Hello, dear guys! And to you, dear adults, a big and warm greeting too!
Probably each of you has been to a museum at least once. Every day around the world, thousands of tourists line up in long lines to see works of science and art, visit various exhibitions and then exchange their impressions of what they saw.
Many of the cultural attractions are famous throughout the planet. Do you know those - those where any traveler would like to go?
I suggest you remember the most famous museums in the world, scattered across different countries, so that when you get ready for a long journey, you can plan a visit to them in your excursion program. Well, right now, so that you can talk about them in an interesting and exciting way in class.
So, the top ten most famous of the famous, according to the ShkolaLa blog.
Lesson plan:
Paris Louvre
Once a medieval fortress and then home to French kings, it opened to visitors in 1793. 160,106 square meters of total area, more than 400 thousand exhibits on display - all this is about the great and fascinating Louvre!
Its centrally located glass pyramid attracts around 9.5 million visitors each year and is photographed as one of the symbols of Paris. This is the place where one of the world's artistic mysteries is located - Da Vinci's painting "Mona Lisa".
Today the Louvre has seven huge departments, in which you can, as they say, examine the exhibits in detail in only a week, no less. Here are present:
- department of applied arts;
- halls of painting, graphics and sculpture;
- art of Ancient Egypt and the Ancient East;
- Islamic and Greek departments;
- Roman hall;
- and the culture of the Etruscan Empire.
Vatican Museums in Rome
The exhibition complex has 1,400 halls and contains 50,000 objects. Be prepared to walk about 7 kilometers to see all the exhibits on display.
The heart of the Vatican Museum is considered to be the Sistine Chapel, a Renaissance monument whose walls were painted by Michelangelo. You can reach it only by going through the entire museum corridor.
They began to build the Italian museum back in the 4th century - then the first stones of St. Peter's Church were laid, only in the 9th century the walls appeared, and by the 13th century they were built into the papal Vatican residence. Every year, about 5 million visitors come here to see with their own eyes the treasures collected by Roman Catholics over several centuries.
British Museum in London
The exhibition center, which opened in 1759, has a rather complicated history, and there are dark spots in its description. It is called not only a museum of all civilizations, but also a repository of stolen masterpieces.
This is a place where cultural objects from Egypt, Greece, Rome, Asia and Africa, as well as medieval Europe, are found. But many of the 8 million exhibits appeared in the British Museum through dishonest means. Thus, the ancient Egyptian Rosetta Stone, as well as some other treasures from Egypt, came here after being taken from Napoleon’s army.
From Greece, with the strange permission of the Turkish ruler, precious sculptural exhibitions were taken to London.
By the way, entry to the British Museum is absolutely free.
Japanese National Museum in Tokyo
Dedicated to nature and science, it is distinguished by the fact that, along with the wonders of technology, it contains stuffed animals, found remains of dinosaurs and their models.
Here, on the roof of a six-story building, you will find a botanical garden with sun umbrellas that automatically open when you approach. There is a “forest hall” where you can wander among the rich flora.
In the global gallery you can follow the evolution of all life on Earth and get acquainted with modern technologies, and in the Japanese gallery you can learn historical facts about the land of the rising sun.
This museum is also on the list of famous places because visitors can become scientists for a moment and personally conduct a series of experiments.
American Metropolitan
This museum is located in New York and is rightfully one of the most famous. Judge for yourself: artifacts from the Paleolithic era are collected here, which side by side with modern exhibits from the field of pop art, there are cultural objects from Africa, the East and Europe, paintings from the 12th to the 19th centuries, musical instruments, weapons and clothing of the peoples of five continents.
The museum appeared thanks to a group of entrepreneurs, public figures and artists who donated their collections to it, and they were replenished with two million exhibition items. Overall, there is a lot to see here!
America's Cultural Heritage Plaza is divided by luxurious passages and staircases that unite buildings from different eras with tall columns, fountains and stained glass windows. Moreover, its name has nothing to do with underground transport, but is derived from the word “metropolis”, that is, “big city”.
Madrid Prado Museum
The Spanish Cultural Center for Painting has collected more than 7,600 paintings, 1,000 sculptures, 8,000 drawings, and 1,300 objects of art under one roof. It got its name thanks to the park of the same name in which it is located.
Although there are no elegant interiors and gilded staircases, the museum contains a huge number of collections of paintings from different European schools: Spanish, Italian, German, British, most of which were collected by the church and representatives of the royal family.
By the way, there is a copy of the “Mona Lisa” located in the Louvre, painted by a student of Leonardo da Vinci.
Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam
The main state museum of Holland is located in an ancient palace with towers and relief sculptures and is divided into 200 halls, where many masterpieces of Dutch and world art are located. The red brick building stands on the canal embankment and stretches for an entire block.
The main masterpiece of the Amsterdam museum is Rembrandt's painting "The Night Watch".
There are also canvases by artists from the Golden Age. And the exhibition halls are replete with various antique items from antique furniture to porcelain dishes.
St. Petersburg Hermitage
Russia can also rightfully be included in the list and boast of a museum property known throughout the world. The Russian cultural giant is famous for the world's largest collection of paintings. Here you can get acquainted with history from the Stone Age to the present, and the Golden Room is a separate story, because the treasures of the Russian Empire and more are collected there!
The Hermitage originates from the collection of Empress Catherine II and, having subsequently expanded, today represents a museum complex of six buildings, where more than 3 million exhibits are presented.
