Objects of social work arise and are formed objectively, under the influence of socio-economic conditions of life, but are formed by political and other social institutions, i.e. are an add-on.
An object is a part of objective reality that interacts with the subject.
Let's consider the content of the concept of an object of social work.
These are people who need help: old people; pensioners; disabled people; seriously ill; children; people who find themselves in difficult life situations; teenagers who find themselves in bad company, etc.
There are several tens of millions of them in Russia. It should be remembered that each of these tens of millions of people has their own individuality, their own way of thinking and a complex biography. This requires a social worker to have a sense of tact, compassion, patience, and the ability to understand the problem of another person.
Thus, the object of social work is all people. Scientists propose the following classification of social work objects:
1. The state of health does not allow one to solve life’s problems independently.
2. Service and work in extreme social conditions (war participants, widows and mothers of military personnel).
3. Elderly, retirement age people.
4. Deviant behavior in its various forms and types (children with deviant behavior; children experiencing adult violence; persons returning from prison; use drugs or alcohol in the family).
5. Difficult, disadvantaged situation of various categories of families (orphans; large families; parents under the age of majority; conflict families).
6. Special situation of children (orphanhood, vagrancy, street children).
7. Vagrancy, homelessness (without a fixed place of residence).
8. Legal status of persons subjected to political repression.
Social work subjects are people and organizations that conduct and manage social work.
The main subjects of social work are people engaged in social work professionally and on a voluntary basis. There are not many professional workers; there are approximately 550 thousand of them in the world. These people have diplomas and are officially awarded the specialty “Social Worker”. The main workload is carried out by non-professional workers. In Sweden there are 3.5 thousand professional workers and 46.5 thousand non-professional workers in three large cities.
Among social workers, there are organizers or managers and practical social workers.
Therefore, the subjects of social work can be:
1. Organizations, institutions, social institutions, societies:
– a state with legislative, executive and judicial powers at different levels. This is the Ministry of Health and Social Development, as well as executive bodies of social work management (territories, regions, republics, cities);
– various social services: territorial centers for social assistance to families and children; social rehabilitation centers for minors; social shelters for children and adolescents; psychological help centers by telephone.
Public, charitable and other organizations and institutions:
- trade unions, branches of the Children's Fund, the Red Cross Society, private social services.
Non-state charitable organizations in Russia are: Moscow House of Mercy, charitable organizations "Complicity", "Soul of Man" (Moscow), Association for Refugees (St. Petersburg), etc. Charitable activities are carried out in accordance with the Federal Law "On Charitable Activities and Charitable organizations."
3. People engaged in practical social work professionally or on a voluntary basis.
There are about 500 thousand professional social workers in the world, and those engaged in social work on a voluntary basis are considered to be when one social worker serves 10-15 people.
4. Teachers, as well as those who help consolidate knowledge and skills in social work (practical workers where students do internships).
5. Social work researchers at university departments, laboratories, and graduate schools.
3.3. Functions of social work
diagnostic – making a social diagnosis;
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preventive and preventive (or socio-therapeutic) organization of social, medical, legal assistance;
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human rights – the use of legal and legal norms to provide assistance, support and protection to the population;
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socio-pedagogical function – identifying people’s interests in various types of activities;
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socio-medical function - organization of work on disease prevention, nutritional culture, family planning, occupational therapy, healthy lifestyle;
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social and domestic function - providing assistance to elderly people, disabled people, improving their living conditions and organizing a normal life;
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communicative function - organizing the exchange of information, including various authorities in the activities of social services;
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organizational function - the direction of the activities of social services to provide various types of assistance and social services to the population.
. Urban, rural, and intermediate forms of settlement. It is important to take into account the size of settlements, the concentration of the population in them, the level of development of production forces, types of production, the saturation of cultural and social facilities, landscaping, the development of transport, communications, etc.
. The healthcare sector - the system of public and private institutions, ongoing health care activities, etc.
. The field of education, which includes all types and forms of education, training and retraining of personnel, and the corresponding infrastructure.
. Sphere of science (research institutes and laboratories, institutions, teams, scientists).
