In which works Russian classics depict the morals of the bureaucracy and in what ways do these works have something in common with Gogol’s “The Inspector General”?
Bobchinsky We had just arrived at the hotel when suddenly a young man...
Dobchinsky (interrupting). Not bad looking, in a private dress...
Bobchinsky. Not bad-looking, in a particular dress, walks around the room like that, and in his face there’s this kind of reasoning... physiognomy... actions, and here (twists his hand near his forehead). many, many things. It was as if I had a presentiment and said to Pyotr Ivanovich: “There’s something here for a reason, sir.” Yes. And Pyotr Ivanovich already blinked his finger and called the innkeeper, sir, the innkeeper Vlas: his wife gave birth to him three weeks ago, and such a perky boy will, just like his father, run the inn. Pyotr Ivanovich called Vlas and asked him quietly: “Who, he says, is this young man? “- and Vlas answers this: “This,” he says... Eh, don’t interrupt, Pyotr Ivanovich, please don’t interrupt; you won’t tell, by God you won’t tell: you whisper; you, I know, have one tooth whistling in your mouth... “This is, he says, a young man, an official, - yes, sir, - coming from St. Petersburg, and his last name, he says, is Ivan Aleksandrovich Khlestakov, sir, but he’s going, he says, to the Saratov province and, he says, he attests himself in a very strange way: he’s been living for another week, he’s not leaving the tavern, he’s taking everything into his account and doesn’t want to pay a penny.” As he told me this, and so it was brought to my senses from above. “Eh! “- I say to Pyotr Ivanovich...
Dobchinsky. No, Pyotr Ivanovich, it was I who said: “eh! »
Bobchinsky. First you said it, and then I said it too. “Eh! - Pyotr Ivanovich and I said. - Why on earth should he sit here when his road lies to the Saratov province? "Yes, sir. But he is this official.
Mayor. Who, what official?
Bobchinsky. The official about whom you deigned to receive a notation is an auditor.
Mayor (in fear). What are you, God bless you! it's not him.
Dobchinsky. He! and he doesn’t pay money and doesn’t go. Who else should it be if not him? And the road ticket is registered in Saratov.
Bobchinsky. He, he, by God he... So observant: he examined everything. He saw that Pyotr Ivanovich and I were eating salmon, more because Pyotr Ivanovich was talking about his stomach... yes, he looked into our plates. I was filled with fear.
Mayor. Lord, have mercy on us sinners! Where does he live there?
Dobchinsky. In the fifth room, under the stairs.
Bobchinsky. In the same room where visiting officers fought last year.
Mayor. How long has he been here?
Dobchinsky. And it’s already two weeks. Came to see Vasily the Egyptian.
Mayor. Two weeks! (To the side.) Fathers, matchmakers! Bring it out, holy saints! In these two weeks the non-commissioned officer's wife was flogged! The prisoners were not given provisions! There's a tavern on the streets, it's unclean! Disgrace! vilification! (He grabs his head.)
Artemy Filippovich. Well, Anton Antonovich? - Parade to the hotel.
Ammos Fedorovich. No no! Put your head forward, the clergy, the merchants; here in the book “The Acts of John Mason”...
Mayor. No no; let me do it myself. Were there difficult cases in real life, we went and even received a thank you. Perhaps God will bear it now. (Addressing Bobchinsky.) You say he is a young man?
Bobchinsky. Young, about twenty-three or four years old.
Mayor. So much the better: you’ll get wind of the young man sooner. It’s a disaster if the old devil is the one who’s young and the one at the top. You, gentlemen, get ready for your part, and I will go on my own, or at least with Pyotr Ivanovich, privately, for a walk, to see if those passing by are in trouble...
N. V. Gogol “The Inspector General”
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Russian classics in their works often covered the morals of officials in Russia. Thus, in the comedy “Woe from Wit” by Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov, “ Famusov society" It depicts “servants of the people” who defend the old order, advocate veneration and groveling before the highest ranks. Bright representative of this society - Molchalin, a hypocritical and unprincipled young man. He is obsequious and immoral (“After all, you have to depend on others... // We are of small ranks”). The comedies “The Inspector General” and “Woe from Wit” are similar in that the officials described in them (the mayor, Strawberry
The morals of bureaucracy are depicted in such works as the comedy “Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboyedov and the poem " Dead Souls» N.V. Gogol.