Cairo Museum
This cultural site was until recently known for its complete collection of Egyptian art, which contains thousands of treasures from the tombs of Tutankhamun.
Before the revolution in Egypt, the Cairo Museum had more than 120,000 ancient exhibits, including monumental sculptures of the Sphinx of the ancient period, tombs and mummies of Egyptian pharaohs, and jewelry of queens.
We can only hope that the Egyptian nation will be able to preserve its wealth.
Archaeological Museum in Athens
This is the largest cultural center in Greece, which houses exhibits from different eras, but the collections of ceramics and sculpture are among the richest in the world.
The museum's diverse collections include finds dating back to 6800 BC, including clay, stone and bone vessels, weapons, jewelry and tools.
Various museum attractions
Today we have compiled a list of ten famous museums in the world located in different countries that are on everyone’s lips. But there are also museums in the world that few people know about, but which would be worth finding out about, because they are very unusual. The video below shows some of them.
I hope the information presented in this article will help you in developing your research projects.
Good luck with your studies!
Evgenia Klimkovich.
Lesson at the association “Memory”
"Museums of the World"
“Bright moments come to life in the museum
From the life of previous generations"
Target: - to form students’ idea of museums around the world;
- create conditions for the formation of a sense of pride in one’s Motherland, preserving the memory of the feat of our soldiers in the Great Patriotic War.
Tasks: – expand schoolchildren’s knowledge about the history of museums around the world;
Develop the ability to obtain information from various sources;
To develop students’ interest in the historical past of our country;patriotic feelings and moral qualities of the individual.
To cultivate love and respect for the history of your small Motherland and the entire country.
Form:virtual and real tour of museums
Equipment and materials:computer, multimedia projector, presentation “Museums of the World”, “Museums of Antiquity”, poems about museums, V. Dahl’s dictionary and encyclopedic dictionary, video clip.
Progress of the lesson.
Hello guys, I'm very glad to see you.
Today we will sum up the results of the year, and of course we will learn something new, we will get acquainted with museums of different countries by taking a virtual excursion that you have prepared.
I invited the most important head of all archives to visit us, meet the Archivist.
- Guys, tell me, what is a museum?
(students' answers : places where antiques are kept)
Julia, you were tasked with finding the definition of a museum on the Internet.
(Yulia reads out)
A museum is a temple in which monuments of material and spiritual culture created at different historical stages of the development of society are carefully collected and preserved. Invaluable collections of paintings, interior and household items, sculpture, collections of coins, books, natural history monuments - this is a centuries-old heritage, the value of which will only grow from year to year, and a wealth that belongs to all of humanity.
What kinds of museums are there?
(students' answers : museums are local history, art)
Andrey had a task to find in the dictionary what kinds of museums there are.
(reads p. 327)
Archivist, what can you tell us about this? Maybe our information needs clarification?
Archivist:
The guys said everything correctly, I’ll just clarify a little:
" Museum is a scientific research institution that stores, studies, displays and popularizes historical monuments, material and spiritual culture.
Types of museums : naturally - scientific, local history, memorial, artistic and others.
Dear Archivist, thank you for your help.
So guys, let's summarize what has been said(1 slide)
Guys, every year on May 18 people celebrate their professionalholiday workers of all museums in the world,including tour guides who carry out enormous educational and pedagogical work. So I congratulate you all on this holiday, which happened 2 days ago.
And today we dedicate our event to those keepers of people's memory who love and honor the history of their native land.
Elya and Eva found information about this holiday for us.
What is the history of this holiday?
(read by Elya)
History of International Museum Day
International Museum Day is celebrated annually on May 18th. The history of the holiday is closely connected with the creation in 1946 of the International Council of Museums, which set the main goal of providing comprehensive support for the activities of museums.
Representatives of more than 115 countries, including the USSR, immediately joined the work of the Council. It was on the initiative of the Soviet Union that a new professional holiday was established in 1977 -World Museum Day. The celebrations took place for the first time in 1978. Nowadays, the holiday is widely celebrated in 150 countries around the world. After all, almost any state has many museums that constitute its national heritage.
On this day, museums open their doors to everyone, completely free of charge and happily showing their exhibition halls,new exhibits,
tell, enlighten. The opening of new exhibitions and festivals is timed to coincide with the holiday; thematic lectures, excursions, scientific readings, special classes for children are organized in museums, and museum and theatrical performances are held.
At the end of the 90s. A tradition has emerged as part of the holiday to hold a special cultural event “Night of Museums”; on this night many museums close very late or work all night. Entrance to the museums is free.
Thank you, nowtell us about the traditions of this holiday.
(read by Eva)
Traditions of International Museum Day
In honor of the holiday, museums and galleries around the world organize thematic exhibitions, exhibitions with the participation of young artists, hold special events for specialists and the general public, and excursions for school and preschool children. On the holiday, many galleries host popular science lectures and conferences dedicated to the development of museums.
With the development of Internet technologies, masterpieces of world art are becoming available to an increasingly wider range of people. Now you can see the world's best collections in virtual museums, the popularity of which is growing day by day. We also have such a virtual tour about our Hall of Military Glory.
Thank you girls, we learned a lot about this holiday.
Each museum is unique in its own way. Everyone preserves and passes on to future generations captured moments of the past.