. The cultural and leisure sphere is part of non-working time used for recreation and entertainment.
. Security forces (units that protect the state from external hostile forces and opposition within the country).
. The penitentiary system is a correctional labor institution.
. Socio-ethnic environment.
. Consumer services sector.
Thus, the object of social work are specific areas of people’s life, all people (in a broad interpretation), individuals and groups in need of constant help (in a narrow interpretation), who find themselves in a difficult life situation.
Subjects.
All functions of providing assistance to those in need are performed by the subject of social work. The subject includes all those people and organizations that conduct and manage social work. This includes the state as a whole, which implements social policy. These include charitable organizations, charitable societies such as the Red Cross and Red Crescent Society. These are public organizations: Children's Fund named after. V. I. Lenina, Russian Association of Social Services. Association of social educators and social workers. Union of Officers, etc.
But the main subject of social work is, of course, not organizations, not associations, but people engaged in social work professionally or on a voluntary basis.
Subject and object of social work.
Being an activity to help people solve their problems, social work has a certain structure, which includes, first of all, two main elements - object and subject. The object of social work refers to those who need help, and the subject refers to those who provide it. In other words, social work can be considered as an interaction between an object and a subject, resulting in helping people solve the problems they face, that is, improving their living conditions.
Let's consider who acts as subjects and objects in the social protection system. IN as specialized structures organizing the provision of social assistance to the population, that is, subjects (S) social protection systems, primarily the services and organizations of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Republic of Belarus at various levels. Issues of social protection of the population (in the broad sense of this concept) are also decided by the bodies of education, culture and art, healthcare, tourism, recreation, physical education and sports, housing and communal services, etc. Social services to the population are also provided by public organizations, charities and other non-governmental structures , the role and number of which has grown significantly.
The subjects of social work at the contact level include social workers who provide assistance to certain groups of people in need, or who specialize in certain areas of social work. Subjects can also include family members or a group of people who provide assistance to those in need with their direct communication, moral support, etc. Active participants in social management should be considered those who are engaged in the study of social processes, who train specialists for social work, etc.
The ambiguity in the interpretation of the concept of a subject of the social sphere is also due to the ambiguity of the concept of “social protection”.
Social protection in in a broad sense is a purposeful, consciously regulated system at all levels of society of practically implemented social, political, economic, legal, psychological, pedagogical, medical, environmental, and spiritual measures. They provide normal conditions and resources for the physical, mental, spiritual and moral functioning of the population, preventing infringement of their rights and freedoms.
Social protection in the narrow sense- activities aimed at protecting certain categories of the population who find themselves in a particularly difficult life situation. Social protection is also considered as protection against social risks by assisting a person on the part of the state in solving various problems throughout his life.
The right of citizens to social protection is guaranteed by the Constitution and legislation of the Republic of Belarus.
Social work in the social protection system (in the narrow sense) is aimed primarily at a person, an individual or a group of people who find themselves in a difficult situation. From a managerial point of view, these individuals or social formations act as objects (O) of organizational and managerial influences and interactions. These include such categories of people as: disabled people, unemployed people, single elderly people and families consisting of single pensioners; widows and mothers of military personnel killed in wars; refugees, internally displaced persons; persons exposed to radiation as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant; persons returning from places of detention; persons without a fixed place of residence.
These include various problem families: families containing people who abuse alcohol or use drugs; families with disabled children, families with orphans in their care, families with low incomes, large families, families of minor parents, young families (including students), divorcing families, families with an unfavorable psychological microclimate, conflictual relationships, etc. .P.; these are mothers on maternity leave, pregnant women and nursing mothers; These are street children and adolescents, children and adolescents who are characterized by deviant behavior, children experiencing abuse and violence, who find themselves in conditions that threaten their health and development, etc.
Recently, in the context of the emergence of a market, women and young people are increasingly in need of social protection.
As already noted, there are constant direct and reverse connections between subjects and objects in the social protection system. In the most general terms, the management process in the social sphere is considered as a process of influence (interaction) of the control subsystem - subject (S) on the controlled one - object (O) in order to achieve the desired result, change the state of the object for the better. It is important to emphasize that the role of the object is not passive. In social systems, the relationship between subjects and objects is fundamentally different from the relationships in other systems. This is due to their specificity: both the subjects and objects of social work are people, social communities, which have their own patterns, including activity and initiative.