One of the main characters of Griboedov’s comedy, Famusov, is an official holding a high position. But he is also greedy for honor: Famusov flatters Skalozub and wants to marry him off only daughter, because he “aims to be a general.” He is not embarrassed by Skalozub’s genuine stupidity, because he is rich, which is why he is extremely polite to him. Likewise, the mayor is ready to flatter for his own benefit when he tries in every way to win over the imaginary auditor.
The main feature of officials from " Dead souls"is an immeasurable love for bribery. For example, when Chichikov goes to draw up documents on the peasants’ case, they hint to him that without money there is no way to complete the matter, and the police chief does not take up work at all without wine appearing on his table.
Likewise, both the mayor and the judge Lyapkin-Tyapkin without hesitation take bribes and rob the treasury.
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- 8, 9. Why did the mayor easily believe the talkers Bobchinsky and Dobchinsky? Which works of Russian classics depict the morals of bureaucracy and in what ways do these works have something in common with Gogol’s “The Inspector General”?
Practice:
PRACTICAL PART
Assignment to experts: Evaluate the graduates' answers,
Examples of graduates’ responses to tasks of type C1-C4 that require a detailed answer.
C1. As in " The captain's daughter“Is the tragedy of the “Russian revolt” shown?
Answer #1.“The Captain’s Daughter by A.S. Pushkin shows the tragedy of the “Russian revolt.” A similar problem is touched upon in the work of the same great poet and writer A.S. Pushkin “Dubrovsky”. All riots are doomed to collapse. Also in The Captain's Daughter, Pugachev and his Cossacks led them to a dead end. All Pugachevites were hanged, and this incident was preceded by a song sung by the Cossacks. There are words in the song that give the reader an idea of future fate Pugachevites: “...in the middle of the field there are high mansions, like two pillars with a crossbar.” So, the tragedy of the “Russian revolt” lies in the execution of rebels who were doomed to death from the very beginning.”
Answer #2. « In “The Captain's Daughter” the tragedy of the “Russian rebellion” is very clearly shown. This theme is a cross-cutting theme for the entire work. Already at the outset, A.S. Pushkin tells the reader that the rebellion will be suppressed (“... what an effect this common folk song about the gallows, sung by people doomed to the gallows, had on me”), but at the same time he shows the decisive ones. Brave people who are ready to fight for their goals.Perhaps they understand the impracticability of their plans and understand what punishment they will have to bear, but the rebels do not give up. That is why in the work of A.S. In Pushkin, the tragedy of the “Russian revolt” is very strongly felt.
C2. Which works of Russian classics addressed the problem of the “Russian revolt”?
Answer #1.This problem has been touched upon more than once in domestic classics. An example is “Crime and Punishment” by F. M. Dostoevsky, where main character-Raskolnikov—raises a rebellion against himself, against his conscience and his principles. Other examples include “War and Peace” by Tolstoy, “The Thunderstorm” by Ostrovsky (there is a psychological rebellion against tyranny), “Blizzard” and “Dubrovsky” by Pushkin.
Answer No. 2.Pushkin in his novel “The Captain's Daughter” described the tragedy of the “Russian revolt”. He showed how many peasants did not want to obey Pugachev and ended up paying with their lives. This happened with Marya Ivanovna’s parents. Those who were afraid of losing their lives had to take Pugachev’s side, which is what Shvabrin did. The same problem was raised by Pushkin in his work “Dubrovsky”. This is the story of two friends - Dubrovsky and Troekurov. Troekurov soon decided to take away the estate from Dubrovsky. But the peasants rebelled, not wanting Troekurov to become their new owner, since they were loyal to Dubrovsky. Dubrovsky himself understood that he would never get the estate back and he set it on fire, deciding that no one would get the house.
C3. What gives A. S. Pushkin’s poem “The Prisoner” a philosophical sound?