Typically, museum exhibits are put on public display, and those that do not fit into the exhibition are kept in storage.
I wonder how it all started?
Archivist:
Guys,
Without the past, the future cannot be created,
Every citizen should know this
History always attracts us,
We come to museums as in previous centuries.
Diana and Alena told us about ancient museums
The first attempts at collecting were carried out in the temples of Ancient Greece, when special temples were erected for storing gifts. These temples were called “treasuries.”
Huge collections were collected in the Ancient Greek treasuries and pyramids of Ancient Egypt. They are considered the prototype of modern museums.
Since ancient timespeople there was a need for gathering.
We have prepared a short presentation about “Museums of Antiquity”
Presentation “Museums of Antiquity”
In Europe first The Kunstkamera became a museum-type institution. A little later, such concepts as galleries, “offices”, “museums” began to appear.
Thanks a lot.
In the history of formationRussian museumsPeter I and Catherine II played a major role. They stood at the origins of the creation of unique collections, which later became museums of national importance - the Hermitage and the Kunstkamera in St. Petersburg.
Archivist: Guys,
People always take care of relics,
Treasures from the eyes of strangers
In churches, cathedrals and monasteries,
But he himself knew about them only in words.
But Peter the Great strictly commanded,
So that the Russian people can see the treasures,
And a museum was opened in St. Petersburg
For all ordinary people to see.
That century was replaced by more than one century,
But everything that was created by man
Now stored in museums throughout the country
Connoisseurs of ancient antiquity.
They are focused and strict
In laboratories, archives, like gods,
And with the public they are friendly, smart,
Revealing to us the secrets of antiquity.
At the end of the 17th – beginning of the 18th centuries, many European collections became accessible to visitors; this was most clearly observed in Germany, Italy, and France.
Ksenia and Christina prepared a virtual tour for us about the famous museums of the world.
We have prepared a presentation about “Museums of the World”
(show) Presentation “Museums of the World”
Thank you girls, yes, these museums are famous all over the world. But almost every locality in any country also has its own local history museum, which stores rare items related to its history and stages of development.
And we have such a place, this is a local history corner, or the “Hall of Military Glory,” in which the history of our ancestors, the history of the farm, the history of the Veselovsky district, the history of our country will be stored.
Archivist:
Museum and memory...
Each exhibit
Tells about the history of the era.
The guide is calm, smart, strict,
It will be a pleasure to see you here again.
In addition to the antiquity exhibitions
The museum has its own history,
She won’t regret telling you,
We should all know history.
And now let’s move on from virtual excursions to a real excursion.
Dear Archivist, here are a few words about how these exhibits appeared here.
In 1963, a detachment of pathfinders was organized at the Kazachin school, which collected material about the dead soldiers, under the leadership of history teacher L.I. Cherkasova. And in 1972, the Kazachinsky Historical and Local Lore Museum of “Military Glory” was created. It existed in the school building for 43 years; after the school was closed, these valuable museum exhibits found their new cozy home in our cultural center.
Archivist: Thank you Elena Viktorovna.
They come here to learn
The art of warming the soul,
So that traditions do not collapse
Celebrate the goodness of culture.
And so, in this hall there are 4 exhibitions on the following topics:
- “The history of our farm”
Hero of the October Revolution “E.P. Ognev"
Heroes of the Civil War “B.M. Dumenko"
Section about "WWII"
Everyone has a corner on earth that is dearest to their heart. Whether it is a big city or a tiny settlement, a village, a village, or a hamlet lost among the steppe hills, whether the nature here is rich or poor - it doesn’t matter. But, if here for the first time we felt the sunny world, knew the first joys and the first hardships, if here our serene, and perhaps difficult childhood flew by, our youth faded away, here we took the first steps into a great life, here is our home, family, friends , friends - this corner is the most dear to us. And it is also true that love for one’s native side determines love for the Motherland as a whole! But without knowing the past of our Motherland, we will not be able to correctly assess the present.
The farm is Cossack, and before it was called Cossack Khomutets - the oldest on Manych.
P The first mentions of our farm are found in archival documents back 1699 - This means the farm is already 317 years old.
Now let’s plunge into the history of our dear Don region, and of course remember the heroes who defended our land.
((poem and video about Don. region))
(Makarenko Alena)
Now let's listen to our guides.
(story from the tour guides)
Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in battles for the freedom and independence of our Motherland! Eternal respect and eternal memory to all who survived those terrible years!
Many years have passed since the war ended. Time has leveled the trenches, ears of grain are growing on the fields of past battles, cities and villages destroyed by the Nazis have been rebuilt. Traces of the war are disappearing from the face of the Earth, but its echo still does not subside in people's souls.
(Fedya)
We, the young generation of Russia, will always remember the heroic exploits of our people during the Great Patriotic War.
The names of the heroes who gave their lives for our future will forever remain in our hearts.
We will never forget those who, without sparing their lives, won freedom and happiness for future generations.
We will be worthy descendants of that great generation. We are grateful to them for this victory, for our peaceful lives. We promise to study hard in order to be worthy of our great Motherland, our heroic people.
(After the excursion the girls read poetry)
(Diana)
Frequent visitors to our hall are:
Everyone will find something important for themselves -
Schoolchildren, guests and just parents,
We will explain everything and show it to everyone here.
(Eve)
The memory is kept here about the heroes,
Those who won the Great War.
Their orders and trophies will remind
The feats that they performed in honor of the country.