The following conclusions follow from this: installations emanating from higher-level structures can be carried out with adjustments to the initiative (or lack thereof) of lower-level structures. It is necessary to study the activity of both the subject and the object in their interaction; the success of improving the social protection system depends on the simultaneous improvement of the activities and qualities of both the subject and the object. For example, the implementation of the socio-legal function by a social service will be more successful if the legal norms are well understood by both S (social workers) and O (clients).
Experience in the social protection system convinces us that both subjects and objects here are very unique, their interactions are specific. There can hardly be any talk of any “commands” or “direct instructions” at the contact level. Rather, we can talk about coordinated mutual influence, based not on authority, but on recognition of the professionalism, human qualities of the social worker, and his interest in solving the client’s problems.
In the social sphere, the situation is of particular importance when both the subject and the object competently determine goals and ways to achieve them, effectively use available means and methods, desires and incentives, act synchronously and with mutual interest. These features of the subject and object of social work are quite fully reflected in the content of the basic characteristics of a social worker, in the ethical principles of social work.
One of the main components of social work is content. The content of social work directly follows from its functions. In the most general terms, the functions of social work are: informational, diagnostic, prognostic, organizational, psychological and pedagogical, providing practical assistance, and managerial. Let's consider their role in the content of social work.
1. A social worker begins his activities by collecting information about his object. Finds out gender, age, state of health, living conditions, ability to independently provide for yourself with everything necessary for life, material wealth, family and neighborhood environment, mental characteristics, character, etc. Thus, he is engaged in information work.
2. Having collected information about his clients, the social worker makes a “diagnosis”: assesses the volume and types of necessary assistance, the mode of his activities, difficulties that may arise during work, forms, methods of activity, draws up a working day schedule for himself, presents physical and moral costs, etc.
3. In parallel with the “diagnosis,” the social worker builds a forecast of his activities: will it be difficult or easy for him to work, will he be able to provide effective assistance, with which official and public organizations will he have to enter into business contacts, how quickly will he have to satisfy the client’s needs, etc. d.
4. Depending on the nature of social assistance (relieving psychological stress or providing social assistance to a lonely elderly person, disabled person, etc.), a work plan is drawn up, its content and type of practical assistance are determined, i.e. a social worker has to engage in management activities.
The choice and use of certain means depends entirely on the nature and characteristics of the object of social work (social assistance). For example, the object of social work is a bedridden patient, and another case is a nursing single mother. The packages of social assistance for these people will vary significantly.
The concept of resources is closely related to the concept of means. Resources are a source and arsenal of means and opportunities, which can be accessed as needed to complete a task or improve certain actions, especially when they are emergency or carried out in a critical situation. Resources are a necessary, mandatory and fundamental part of any social work, an essential component of the implementation of social technologies for the provision of social assistance and support, the organization of social protection and the provision of services.
Resources are understood as everything that can be attracted and used to satisfy a specific need or solve a specific problem.
Resources in social work are considered from the point of view of their nature, sources and usefulness of application. They can be:
Firstly, internal or external in relation to a person (client or social worker), team or group;
Secondly, official(formal) or informal(informal);
Third, actual or potential(hidden);
Fourthly, controlled to varying degrees in terms of their use to achieve certain goals.
For example, a person may have such internal resources as intelligence, education, profession, determination, will. For a family, internal resources can be monetary savings or earnings of family members, mutual respect, mutual assistance and care for each other. External resources can be material, social, public relations resources, membership resources in various organizations, banking structures, etc.
Official resources can come from government agencies, foundations, reserves, while unofficial resources can come from former colleagues or relatives.
By their nature, resources are material, social and cultural-spiritual.
From the perspective of citizens, public resources are perceived as financial, natural, social and interpersonal values, material and cultural-spiritual.