A. S. Pushkin’s poem “The Prisoner” was written during the years of exile. Therefore, the poem is permeated by the idea of freedom, escape from the “damp prison.” Being alone lyrical hero finds himself a friend, a like-minded eagle, who strives to fly to freedom and also wants to escape. In this poem we see that A.S. Pushkin, reflecting on his situation, strives to break free. All this gives the poem “Prisoner” a philosophical sound.
C3. How can you determine the mood of S. A. Yesenin’s poem “Do not wander, do not crush in the crimson bushes...”?
The mood of farewell: autumnal, dying. Yesenin seems to be saying goodbye to the lyrical heroine. Autumn has settled in his soul, the melodiousness of the poem, its monotony, memories of the past hint at the near end of something. Perhaps love, perhaps life. But at the same time, S. A. Yesenin’s poem is not gloomy, but rather light. Light sadness settles in his lines. There is some similarity with A. Blok and his loneliness in this world, also with Gumilev and his “Lake Chad”….
C4. What poems by poets of the 20th century are thematically close to this poem by S. A. Yesenin?
The poet recalls with nostalgia the image of the woman he once loved. The poem “Do not wander, do not crush in the crimson bushes...” conveys to the reader a mood of slight sadness. The author is generous with metaphors (“With a sheaf of your oat hair”). About the heroine of the work, he says: “You look like a pink sunset.” This comparison gives the poem lightness and tenderness. The poet also uses color painting: “in the crimson bushes”, “with scarlet juice”, “you look like a pink sunset”, “blue evening”. The poem exudes the faint warmth of the farewell rays of the setting sun.
Despite the pathos of the era, Yesenin remained true to himself and continued the traditions of pre-revolutionary Russian poetry. Such literary artists as Mandelstam and Akhmatova devoted their work to a similar style.
C 1. What underlies the conflict that guides the development of action in “The Thunderstorm”?
At the heart of the conflict that guides the development of action in “The Thunderstorm” is the struggle of a closed world living according to the patriarchal foundations and the trends of a new life. And although this is not clearly reflected in the poem, it shows the inconsistency and gradual destruction of the old way of life under the influence of approaching social changes.
C 2. What works of Russian classics depict such conflicts?
Similar conflicts are depicted in many other works of Russian classics. Such works can be called Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit” and Fonvizin’s “Minor.” And despite the fact that they are dominated by the features of classicism and not realism, as in “The Thunderstorm”, the problems posed in them, both socially and moral aspects close to those affected in Ostrovsky's play.
C 3. What is the main thing for A. Blok in characterizing Rus'? (Poem “Russia”)
A. Blok's poems about Russia are among the best examples of his patriotic lyrics. They describe the uniqueness and constancy of the Russian spirit. The image of Russia is connected in the work with the image of a woman. This is a traditional analogy for Blok’s work. The author's attitude towards his homeland can be described as ambivalent. On the one hand, this is a sincere feeling of endless admiration of beauty native land, which is associated with the immensity of Russian open spaces (rivers, forests, fields) and with the charm of Russian women, and with the splendor folk art(sad, melodic songs and fancy patterns handicrafts). The poet sees nature as unique and mysterious. But A.A. Blok’s feelings associated with the image of his homeland are contradictory and not always rosy. He acutely feels compassion for her deep poverty.
C 4. In what works of Russian poets does the theme of Russia sound?
The theme of Russia sounds in Nekrasov, A.A. Akhmatova, and Yesenin.
Arkady hesitates to propose a toast to his friend out loud?
Arkady does not dare to propose a toast to his friend out loud, because each of the members of the Kirsanov family has unpleasant memories of Bazarov. For Pavel Petrovich it was a duel and a wound, for Nikolai Petrovich it was cheeky behavior Bazarov in the house and strong influence at the glance of his son, Fenechka has a kiss in the gazebo.
Arkady himself is also ashamed to remember how he imitated his friend and wanted to seem like a nihilist. "You gentle soul“, vulnerable,” Eugene once said, realizing that Arkady could not be his associate. This is confirmed by the fact that by the end of the novel, Arkady abandons the nihilistic theory of his friend and joins the camp of liberal nobles. Bazarov brought discord into the Kirsanov family, therefore, even the mention of this hero at the table would destroy the family idyll that had developed in the house.