(Nastya)
Exhibitions, competitions and conferences,
Olympics and various rallies,
We think it will be unrivaled
All the work we have done.
(Ksyusha)
We diligently protect the heritage of our ancestors,
We know the history of the village very well,
Each exhibit of the past is a particle,
A yellowed page from days gone by.
(Christina)
History, with our help, comes to life every day,
We are often not too lazy to tell the same thing,
Visitors always listen to us attentively,
We receive complete information about the past.
(Alena)
Museums store material memory,
Which you can gently touch,
Lightly touch the bygone eras,
Former greatness to tiny crumbs.
At night excursions lead time here,
Knocking very quietly, timid in the face of the past.
Years pass, generations change, young guides become adults. As the experience of past years has shown, after graduating from school, former guides enter military schools (Akubaev Iskander), pedagogical universities (like me and 2 of my classmates) Yes, guys, I was also a guide at the Kazachin school.
Museums are our history, these are the places where the most valuable things ever invented and created by man are stored. Therefore, museums should be closer to society and completely open to it.
The guys were preparing poems about museums, let's listen to them.
I'll tell you, in the museum
I'm always happy to come!
Opening my mouth, I stare
For every exhibit.
Here is an elusive spirit -
Breath of antiquity
Stories of an innocent
We are standing opposite.
We walk and wander through the halls,
We find something valuable
There's a lot we don't know here
That's why it's interesting.
So that things, without getting old,
Not a single one lay for a year,
They are exhibited in museums
And people look at them.
In the silence of museum halls
(Everyone should remember this)
Quite a lot is exhibited
Valuable facts of antiquity.
Culture and history heritage, -
All that humanity is proud of,
All the best for many centuries
Carefully stored in the silence of museums,
This is where people find inspiration
And they get a lot of impressions
Bright moments come to life here
From the life of previous generations.
I want to wish in our rapid age
Museums must not give up their positions,
Let there be many visitors in the halls
And new interesting exhibitions!
Museums are our life, history, our heritage and memories...our memory...
Guys, I think you will agree with me that the museum teaches us to be kinder and fairer. And they will help us to be like that.” Golden rules."
I want you not only to repeat them after me, but to think about them and let them pass through your soul.
Here they are:
- Take care of your dignity.
2. Take care of the dignity of others!
3. The whole world is a museum.
4. Don't be a vandal!
5. Honor your ancestors!
6. Know yourself!
7. Know how to forgive!
8. Pass the good around!
9. Culture gives a person happiness.
10. Be a carrier of culture!
Archivist:
Thank you very much for the invitation to attend your class, together we will preserve the memory of the past for our descendants.
Thank you guys for your preparation and work during the lesson.
The Ermitage is the best museum in Europe. This is what millions of tourists from all over the world decided, leaving reviews on the international travel portal TripAdvisor. In total, 509 cultural institutions around the world were analyzed. Natalya Letnikova tells what the “Russian ten” looks like.
Hermitage
3 million works. 20 kilometers of masterpieces. And the Hermitage began as a private collection of Catherine II of 225 paintings. Only a select few could see him, having received a ticket at the palace office and donned a tailcoat or uniform. The Hermitage today is home to masterpieces by Rembrandt and Raphael, Giorgione and Rubens, Titian and Van Dyck. This is the only opportunity to see the works of Leonardo da Vinci in Russia.
Experts have calculated that if you linger for just a minute at each exhibit in the Hermitage, it will take 8 years without sleep or rest to see everything.
Tretyakov Gallery
Tretyakov Gallery
The Hermitage not only delights, but also inspires. It was after his visit that Pavel Tretyakov became interested in the idea of his own collection of paintings. As a result, the Tretyakov Gallery became one of the most significant collections of works by Russian artists in the world. Even the famous facade is the creation of Viktor Vasnetsov. The Tretyakov Gallery is rich in paintings with history. The first “fairytale” subject of Russian painting is “Mermaids” by Ivan Kramskoy, written under the impression of the works of Gogol. And the Tretyakov Gallery’s largest painting, “The Appearance of Christ to the People,” is Alexander Ivanov’s graduation work, which he wrote for 20 years.
Armory Chamber
Armory Chamber
Treasury of Moscow princes and Russian tsars.
The indispensable attributes of sovereign power are kept: the scepter, the orb, the Monomakh cap, which was used to crown the kingdom before the reign of Peter I. Among the 4,000 exhibits is the only double throne in the world.
It was created specifically for the prince brothers Ivan V and Peter Alekseevich, who were crowned kings together. And of course, a significant part of the museum-treasury is weapons. But also exclusively as a work of art. For example, the gun of Catherine II in the Rococo style.
Floating Museum
Floating Museum
Submarine B-413. The place of fun is the city of Kaliningrad. For 20 years the submarine carried out combat service in the Northern Fleet. Visited Cuba and Guinea. And even in peacetime, the crew managed to receive the title “Excellent Ship.”
Retired since 2000. In Russia, by the way, four submarines have become museums, all of them are open to the public. But B-413 is the only one that has been preserved in its original form. Everything on the ship is the same: mechanisms, ammunition, weapons. And museum visitors temporarily become submariners. The crew goes on a virtual scuba dive, conducts a torpedo attack, and copes with an accident in the compartment.