With this approach, resources are divided: for material services(this includes production, shops, schools, service assistance); means and forms of organizational and spiritual support(municipal institutions, social services, public organizations, churches, religious communities); means of interpersonal and internal support(informal resources for maintaining well-being, available within families and received from friends and neighbors, mutual assistance and unity to overcome difficulties).
Resources are of paramount importance to those citizens and systems with whom social workers and services work.
At the same time, a person is considered by social workers as a system and complex of resources, abilities and opportunities used to perform vital functions and achieve set goals.
A person’s life potential is made up of internal and external resources that people use when favorable opportunities open up before them or, conversely, a crisis situation arises and some action is required.
For a social worker, the ability to influence others, determine the course of events, and the ability to achieve certain tasks depend on the possession of the necessary resources. At the same time, normal or abnormal social functioning of a person is a reaction, respectively, to harmony or disharmony between the internal resources and properties of the individual, on the one hand, and external resources and characteristics of life situations, on the other.
In this case, social problems and conflicts are understood as a response to an unbalanced exchange of resources between an individual or group and the environment.
Social security, social assistance and social services as public institutions are mainly and primarily engaged in resolving such problems and conflicts through the redistribution of funds, additional rights, benefits, information, and services among those in need. In this case, two options are possible: such services and benefits can be in addition to the property or opportunities that a person already has, or they can compensate for the lack of such opportunities.
The resource issue provides a theoretical and organizational inventory of many perspectives on practical social work. This is expressed both in scientific works and in conceptual documents and programs for the provision of social assistance, which emphasize the idea and assertion that the main task of practical social work is to help people in need find and use the necessary resources for a normal life and activities.
As a technological process, the use of resources in social work involves overcoming many difficulties and problems.
Thus, the necessary resources may be absent, insufficient, unknown, inaccessible, too expensive, inappropriate, uncoordinated, fragmented, abused or mismanaged. In addition, a significant part of the efforts of social workers and services is spent on correcting and improving the insufficiently functioning system of delivering social assistance to clients.
When using resources, social workers act as intermediaries, controllers, brokers, lawyers and, of course, organizers of patronage. The most important function of social work is to create links between citizens in need and social structures that can be useful in solving their problems by activating internal and attracting external resources.
In order to identify and attract external resources - materials, services, finance, a person must be competent, that is, have knowledge, skills and determination. Meanwhile, it is precisely poor and disadvantaged citizens who often lack such competence and skills in communication, negotiations, mastering the situation, drawing up and executing relevant documents, contracts, and agreements.
In such situations, social workers play an important role by involving people in social relations and helping them develop internal resources and their own capabilities, while simultaneously increasing their own competence and mastering the necessary skills.
In the general work of identifying resources, social workers have to use various forms, methods and methods. They may be: promoting new ideas, creating programs that respond more quickly to changes in the situation, conducting campaigns and implementing systems of social action, forming and purposefully using pressure groups and interest groups to receive subsidies and raise funds for social service programs.
In this situation, the social worker needs certain analytical skills and abilities in order to identify and correctly assess the conditions necessary to solve the assigned problems, to realistically, constructively and positively examine the issue of resources relating to the client’s personality and the situation as a whole, to correctly imagine the availability and accessibility of internal and external means of solving a problem or opportunities to obtain them.
The ability to plan, coordinate and control the efforts of individuals and teams, synchronize and combine internal and external resources is also required.
It is very important to help clients help themselves, have the opportunity to consider their competence and abilities, believe in their own strengths, learn self-control and positive self-esteem, and the ability to manage themselves and their social roles. At the core of their profession, social workers act in this direction: they help clients increase their capabilities and effectiveness of actions, achieving success, internal satisfaction, social recognition and general attention to the problems of those in need.
Using a complex of personal and social resources means attracting what is outside a person and combining it with what is inherent in him. It also means establishing real participation of people in the natural flow of resources in society and in the specific social environment surrounding the client.
This is the real way to achieve the ideal goal of social work: to free the client from the need to seek help, so that he can independently understand the problems that arise and solve them.
