, for example, the problem of settling Siberia and even America, since there is still no found such an ancient site as in the Urals. Previously, it was believed that Siberia was first populated from somewhere in the depths of Asia, from China. And only then these people moved from Siberia to America. But it is known that in China and in the depths of Asia people of the Mongoloid race live, and America was settled by Indians of a mixed Caucasian-Mongoloid race. Indians with large aquiline noses are repeatedly glorified in fiction (especially in the novels of Mine Reed and Fenimore Cooper). The discovery of an Early Paleolithic site on Lake Karabalykty allows us to suggest that the settlement of Siberia, and then America, also came from the Urals.
By the way, during excavations near the city of Davlekanovo in Bashkiria in 1966, we discovered the burial of a primitive man. The reconstruction of M. M. Gerasimov (a famous anthropologist and archaeologist) showed that this man was very similar to the American Indians. On Lake Sabakty (Abzelilovsky district) back in 1962, during excavations of a settlement of the late Stone Age - Neolithic - we discovered a small head made of baked clay. She, like the Davlekan man, had a large, large nose and straight hair. Thus, even later the population of the Southern Urals retained similarities with the population of America. (“Monuments of the Stone Age in the Bashkir Trans-Urals”, G. N. Matyushin, city newspaper “Magnitogorsk Worker” dated February 22, 1996.
In ancient times, in addition to the American Indians, Greeks also lived with one of the Bashkir peoples in the Urals. This is evidenced by a sculptural portrait of a nomad, seized by archaeologists from an ancient burial ground near the village of Murakaevo, Abzelilovsky district. The sculpture of the head of a Greek man is installed in the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography in the capital of Bashkortostan.
That is why, it turns out, the ornaments of ancient Greek Athens and the Romans coincide with today’s and Bashkir ornaments. To this should also be added the similarity of today's Bashkir and Greek ornaments with cuneiform ornaments and inscriptions on ancient clay pots found by archaeologists in the Urals, which are more than four thousand years old. On the bottom of some of these ancient pots is an ancient Bashkir swastika in the form of a cross. And according to UNESCO international rights, ancient things found by archaeologists and other researchers are the spiritual heritage of the indigenous population on whose territory they were found.
This also applies to Arkaim, but at the same time, let’s not forget about universal human values. And without this, one constantly hears or reads that their people - Uran, Gaina or Yurmat - are the most ancient Bashkir people. The Burzyan or Usergan people are the most purebred Bashkirs. The Tamyans or Katayans are the most numerous of the ancient Bashkirs, etc. All this is inherent in every person of any nation, even an aborigine from Australia. Because every person has his own invincible internal psychological dignity - “I”. But animals do not have this dignity.
When you know that the first civilized people left the Ural Mountains, there will be no sensations if archaeologists even find an Australian boomerang in the Urals.
The racial kinship of the Bashkirs with other peoples is also evidenced by a stand in the Republican Museum of Bashkortostan "Archaeology and Ethnography" entitled "Racial Types of the Bashkirs." The director of the museum is a Bashkir scientist, professor, doctor of historical sciences, member of the Council of the President of Bashkortostan, Rail Kuzeev.
The presence of several anthropological types among the Bashkirs speaks of the complexity of ethnogenesis and the formation of the anthropological composition of the people. The largest groups of the Bashkir population form the Subural, light Caucasian, South Siberian, and Pontic racial types. Each of them has its own historical age and specific history of origin in the Urals.
The oldest types of Bashkirs are Subural, Pontic, light Caucasoid, and the South Siberian type is more recent. The Pamir-Fergana and Trans-Caspian racial types, also present among the Bashkirs, are associated with the Indo-Iranian and Turkic nomads of Eurasia.
But for some reason, Bashkir anthropology scientists forgot about the Bashkirs living today with signs of the Negroid race (Dravidian race - approx. Aryslan). Bashkirs of the Negroid type can be found in our Abzelilovsky district in almost every village.
The kinship of the Bashkir peoples with other peoples of the world is also indicated by the scientific article “We are a Euro-Asian-speaking ancient people” by historian, candidate of philological sciences Shamil Nafikov in the republican magazine “Vatandash” No. 1 for 1996, edited by professor, academician of the Russian Federation, doctor Philological Sciences Gaisa Khusainov. In addition to Bashkir philologists, foreign language teachers are also successfully working in this direction, discovering the preserved family ties of the Bashkir languages with other peoples from ancient times. For example, among the majority of Bashkir peoples and all Turkic peoples, the word “apa” means aunt, and among other Bashkir peoples, uncle. And the Kurds call uncle "apo". As above
wrote, a man sounds “man” in German, and “men” in English. The Bashkirs also have this sound in the form of a male deity.