Russian Museum
Russian Museum
The world's largest collection of Russian art is the Russian Museum, created by imperial decree at the end of the 19th century. The exhibition, located in 5 palaces of St. Petersburg, includes paintings whose names have long become household names: “The Last Day of Pompeii”, “Barge Haulers on the Volga”, “The Ninth Wave”. In total, the collection contains more than 400,000 exhibits. Despite its serious status, the museum is ready for experiments, which is confirmed by the presence of the youngest department of the latest trends. Unusual exhibitions complement the image. For example, at the end of 2013, Sylvester Stallone exhibited at the Russian Museum. The actor paints in the spirit of expressionism.
Diamond Fund
Diamond Fund
A mountain of gems of historical and artistic value. The collection began to be collected by order of Peter I.
The most famous exhibit is the Great Imperial Crown. In record time, in just two months, craftsmen set 4,936 diamonds and 75 pearls in silver. The crown was decorated with a bright red crystal - spinel. The main symbol of power of Russian monarchs, weighing almost 2 kg, was placed on the heads of all emperors starting with Catherine II. One of the most high-status exhibits is the Orlov diamond, which adorns the scepter of Catherine the Great, purchased for her by Count Orlov, the largest in the Diamond Fund and one of the most expensive in the world. And a diamond was found in India, where it is believed to have been the eye of Buddha.
Museum of Fine Arts named after A. S. Pushkin
The most European in Russia is the A. S. Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts. In the center of Moscow, in a building reminiscent of an ancient temple, every room is from that era. Italian and Greek “courtyards”, a six-thousand-strong collection of authentic exhibits of Ancient Egypt, collected by the Russian scientist Vladimir Golenishchev during his travels and excavations. The famous treasure of Troy, discovered by Heinrich Schliemann, is also kept in Pushkinsky. The German archaeologist read Homer's Iliad as a child and subsequently found a city covered in legends. But it will not be possible to get a complete picture of Pushkinsky’s collection. After all, out of 670,000 exhibits, no more than 2% are exhibited.
1.3 History of museums
Art museums are one of the most remarkable achievements of human civilization. They preserve and make available to people the unique creations of the human spirit.
The history of art museums dates back to antiquity. The word "museum" comes from the Greek "mouseion", which means "temple of the muses". The first Museion was founded in Alexandria by Ptolemy I around 290 BC. and had the status of an educational institution. It included living rooms, dining rooms, an observatory, a library, a botanical and zoological gardens. The Museyon had medical and astronomical instruments, stuffed animals, and statues and busts that were used during teaching. The work of Museyon, unlike other scientific schools, was funded by the state: scientists and teachers received salaries there. The chief priest, the first person in the “temple of the muses,” was appointed by Ptolemy himself. The Museyon had a unique library: by the 1st century. BC e. it numbered more than 700,000 manuscripts. Around 270 AD. e. The Museion was destroyed along with most of the Library of Alexandria.
The analogue of art museums in ancient Greece were temples. Traditionally, temples of gods and muses housed statues, paintings and other works of art dedicated to these gods or muses. Ancient temples were richly decorated with mosaics and frescoes. Later, already in ancient Rome, paintings and sculptures were added to this, located in city gardens, Roman baths and theaters. Any city dweller had access to these places: thus, works of art were still available to the widest public at that time.
The prototypes of private collections in ancient times were the villas of rich and noble people. Works of art captured during wars and brought by their owners from victorious campaigns were often presented to the attention of eminent guests. Wars in those years played a significant role in the dissemination of artistic examples from different countries around the world. Thus, the Roman Emperor Hadrian ordered the creation of copies of those works of art that he saw in Greece and Egypt. Villa Adriana, one of the most luxurious villas of its time, was not inferior to many modern museums in the wealth and variety of works decorating it.
In the Middle Ages, temples and monasteries were the custodians of works of art - jewelry, statues, ancient manuscripts. Beginning in the 7th century, they also housed items captured in wars. During the war years, these collections served to pay for ransoms: thus, the composition of the collections was constantly changing, sometimes replenished, sometimes decreased. Thus, the treasures of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Reims depended entirely on the success of the French army in waging the war.
Systematic collecting of art objects began during the Renaissance: it was during this period that the modern appearance of the art museum was born, and the word itself acquired its modern meaning. One of the largest patrons of art and art of that time was the ruler of Florence, Lorenzo Medici, who received the nickname Lorenzo the Magnificent. A humanist poet, he was a great expert on ancient antiquity, a connoisseur and collector of ancient gems and coins. It is known that he was the first patron of Michelangelo: by order of the Medici, the young sculptor made copies of ancient sculptures for his garden near San Marco.
The museums themselves began to be created only in the 16th-18th centuries. The first to define the artistic significance of the museum was the French artist Jacques Louis David. He addressed the members of the Convention with the following words: “Do not be mistaken, citizens! The museum is not at all a useless collection of luxury and vanity objects, serving only to satisfy curiosity. It is necessary for the museum to become a school of great importance: teachers will take their young students there, a father will take his son there. When a young man sees the works of a genius, he will feel what kind of art or science his nature calls him to!”