As noted above, resources include everything that can be perceived by a person as necessary for his well-being and formal life. In light of this, attention and support are resources no less than housing or salary. Resources merge with social therapy and become one of the forms of social therapy itself. In quantitative and qualitative terms, resources are neutral, and a sufficiently trained practitioner can easily use them. In real life, in order to gain access to the necessary resources, you have to deal with those who own and control them - organizations, individual leaders or groups of individuals. Therefore, the problem of resource mobilization rests not so much on technical execution, but on interpersonal relationships and existing legal norms.
Efforts to mobilize resources to help those in need date back to the early days of social work as a profession. Mobilization refers to measures aimed at maximizing customer needs for certain resources. In structural and organizational terms, resource mobilization can be characterized as the identification of potential internal resources that are not being used properly, as the identification and attraction of external resources that the client or group has not yet taken advantage of.
Introduction
1 Objects of social work: history and reality
2 Subjects of social work: the degree of involvement of various subjects in the practice of social work
3 The nature of subject-object relations in social work
Conclusion
List of sources used
Introduction
Relevance of the problem . As an activity of helping people solve their problems, social work has a certain structure that includes elements such as object and subject. Social work is a multi-object and multi-subject activity.
The object of social work refers to those who need help. The object of social work is complex and specific. The objects of social work are an individual, a small group, or the population of a certain localized territory (in whole or in part). This is society in the unity and interaction of its social, economic, political and spiritual elements. This is a person in all the richness of his life manifestations - the highest value, the final criterion and goal of social development. This is a combination of individual segments of the population and categories of citizens who, for various reasons, need targeted social support, social protection, social diagnostics and correction, as well as social adaptation and rehabilitation.
A subject is a cognizing and acting being that opposes the external world as an object of cognition or transformation. As a subject of social work, as a rule, individual workers of social services are considered, with some degree of convention - social state and non-state (confessional, public organizations, commercial) institutions: institutes, institutions and federal authorities, as well as numerous constituent entities of the Russian Federation, institutions and bodies of municipal government and local self-government, as well as professional bodies, officials and workers of labor collectives of Russian society. Their rights, powers and functional responsibilities in the field of social work are officially regulated by the state, legislation, orders and regulations of the executive branch.
Degree of development . Currently, a significant number of works are devoted to the problem of the object and subject of social work. The basis of our research is the work of V. Afanasyev, N. F. Basov, L. G. Guslyakova, I. P. Zainyshev, K. V. Kuzmin, I. Kurbatov, V. P. Melnik, P. I. Nishcheretny, P. D. Pavlenka, A. N. Panova, M. V. Romm, T. A. Romm, B. A. Sutyrina, S. V. Tetersky, L. V. Topchego, M. V. Firsov, E. I. Kholostovoy, P. Ya. Tsitkilov and many others. etc.
An object course work – social work.
Item work – the object and subject of social work.
Target – analysis of the specifics of objects and subjects of social work.
Tasks The research boils down to the following:
1. Describe the objects of social work: history and reality.
2. Consider the main subjects of social work and the degree of their involvement in the practice of social work.
3. Identify the nature of subject-object relationships in social work.
Methods Our work is a method of analyzing scientific literature, journal publications, documents; method of historical reconstruction, method of statistical analysis.
Scientific and practical significance of this course work is that the developments proposed in it can be used in the practical activities of a social worker.
1. Objects of social work: history and reality
A distinctive feature of social work objects is the presence of a difficult life situation:
– disability (health impairment with a persistent disorder of body functions, caused by diseases, consequences of injuries or defects, leading to limitation of life activities);
– inability to self-care due to old age, illness (limited mobility, inability to perform household and hygienic procedures);
– orphanhood (loss of parents due to death by persons under the age of 18);
– neglect (failure of parents to fulfill their functions of supervision and upbringing of the child and the threat of a complete breakup of the child and family);
– poverty (lack of material resources as a means of satisfying vital and social needs);
– unemployment (the problem of able-bodied citizens who, for one reason or another, do not participate in production activities, do not have work and earnings (income), and are ready to start work);
– lack of a specific place of residence (actual lack of socially acceptable housing, lack of material opportunities, disruption of the human “microworld”, which manifests itself in wanderings, vagrancy, lack of certain activities);
– conflicts and abuse in the family (clashes between spouses, children and parents, caused by difficult to resolve contradictions, associated with confrontation and acute emotional experiences;
– physical, mental (emotional) and sexual (gender) violence;
– loneliness (a subjective state showing a split in the network of relationships and connections of the individual’s inner world), etc.