Kurds, Germans, and English belong to the same Indo-European family, which includes the peoples of India. Scientists all over the world have been looking for ancient Bashkirs since the Middle Ages, but they could not be found, because until today, Bashkir scientists have not been able to express themselves since the time of the yoke of the Golden Horde.
We read the seventy-eighth page of the book “Archaeological Dictionary” by G. N. Matyushin: “... For more than four hundred years, scientists have been searching for the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans. Why are their languages so close, why does the culture of these peoples have much in common? Apparently, they descended from some ancient people, scientists believed. Where did these people live? Some thought that the homeland of the Indo-Europeans was India, other scientists found it in the Himalayas, others - in Mesopotamia. However, the majority considered their ancestral home to be Europe, or rather the Balkans, although there was no material evidence. After all, if the Indo-Europeans moved from somewhere, then there should be material traces of such a migration, the remains of cultures. However, archaeologists did not find any tools, dwellings, etc. common to all these peoples.
The only thing that united all Indo-Europeans in ancient times was the microliths and later, in the Neolithic, agriculture. Only they appeared in the Stone Age wherever Indo-Europeans still live. They are found in Iran, and in India, and in Central Asia, and in the forest-steppe and steppes of Eastern Europe, and in England, and in France. More precisely, they are everywhere where Indo-European peoples live, but they are not there for us, where these peoples do not exist.
Although today some Bashkir peoples have lost their Indo-European dialect, we also have them everywhere, even more. This is confirmed by the same book by Matyushin on page 69, where the photograph shows ancient stone sickles from the Urals. And the first ancient bread of man, Talkan, still lives among some Bashkir peoples. In addition, bronze sickles and pestles can be found in the museum of the regional center of the Abzelilovsky district. A lot can be said about livestock farming, also not forgetting that the first horses were domesticated several thousand years ago in the Urals. And in terms of the number of microliths found by archaeologists, the Urals are not inferior to anyone.
As you can see, archeology scientifically confirms the ancient family ties of the Indo-European peoples with the Bashkir peoples. And Mount Balkan is located with its caves in the Southern Urals in the European part of Bashkortostan in the Davlekansky district near Lake Asylykul. In ancient times, even in the Bashkir Balkans, microliths were in short supply, since these Balkan mountains are located three hundred kilometers away from the Ural jasper belt. Some of the people who came to Western Europe in ancient times from the Urals called the nameless mountains the Balkans, duplicating, according to the unwritten law of toponymy, Mount Balkantau, from where they left.
The Bashkirs or Bashkirs are a people of the Turkic tribe who live mainly on the western slopes and foothills of the Urals and in the surrounding plains. But in the second half of the 16th century, with a few exceptions, they owned all the land between the Kama and Volga to Samara, Orenburg and Orsk (which did not yet exist) and east along Miass, Iset, Pyshma, Tobol and Irtysh to the Ob.
The Bashkirs cannot be considered the aborigines of this vast country; There is no doubt that they are aliens who have replaced some other people, perhaps of Finnish origin. This is indicated by the fossil monuments of the country, the names of rivers, mountains and tracts, which are usually preserved in the country, despite the change of tribes that lived in it; This is confirmed by the legends of the Bashkirs themselves. In the names of rivers, lakes, mountains, and tracts of the Orenburg region there are many words of non-Turkic roots, for example, Samara, Sakmara, Ufa, Ik, Miyas, Izer, Ilmen and others. On the contrary, rivers, lakes and tracts of the southern Orenburg and Kyrgyz steppes often bear Tatar names or, for example, Ilek (sieve), Yaik (from yaikmak - to expand), Irtysh (ir - husband, tysh - appearance), etc.
According to the legends of the Bashkirs themselves, they moved to their current possessions over 16-17 generations, that is, over 1000 years. The testimony of Arab and Persian travelers of the 9th-13th centuries agrees with this, who mention the Bashkirs as an independent people who occupied almost the same territory, as at present, namely, on both sides of the Ural ridge, between the Volga, Kama, Tobol and the upper reaches of the Yaik (Ural).
A. Masudi, a writer of the early 10th century, speaking about the European Bashkirs, also mentions the tribe of this people living in Asia, that is, remaining in their homeland. The question of the tribal origin of the Bashkirs is very controversial in science. Some (Stralenberg, Humboldt, Uifalvi) recognize them as the people of the Finno-Ugric tribe, who only later adopted the type; The Kirghiz call them istyak (Ostyak), from which they also conclude that they are of Finnish origin; some historians derive them from the Bulgars. D. A. Khvolson produces Bashkirs from the Vogul tribe, which forms a branch of the Ugric group of peoples or part of a large Altai family and considers them the ancestors of the Magyars.