The history of the creation of the oldest art museums, such as the Uffizi, Prado, Louvre, etc., dates back to the 16th century. During the construction of palaces, they began to specially plan rooms for collections of paintings, sculptures, books and engravings. The appearance of the first museum-type institutions - galleries, “kunstkammers”, “offices” - dates back to this time. The latter reflected the interest in understanding the world characteristic of that time. Trying to concentrate in them all the wealth of the natural world, supplemented by the creations of human hands, the owners of the “offices”, as a rule, pursued one goal - satisfying their own cognitive interests. Along with “cabinets” and “cabinets of curiosities” in Europe in the 16th-17th centuries, private art collections became widespread, which, as a rule, reflected the interests and artistic taste of their owners - representatives of the nobility and wealthy bourgeoisie. Many closed, private meetings become available for viewing. Thus, Francesco I de' Medici opened his own collection of works of art to the public, placing it in a building built by G. Vasari in 1584 (now the Uffizi Gallery). In 1739, the last representative of the Medici dynasty, Maria Ludovica, transferred the collection into state ownership.
In the 18th century, public museums became an integral part of public life. In 1750, in Paris, paintings in the Luxembourg Palace were allowed for public display two days a week, primarily to students and artists: they were later transferred to the collection of the Louvre.
The first museum of the new type was the British Museum in London. It was opened in 1753, but to visit it you had to register in writing. The first large public museum was the Louvre: it was opened to the public in 1793. The formation of the main European museums was completed in the 19th century, when they became accessible to the general public: the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, the National Gallery and the Tate Gallery in London, the Old and New Pinakothek in Munich, etc.
The structure, organization and activities of a modern museum are determined, first of all, by the nature of the collection. The main tasks of the scientific activity of museums - the study and systematization of the collection - are reflected in the publication of complete catalogs of works stored in the museum, as well as other scientific and popular science publications. Art museums also practice exhibition activities, exchanging displays of works of art from their collections as part of cultural exchange. The educational activities of art museums are expressed in excursions, lectures, and lecture halls.
An art museum, as a complex of specially equipped premises and scientific support departments, includes exhibition halls, storerooms (stock storage facilities), exhibition halls, restoration workshops, a scientific library, etc. The museum exposition is organized, as a rule, chronologically and according to national schools art. In some museums, the exhibition is based partially or entirely on individual collections received from the owners as a gift or for temporary storage.
The first buildings designed specifically to house collections were mainly palace galleries. By the 19th century, a type of museum building had developed in which the halls were located either in an enfilade or around 1-2 courtyards. In the 20th century, during the construction of art museum buildings, new architectural solutions began to be actively used, allowing them to be more organically connected with the specifics of the collection, national traditions, and climatic conditions. Often part of the exhibition (mainly sculpture) is taken outside the walls of the museum, placing it in the open air. A common feature of the architecture of modern art museums is the flexibility of using internal space and the possibility of transforming the main premises.
The manual presents the program of the course on the history of museums of the world, a list of topics for the final colloquium, a list of sources and literature. The manual also contains a list of exam questions and a glossary. The program was prepared on the basis of the corresponding general course taught at the Faculty of History and intended for full-time and part-time students majoring in Museology.
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FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY State educational institution of higher professional education "KAZAN STATE UNIVERSITY" Faculty of History N.S. Almazova, N.Yu. Bikeeva HISTORY OF MUSEUMS OF THE WORLD Educational and methodological manual for full-time and part-time students of the Faculty of History with a specialty in “Museology” Kazan 2008 UDC 069 BBK Sh5.101 Approved for publication by the Department of Museology of the Faculty of History of Kazan State University (protocol No. 11 of July 1, 2008) Published by decision of the educational and methodological commission of the Faculty of History of Kazan State University Scientific editor I.B. Sidorova Almazova N.S., Bikeeva N.Yu. History of museums of the world: Educational and methodological manual for full-time and part-time students studying in the specialty “Museology”. – Kazan, 2008. – 28 p. The manual presents the program of the course on the history of museums of the world, a list of topics for the final colloquium, a list of sources and literature. The manual also contains a list of exam questions and a glossary. The program was prepared on the basis of the corresponding general course taught at the Faculty of History and intended for full-time and part-time students majoring in Museology. © N.S. Almazova, N.Yu. Bikeeva, 2008 © Kazan State University, 2008 2 EXPLANATORY NOTE The course “History of Museums of the World” is devoted to the main periods of the formation of the museum as a sociocultural institution. The course examines the role and significance of the museum in the context of world history and culture. The purpose of the course is to give students the necessary amount of knowledge on the history of the formation and development of the museum as a specific sociocultural institution from antiquity to the present; familiarize them with the variety of types of museums; demonstrate the multilateral connections of the museum with various scientific disciplines and cultural phenomena, aesthetic ideas and social needs characteristic of a particular era. Course objectives: to consider the stages of the evolution of the museum as a specific sociocultural institution; show the development of ideas about the purpose of the museum and its functions in different eras; trace the formation and dynamics of the main directions of museum activities (custodial, educational, educational, etc.); to acquaint students with the history of the most significant museum collections in the world. As a result of mastering the course, the student must: know the patterns of formation and evolution of the museum as a sociocultural institution from ancient times to the present; know the stages of formation and collection composition of the largest museum collections in the world (Europe, Asia, Africa, America); navigate the leading trends in research and practical activities of modern museums and museum centers. 