Thus, the author, depicting the scene of the Kirsanov family feast, excludes the existence of Bazarov and his nihilistic theory.
8.
What features of Tikhon are revealed in the dialogue with Kuligin?
From this dialogue one can judge such traits of Tikhon as lack of independence, irresponsibility, and weakness of will.
The hero appears as a weak-willed man, acting at the instigation of his mother (“And Mama”, “Go and talk to Mama”). All his actions are directed by Kabanova, and he is so unaccustomed to living according to his own understanding that he is even ready to beat his wife against his will.
Having gone to Moscow, Tikhon acts irresponsibly: instead of taking care of Katerina, protecting her from the tyranny of his mother, he left, leaving her, and “drank all the way,” “he didn’t even remember about the house.” This can be done by a person who has no sense of responsibility to loved ones.
At the same time, Tikhon is soft, in his own way kind person capable of compassion. He feels sorry for Katerina, does not want to torment her (“I feel sorry for laying a finger on her”), and also feels sympathy for her seducer Boris (“I can see that he wants to say goodbye”).
So, the hero’s remarks characterize him as an immature person, unable to live with his own mind, but able to sympathize.
8. (based on a fragment from A.P. Chekhov’s story “Ionych”)
How can the above passage serve as an illustration of A.P.’s statement? Chekhov that “philistinism is a terrible evil”?
The above fragment can serve as an excellent illustration of the words of A.P. Chekhov that “philistinism is a terrible evil.”
It shows the vulgarity of one of the best families in the city of S. - the Turkins. It is scary because it draws in thinking people who are ready to work. The atmosphere of idleness and banality is emphasized by such details as Kotik’s playing the piano (at the same time it seemed to Startsev that stones were falling from a high mountain), Vera Iosifovna’s reading of novels that talked about what never happens in life. The father of the family, Ivan Petrovich, jokes, using the words he invented: “Bolshinsky”, “not bad”. Even the footman Pava, imitating the tragic actor, gets into a pose and says: “Die, unfortunate one!”
This world of vulgarity and banality has a detrimental effect on Doctor Dmitry Startsev, turning him simply into Ionych, who gradually forgets about his duty as a doctor and main goal which becomes profit.
Composition of the answer to task 9 (comparative)
1. Brief answer to the 1st part of the question:
give two works and name two authors.
2. Matching position No. 1:
– justification
– comparison.
3. Comparison position No. 2:
– justification
– comparison.
Comparison:
What is similar and what is different:
– thematically
– plot-wise
– compositionally
– from the point of view of the meaning of images
– from the point of view of the use of visual and expressive means
- from the point of view author's attitude.
Rationale
Analysis of the involved text from the point of view of:
– topics, storylines
– author’s position
– features of images, functions of these images
– the visual and expressive means used by the author
– compositions
- appeal to any genre.
For example:
1. The problem raised by N was addressed by such poets as... in the work... and... in the work....
2. ... (the first) uses... techniques, showing... (who? what?). This poet, like N, depicts... (what? how? - point quote). However, unlike N, which... (what?), the first... (does what?).
3. In the spotlight... (second) -... (what? and who?). His hero, just like the hero N (what does he do? is he shown as what? - point quote). However, in contrast to the author’s attitude N, which...(what?), the emotions of the second... (what? In what words are they expressed? - point quote).
9.
In what other works of literature do we find scenes in which a family gathers at the table, and how do they resonate with the above passage (or with the work of I.S. Turgenev as a whole)?
Let us remember the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" and the epic novel "War and Peace" by L.N. Tolstoy. It is in these works that such a family idyll is depicted, as in the Kirsanovs in the epilogue of the novel “Fathers and Sons.”