Even in Old Testament times, a tradition arose of special treatment of widows and orphans, whose oppression by other people was considered an action that violated the will of God and was therefore subject to severe punishment. Widows and orphans were then the personification of defenselessness in the face of the difficulties that people faced in their lives. The tradition of special treatment of them was supported by Christianity, which not only made appropriate decisions at its Ecumenical Councils (for example, in Chalcedon in 437), but also took practical actions aimed at improving their situation, i.e., engaged in charitable activities.
In addition to widows and orphans, the objects of such activities began to be considered beggars (a special attitude towards which in Russia was called poverty), the disabled, the elderly and other groups of people in need. A common feature of representatives of all these groups, which are currently called socially disadvantaged, is that - compared to other people - they are in the most difficult situation and are not able to improve it themselves (that is, without outside help).
S. M. Soloviev noted that, unlike the Germans and Lithuanians, who got rid of “superfluous, weak and crippled” relatives, the Slavs were merciful to the old and children. The Eastern Slavs adopted family customs of supporting older people - “elders”. From legends we know about the guardianship of orphans (“primaks”, “worldly children”, “godovants”) and widows. There are still centuries-old traditions of social assistance, for example, “help” (“toloka”) - a custom according to which neighbors are invited to do a lot of urgent work, then the workers are generously treated. This kind of assistance is provided to widows and the infirm.
The Charter of Prince Vladimir I of 996 defined for the first time the main categories of those to be looked after: widows, the poor, wanderers and beggars. But the main thing in the Charter of Prince Vladimir I was “love of poverty”: feed the hungry, give drink to the suffering, etc. .
According to the Stoglavy Council, the main objects of charity were: lepers and the elderly; healthy beggars who nevertheless cannot work (orphans); healthy adult beggars and strays.
During the reign of Peter I, a revision of the main categories of eligible people took place; all changes were aimed at combating professional beggary. The main objects of the state charity system were: the old and crippled (disabled beggars); wretched and holy fools; orphans, illegitimate children, street children.
In the 18th century, a system of state social assistance was formed in Russia for the poor, orphans and the poor. From the second half of the 19th century, those who, not being “decrepit and wretched”, began to be considered as objects of charity, including individuals and families in need of help “from poverty”: migrants, workers who went to waste trades and in search of outside income; the unemployed and unprepared for work, arrears of state taxes, as well as peasants who did not have the right to receive a bank loan.
At the beginning of the 20th century. new categories appear: victims of wars (Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905, World War I); juvenile delinquents; workers and employees (in 1903 the Law “On remuneration of victims of accidents of workers and employees, as well as members of their families, in enterprises of the factory and mining industry” was issued, according to which in case of injury or temporary loss of working capacity due to for work-related injuries, pensions and one-time benefits were awarded).
At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The main objects of state and public charity are children, including orphans, disabled people, and students. By the beginning of the 20th century, a more or less clear system of objects of social work was emerging in Russia: orphans, sick children (blind, deaf-mute, crippled), widows, the poor, the homeless, students, military personnel, the wounded and the sick.
Thus, in the pre-revolutionary period in Russia, among the main objects of the social work system were various groups of the population, primarily its poorest strata.
After the revolution, one of the main categories of social security became disabled people of the Second World War, workers, pensioners, disabled workers, neglected and street children. The Constitution of the USSR, adopted in 1936, enshrined among the most important rights of citizens the right to material support in old age, as well as in case of illness and loss of ability to work.
Subjects of social work: essence, diversity, levels.
Subjects of social work, which include people, institutions, organizations, social institutions, designed to solve (and solve) certain problems, problems facing objects of social work, can be differentiated on various grounds, including taking into account the components of social work: practical activities, science and educational process (academic disciplines in the field of social work).