3 COURSE CONTENT INTRODUCTORY LECTURE (2 hours) Course subject. Course structure. Conceptual apparatus. Museum. Collection. The concept of a museum as a sociocultural institution. Sources and literature. TOPIC 1. MUSEUMS IN ANCIENT ERA (8 hours) Collecting in Ancient Greece. The concept of a museum. Proto-museum collections of Ancient Greece: sanctuaries, temples, pinakotheks, stands. Delphi, Olympia, Acropolis of Athens. Collections and collectors of the Hellenistic era. Alexandria, Pergamon. Collecting in Ancient Rome. Museum concept. Private collections in Ancient Rome. Public gatherings in Ancient Rome: temples, forums, porticos, villas. Composition of collections. Collectors of Ancient Rome. Elements of museum activities in antiquity: storage, display and display of collections. TOPIC 2. COLLECTING IN THE MIDDLE AGES (6 hours) Features of historical consciousness in the Middle Ages. Formation of a value attitude towards things. Relics, cult utensils. The emergence and development of church treasuries: Monza, Saint-Denis, Conques, Saint-Chapelle. Secular treasuries, their functions and meaning. Duke Jean of Berry is the first medieval collector. TOPIC 3. RENAISSANCE MUSEUMS (12 hours) Historical background for the emergence of museums during the Renaissance. Humanist movement. Ancient heritage in Renaissance culture. Renaissance exhibitions: studios, dressing rooms, antiques, galleries, armories, cabinets of curiosities, offices, museum. 4 Renaissance Collectors. Outstanding collections of secular and spiritual magnates. Uffizi and Pitti Galleries. Vatican Antiques. Cabinets and cabinets of curiosities in Central Europe. Amerbach's office in Basel. Kunstkamera of Rudolf II in Prague. Naturalists' offices. The emergence of museography. S. Kwikkiberg and his “Titles or titles of the most extensive theater of the universe.” TOPIC 4. XVII CENTURY: OLD AND NEW IN THE WORLD OF COLLECTING (6 hours) Social functions of art collections in the “golden age” of collecting. Art collections of European monarchs and their entourage. Aesthetics of palace galleries. Formation of the main art collections in Europe: history of the collection; composition of collections; features of systematization and exhibition; leading areas of museum activity. Natural science classrooms. Anatomical cabinet of F. Ruysch. TOPIC 5. MUSEUMS OF THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT (6 hours) The emergence of the first public museums in England. The phenomenon of the public museum and its features. Royal museums of France, England, Spain, Austria, Scandinavia. Review of the history of formation, composition of collections, social status of museums. Innovations in exhibiting works. Catalog of the museum's collections, its social and cultural role. TOPIC 6. DEVELOPMENT OF MUSEUMS IN THE 19TH - EARLY 20TH CENTURIES (12 hours) Napoleonic wars and museum construction. New social functions of the museum. Napoleon Museum. D. Vivant-Denon. Pinacoteca Brera. Rijksmuseum. Prado. Restitution of artistic values. Museum and national identity. German romanticism and the concepts of national museums in Germany. Glyptotek, Old and New Pinakothek in Munich. Museum Island in Berlin. Museums of national art. London National Gallery. Museums 5 of national history and culture. Museums of Austria-Hungary. Features of museum construction on the American continent. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Science and museum. Differentiation of scientific knowledge. The role of natural science, archaeological and ethnographic collections in creating the foundations of scientific taxonomy and scientific research methods. The role of the first world exhibitions of Europe in the formation of the educational mission of the museum. The concept of a museum in South Kensington and the problem of art and industry in the culture of the 19th century. The emergence of specialized museums Art museums. Museums of casts. Natural history museums. Natural History Museum in London. U.G. Flower. Museums of science and technology. Museum of Arts and Crafts in Paris. Science Museum in London. German Museum in Munich. Open air museums. Skansen. TOPIC 7. MUSEUMS IN A TOTALITARIC CULTURE (6 hours) New functions of museum collections. The emergence of the first professional associations of museum specialists. Museums of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany as a tool of nationalist propaganda. Transformation of museums in the USSR in the 20s and 30s. XX century to a political and educational institution. Features of the class and ideological approach to art and training for museum work. Museum sales. TOPIC 8. CONCEPTUAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATIONS IN THE MUSEUM WORLD IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX CENTURY (6 hours) Museum boom in post-war Europe, expansion of the museum network. International organizations and cultural heritage. The emergence of a new type of museum complexes: museumification of neighborhoods and cities: museums of everyday life, industrial archeology; the spread of "skansen", the emergence of e-museums. Scientific and technological progress and technical education. Development of a network of technical museums and their typology: museums of mail, printing, transport, astronautics, industry, etc. Art museums: new approaches. Museum of Modern Art as a museum of the postmodern era. 6 Museum architecture and new types of communication in the museum. Features of organization and interaction with visitors. Modernization of traditional museums Attention to non-professional forms of artistic creativity; to primitive art; to the creativity of women and national minorities; to marginal cultures. New principles for organizing the museum environment. Historical animation, organization of virtual space as one of the main principles of the exhibition of the third millennium. The problem of virtual museums and museum websites. CONCLUSION (2 hours) FINAL COLLOQUIUM (4 hours) SAMPLE LIST OF TOPICS OF REPORTS FOR THE FINAL COLLOQUIUM 1. Washington National Gallery. History of creation and current state of the gallery. 