During the family dinner scene in The Captain's Daughter, the newly arrived Belogorsk fortress Pyotr Grinev gets to know the Mironov family better and sees Masha for the first time. The feast is very similar to what is described in Fathers and Sons. The dinner takes place sincerely: all the heroes are happy with each other: “Vasilisa Egorovna received us easily and cordially and treated me as if she had known each other for a century.” For Turgenev: “everyone was a little awkward, a little sad and, in essence, very good.” A similar awkwardness can be seen in a scene from the novel by A.S. Pushkin, this reflects Masha’s description: at the mention of the dowry, “she blushed all over, and even tears dropped onto her plate.” However, this does not overshadow the overall friendly and peaceful, warm atmosphere.
L.N. Tolstoy describes Natasha's name day as a big family feast. All the heroes are happy to get together, and a real idyll reigns in the Rostovs. The arrival of the respected Countess Marya Dmitrievna does not make the atmosphere tense and official, because even a strict guest is overwhelmed by the emotional and spiritual element of this house. The episode is similar to the feast from the novel “Fathers and Sons”, because in it we see an image of absolute harmony and love in the family.
Thus, I.S. Turgenev, A.S. Pushkin and L.N. Tolstoy showed scenes in his works where the family gathers together at the table in order to depict the relationships of the characters and show family as one of the main values of life.
9.
In what works of Russian classics do the heroes turn to memories of the past and in what ways can these heroes be compared with the characters in the play “At the Lower Depths”?
In many works of Russian writers and poets, heroes turned to memories of the past.
For example, in the play by A.P. Chekhov's "The Cherry Orchard" Ranevskaya often recalls her childhood, the time spent in parental home with a cherry orchard. Tears of tenderness and joy well up in her eyes when she comes to her nursery. For her, like for the Actor from Gorky's play, pleasant and dear to the heart memories, something that can no longer be repeated in the present (for Ranevskaya - carefree happy childhood and youth, for the Actor - acting on stage, applause from the audience). Only if Lyubov Andreevna lives these “sweet” dreams, then the heroes of “At the Lower Depths” are vividly aware of the contrast between the past and reality (The actor forgot his “favorite” poem, wants to get rid of his vice and return to the stage, but, not finding the strength to fight with drunkenness, devoid of hope and faith, commits suicide).
The heroes of Mikhail Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” also turn to their past and tell their stories (for example, the Master to the poet Bezdomny in the Stravinsky clinic). From this monologue we learn that the Master, like the heroes of Gorky’s play, also found himself thrown out of the usual flow of life; due to the persecution of critics (such as Latunsky, hated by Margarita), he burns his brilliant manuscript, loses his beloved and ends up in a psychiatric hospital. His situation seems “hopeless”, just like that of the heroes of the drama.
In M. Bulgakov, as in M. Gorky, the heroes’ appeal to the past allows us to understand the logic of their fate.
9.
In which works Russian literature reflects the conflict between a private person and the state and how these works can be compared with the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn's "Matryonin's Dvor"?
The conflict between a private person and the state is often found in works of Russian literature.
The hero of the story N.V. Gogol's "The Overcoat" of Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin and Matryona are brought together by their defenselessness against the arbitrariness of officials. Both of them cannot do anything about their situation, even if Akaki Akakievich complained official, and Matryona told about her “grievances” to Ignatyich, the person who was simply next to her at that moment.
The Master, the hero of M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita,” cannot be called defenseless, but even he, like Matryona, is powerless against the arbitrariness of officials. IN in this case- literary officials, MASSOLIT figures, who turned creativity into a means of profit.
This world is alien to the master, but he cannot do anything: the person is too weak and insignificant compared to the whole state.
The tale of M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin is not the only work national classics, the object of which are social vices.
For example, many heroes of N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls,” just like the minnow, became symbols of negative phenomena in society. However, if M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin embodied various vices in one small fish, then each Gogol character symbolizes a separate social vice: Manilov - carelessness, Korobochka - stinginess, Nozdryov - sloppiness.
In Oblomov, hero novel of the same name I. A. Goncharova, just like in the piskar, different social vices: laziness, indecisiveness, inability to cope with life. The fates of these characters, in my opinion, are very similar: both heroes led an empty, insignificant life, at the end of which they left nothing of which they could be proud.
This is how social vices are exposed in the works of Russian classics.
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