The subjects of social work are:
1) first of all, organizations, institutions, social institutions of society:
A state with its own structures in the form of legislative, executive and judicial authorities at various levels. In this structure, a special role is played by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, as well as executive bodies of social work management at the regional level (social protection bodies of regions), cities, and local administrations;
Various social services (organizations): territorial centers of social services for the population; social service centers for families and children; social and pedagogical centers and children's social shelters for children left without parental care; rehabilitation centers for disabled children and young disabled people, centers for correctional and developmental education and rehabilitation; centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population; emergency psychological assistance centers by telephone, etc.
The status of a social organization, that is, whether it belongs to one sector or another, is not an essential characteristic for it. In some countries (for example, in England) it may be predominantly state-owned, while in others (for example, in the USA) it can be non-state. As for Belarus, social work is considered primarily a matter of the state, and non-state social organizations are the exception rather than the rule;
Administrations of state enterprises, organizations, institutions, universities, etc. and their divisions;
2) public, charitable and other organizations and institutions: trade unions, branches of the Children's Fund "We are for Children", Red Cross societies, private social services, organizations, etc.
3) people engaged in practical social work professionally or on a voluntary basis. The leading role in the implementation of social work belongs not to the state or organizations engaged in professional assistance to those in need, but to social workers, since it is they who directly work with people who need help.
In fact, they are representatives of the two specified subjects of social work. At the same time, they can be divided into two groups: organizers-managers and performers, practical social workers who provide direct assistance, support, ensuring social protection of clients, representatives of the social work objects we have already considered. Social workers are a special group, since they must have certain professional, spiritual and moral qualities.
While members of a single profession, understood as helping people solve problems that they face in their daily lives, social workers can have different specialties. The presence of these specialties, that is, types of occupations within one profession, reflects the variety of problems with which they deal in practice. Among these specialties are the following: social work specialist, social teacher, teacher-organizer, social worker, etc. Differing in job responsibilities and qualification requirements, these specialties form a hierarchy, the highest position in which is occupied by a social work specialist, and the lowest by a social worker .
4) teachers, as well as those who contribute to the consolidation of knowledge, skills, abilities: heads of student internships, mentors, practical social workers and other workers who facilitate the internship of students (listeners) in various organizations, institutions, social enterprises;
5) social work researchers. Scientists analyze the state of social work using various methods, develop scientific programs, record existing and emerging trends in this area, publish scientific reports, books, and articles on social work issues. Departments of the country's leading universities, laboratories, scientific institutions, dissertation councils for the defense of doctoral and master's theses in the field of social issues play a major role in this process.
In a complex, hierarchical system of social work, it is customary to distinguish various system levels that characterize its subjects.
1. The national level consists of institutions, organizations
states and societies that determine and create conditions for solving vital client problems on a nationwide scale. This level has extremely general characteristics. In modern Belarus, it is represented by subsystems of social protection, additional education, youth programs represented by various committees and ministries at the state level.
2. The regional level is determined by the specifics of the region,
natural, climatic, economic, demographic and other indicators. Features of the regional level are expressed in the priorities of the main areas of social work. Social protection bodies at the regional level are employment services, labor inspectorate And social protection services.
The employment service system includes: Management of regional employment services; Minsk City Employment Center; city and regional employment centers; centers for vocational training, advanced training and retraining of the unemployed; youth vocational guidance centers.
Labor inspection system includes regional and Minsk city labor inspection departments; interdistrict labor inspections, regional and Minsk city examinations of working conditions.
Social protection service system consists of: Committees on Labor and Social Protection of the Regional Executive Committees and the Minsk City Executive Committee; city, district departments and departments for labor, employment and social protection of local executive and administrative bodies (see diagram below); regional and Minsk City Social Protection Fund; Centers for the calculation and payment of pensions and benefits.
3. The municipal level reflects, first of all, the specifics
separation of management areas in the implementation of the goals and objectives of social work at the city level (for example, the relationship between the social protection department and the education department in solving problems of guardianship and trusteeship).
4. The local level is associated with the characteristics of a particular microsociety, its socio-cultural identity.
The regional, municipal and local levels of the social work system are characterized by a greater degree of variability and variety of types of social service models.