2. Danish National Museum of Antiquities. History of creation and current state of the museum. 3. Palace of Discovery in Paris. History of creation and current state of the museum. 4. Alhambra Museum. History of creation and current state of the museum. 5. Vasa Museum in Stockholm. History of creation and current state of the museum. 6. Vatican Museums. History of creation and current state of museums. 7. Victoria and Albert Museum in London. History of creation and current state of the museum. 8. Musee d'Orsay. History of creation and current state of the museum. 9. Natural History Museum in London. History of creation and current state of the museum. 10. Pitt Rivers Museum, Farnham. History of creation and current state of the museum. 11. Prado Museum. History of creation and current state of the museum. 7 12. Ironbridge Gorge Museum in the UK. History of creation and current state of the museum. 13. Munich Museum of Natural History and Technology. History of creation and current state of the museum. 14. Skansen, Stockholm. History of creation and current state of the museum. 15. Old Pinakothek in Munich. History of creation and current state of the Pinakothek. 16. Old Museum (Altes Museum) in Berlin. History of creation and current state of the museum. 17. Center Pompidou. History of creation and current state of the museum. 18. Vienna Museum of Art History. History of creation and current state of the museum. 19. Smithsonian Museum in Washington: history, museum profiles, new exhibitions. 20. Museum of La Valette and Geode: modern trends in French museology. LIST OF EXAM QUESTIONS 1. Collecting in ancient Greece (the concepts of treasuries, museums, the composition of collections, famous collectors of the Hellenistic era). 2. Ancient Rome: private collecting and public collections. 3. Treasures of the Middle Ages (collections, functions, famous collectors). 4. The Renaissance and the birth of the European museum. Types of museum collections, composition and organization. 5. Famous collectors and outstanding collections of the Renaissance. 6. Art collections of European monarchs during the Enlightenment (types, composition of collections, functions). 7. Natural science classrooms of the Enlightenment era (features of functioning). 8. The emergence of the first public museums, their features. 8 9. Museum policy at the turn of the 18th – 19th centuries. (Napoleonic France and the new social functions of museums). 10. Museums of the 19th century: from universal collections to specialized museums. (basic types, functions). 11. The role of the museum in the formation of national identity. 12. Art museums of the 19th century. 13. Museums of natural history of the 19th century. 14. Museums of science and technology in the 19th century. 15. Open-air museums at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. 16. Museums in the first half of the twentieth century: the influence of totalitarian regimes on the activities of the museum. 17. New trends in the museum world in the second half of the twentieth century. (principles of organizing a museum environment). 18. Museums of Europe in the twentieth century: the specifics of museum activities. 19. Museums of America and Asia in the twentieth century: general and special. 20. Ecomuseums, their features. BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR THE COURSE “HISTORY OF WORLD MUSEUMS” Textbooks and basic literature: 1. Yureneva T.Yu. Museum in world culture. M., 2003. 2. Yureneva T.Yu. Art museums of Western Europe: History and collections: Textbook. M., 2007. *** 3. Almeida M.T. Permanent exhibition of the Musee d'Orsay in Paris // Museum. 1988. No. 154. 4. Arinze E.N. African museums: the need for change // International magazine "Museum". 1998. No. 3 (197). 5. Askus L. Museum of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Madrid // Museum. 1986. T. 155. 6. Asoyan N.I. Art museums of America // USA: economics, politics, ideology. No. 2. 7. Athens Museum for the Blind: Education. disabled // Museum. 1989. No. 9 8. Bavarian state collections of paintings. Old Pinakothek. New State Gallery: [Album] / Compiled by M.Ya. 9. Basel Art Museum: Album / Author: T.N. Bukreeva, M., 1987. 10. Balash A.N. Private collecting of monuments of Greek art in ancient Rome // Museum in modern culture: Collection of scientific works. tr. / St. Petersburg Academy of Culture. T. 147. St. Petersburg, 1997. 11. Belov G. D. Altar of Zeus in Pergamon. L., 1958. 12. Belozerova V.G. History of museums and restoration work in the PRC (before the “cultural revolution”) // Artistic heritage: storage, research, restoration. T. 6(36). M., 1980. 13. Belostotsky Y., Valitsky M. European painting in Polish collections 1300-1800. Warsaw, 1958. 14. Brilliant Dresden: Art and art collections in the times of Augustus II and Augustus III. (1694-1763). Exhibition catalogue. M., 1989. 15. Great Louvre. Report from the International Magazine "Museum". 1995. No. 1 (183). 16. Braginskaya Ya.V. Fata Libelli. (The fate of Philostratus the Elder’s book “Pictures”) // Antiquity in the culture and art of subsequent centuries / Materials of a scientific conference. Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts 1982. M., 1984. 17. Browning R. On the issue of the return of the Parthenon sculptures // Museum. 1984. No. 141. 18. British Museum. London: Album / Author - B.I. Rivkin. M., 1980. 19. British Museum. London. Treasures of the British Museum: Catalog of Art. Per. from English / Comp. F. Francis. M., 1984. 20. Budapest museums. / Per. with Hungarian Budapest, 1985. 21. Vatican: [Album]. Per. from Italian / Carlo Pietrangeli et al. M., 1998. 22. Vulikh Y.V., Neverov O.Ya. The role of art in promoting the official ideology of the Augustan Principate // Bulletin of ancient history. 1988. No. 1. 23. Geismeyer I. Discussion around the problem: Berlin Art Gallery - history and future // Creativity. 1991. No. 10. 24. Pitti Gallery. Florence: [Album] / Comp. and the author of the text is I. Smirnova. M., 1971. 10