Having occupied the new region, the Bashkirs divided the land according to clans. Some got mountains and forests, others free steppes. Passionate hunters of horses, they also kept countless herds of cattle, and the steppe also kept camels. In addition, forest Bashkirs were engaged in both hunting and beekeeping. Dashing riders, they were distinguished by their courage and boundless daring; They placed personal freedom and independence above all else; they were proud and quick-tempered. They had princes, but with very limited power and importance. All important matters were decided only in the people's assembly (jiin), where every Bashkir enjoyed the right to vote; in case of war or raid, the Jiin did not force anyone, and everyone went of their own free will.
The Bashkirs were like this before Batu, and they remained like this after him. Having found fellow tribesmen in Bashkiria, Batu gave them tamgas (signs) and various advantages. Soon, under Khan Uzbek (1313-1326), Islam established itself in Bashkiria, which had penetrated here even earlier. Later, when the Golden Horde broke up into separate kingdoms, the Bashkirs paid yasak to various rulers: some who lived along the Belaya and Iku rivers - to the Kazan kings, others who roamed along the river. Uzen, - the kings of Astrakhan, and still others, the inhabitants of the mountains and forests of the Urals, - the khans of Siberia. The Horde’s relationship with the Bashkirs was limited to the collection of one yasak; internal life and self-government remained inviolable.
The mountain Bashkirs further developed their strength and fully retained their independence; the steppe people turned into peaceful nomads: and those of them who intermarried with the Bulgarians (Volga) who survived the Tatar pogrom even began to get used to settled life. The Bashkirs came into contact with the Russians long before the conquest of Kazan. There is no doubt that the enterprising Novgorodians established trade relations with the Bashkirs, since the neighboring Vyatka country began to be settled by Novgorod natives back in the 12th century, and the Vyatka, Kama and Belaya rivers served as the best natural route for relations between the peoples who lived along them. But it is doubtful that the Novgorodians would have permanent settlements on the banks of the Kama.
Then there is news that in 1468, during the reign of John III, his governors, “fighting Kazan places,” went to fight in Belaya Volozhka, that is, they penetrated to the river. White. After the campaign of 1468, there are no indications that the Russians invaded Bashkiria, and only in 1553, after the conquest of Kazan, the Russian army pacified the peoples dependent on the Kazan kingdom and ravaged Tatar dwellings to the distant borders of the Bashkir. It was then, probably, that the Bashkirs, pressed by the raids of the Kyrgyz-Kaisaks, on the one hand, and on the other, seeing the growing power of the Moscow Tsar, voluntarily accepted Russian citizenship. But there is no exact historical data that they came to Moscow with a petition, as the Orsk people and the Meadow Cheremis did. Be that as it may, in 1557 the Bashkirs were already paying yasak, and Ivan the Terrible, in his will, written in 1572, entrusts his son with the Kazan kingdom “with Bashkird”.
Soon after accepting Russian citizenship, the Bashkirs, finding it burdensome to deliver yasak and suffering from raids from neighboring tribes, asked the tsar to build a city on their land. In 1586, voivode Ivan Nagoy began to found the city of Ufa, which was the first Russian settlement in Bashkiria, except for Elabuga, built on the very border of the Bashkir lands. In the same 1586, despite the opposition of Prince Urus, Samara was built. The voivodeship order of 1645 mentions the fort of Menzelinsk; in 1658 a city was built to cover the settlements located along the river. Iset; in 1663, the previously existing Birsk was erected into a fortified fort, occupying the middle of the road from the Kama to Ufa.
The Bashkirs were divided into volosts, which formed 4 roads (parts): Siberian, Kazan, Nogai and Osinsk. Along the Volga, Kama and Ural there was a network of fortified places bearing the names of cities, forts, and winter huts. Some of these cities became centers of district or regional government, to which the foreigners assigned to this district were also subordinate. The Bashkirs became part of the districts of Kazan, Ufa, Kungur and Menzelinsky.
In 1662, an uprising broke out under the leadership of Seit. The ultimate goal of the uprising was the revival of Muslim independence throughout the Kazan region and Siberia. In 1663, Voivode Zelenin suppressed the uprising. The pacification is followed by a strict prohibition to oppress the Bashkirs with the order to “keep them kind and friendly” and “to reassure them with the sovereign’s mercy.” Calm has been restored in the region, but not for long. In 1705, an even more stubborn uprising broke out.
In 1699, they began to build the Nevyansk plant, donated by Peter in 1702 to the enterprising Demidov; then the Uktussky, Kamensky, Alapaevsky, Sysertsky, Tagilsky, Isetsky and others factories appeared; Yekaterinburg arose - the place of the main management of mining plants. By the end of Peter’s reign, there were 5,422 male souls in state factories alone. All these factories lay outside the Bashkir lands, but they were already approaching them. In 1724, the Bashkirs were limited in the right to own forests, which were divided into reserved and non-reserved. In the construction of the city of Orenburg they saw a further measure of deprivation of their land ownership. They decided to resist.
In 1735, an uprising broke out under the leadership of Kilmyak-Abyz. Based on the first rumors of an uprising, Alexander Ivanovich Rumyantsev was appointed to go and pacify it. In June 1736, most of Bashkiria was burned out and devastated. By decree of 1736, the Russians were allowed to acquire Bashkir lands, and the Meshcheryaks, who remained faithful and did not participate in the riots, were given ownership of the lands that they had previously rented from the Bashkir rebels.
In 1742, Iv was appointed commander of the Orenburg expedition, then called the Orenburg Commission. Iv. Neplyuev, statesman of the Peter the Great school. First of all, Neplyuev began to develop military settlements, the importance of which for the pacification of the region was pointed out by Peter. Orenburg was chosen as the center of these settlements, which Neplyuev moved to the river. Ural, where it is currently located. According to his ideas, the Orenburg province was established in 1744, and it included all the lands that were in charge of the Orenburg expedition, and in addition the Iset province with the Trans-Ural Bashkirs, the Ufa province with all its affairs, as well as the Stavropol district and the Kyrgyz steppes.
By 1760, there were already 28 factories operating in Bashkiria, including 15 copper and 13 iron, and their population reached 20,000 male souls. In total, by this time the newcomer population in Bashkiria numbered 200,000 souls of both sexes. The spread of factories, which had the inevitable consequence of occupying lands that the Bashkirs considered their inalienable property, met with strong opposition on their part.
According to the Regulations of February 19, 1861, the Bashkirs do not differ in rights and responsibilities from the other rural population of the empire. For economic matters, the Bashkirs form rural societies that own public land on a communal basis, and for immediate administration and court they unite in volosts (yurts). Rural public administration consists of a village assembly and a village headman, and a volost (yurt) administration consists of a volost (yurt) assembly, a volost (yurt) foreman with a volost board and a volost court. The volost government is formed by: the volost elder, village elders and tax collectors of those rural societies in which they exist.
At the end of the 19th century, the Bashkirs, numbering 575,000 people, lived between 50-57° north. lat. and 70-82° east. duty. in the provinces of Orenburg and Ufa everywhere and in the districts of Bugulminsky and Buzuluksky of the Samara province, Shadrinsky, Krasnoufimsky, Perm and Osinsky of the Perm province. and Glazov and Sarapul, Vyatka provinces.
The beginning of the 20th century is characterized by the rise of education, culture and ethnic identity. After the February Revolution of 1917, the Bashkirs entered into an active struggle to create their statehood. In 1919, the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed. By the end of 1926, the number of Bashkirs was 714 thousand people. The consequences of the drought and 1932-33, the repressions of the 1930s, heavy losses in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, as well as the assimilation of the Bashkirs by the Tatars and Russians had a negative impact on the number of Bashkirs.
The share of Bashkirs living outside Bashkiria in 1926 was 18%, in 1959 – 25.4%, in 1989 – 40.4%. The proportion of city dwellers among Bashkirs by 1989 was 42.3% (1.8% in 1926 and 5.8% in 1939). Urbanization is accompanied by an increase in the number of workers, engineering and technical workers, creative intelligentsia, increased cultural interaction with other peoples, and an increase in the proportion of interethnic marriages. In October 1990, the Supreme Council of the Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In February 1992, the Republic of Bashkortostan was proclaimed.
Currently, the bulk of the Bashkirs are settled in the valley of the river. Belaya and along its tributaries: Ufa, Bystry Tanyp - in the north; Deme, Ashkadar, Chermasan, Karmasan - in the south and southwest; Sim, Inzer, Zilim, Nugush - in the east and southeast, as well as in the upper reaches of the river. Ural, along the middle reaches of the river. Sakmara and its right tributaries and along the rivers Big and Small Kizil, Tanalyk. The population in Russia is 1345.3 thousand people, incl. in Bashkiria there are 863.8 thousand people.
