“In 1224, an unknown people appeared; an unheard of army came, the godless Tatars, about whom no one knows well who they are and where they came from, and what kind of language they have, and what tribe they are, and what kind of faith they have... The Polovtsy are not could resist them and ran to the Dnieper. Their khan Kotyan was the father-in-law of Mstislav of Galicia; he came with a bow to the prince, his son-in-law, and to all the Russian princes... and said: The Tatars took away our land today, and tomorrow they will take yours, so protect us; if you do not help us, we will be cut off today, and you will be cut off tomorrow.” “The princes thought and thought and finally decided to help Kotyan.” The hike began in April when the rivers were in full flood. The troops were heading down the Dnieper. The command was exercised by the Kyiv prince Mstislav Romanovich and Mstislav the Udaly. The Polovtsians informed the Russian princes about the treachery of the Tatars. On the 17th day of the campaign, the army stopped near Olshen, somewhere on the banks of the Ros. There he was found by the second Tatar embassy. Unlike the first time, when the ambassadors were killed, these were released. Immediately after crossing the Dnieper, Russian troops encountered the enemy’s vanguard, chased it for 8 days, and on the eighth they reached the bank of the Kalka. Here Mstislav the Udaloy and some princes immediately crossed the Kalka, leaving Mstislav of Kyiv on the other bank.
According to the Laurentian Chronicle, the battle took place on May 31, 1223. The troops that crossed the river were almost completely destroyed, but the camp of Mstislav of Kyiv, set up on the other bank and strongly fortified, the troops of Jebe and Subedei stormed for 3 days and were able to take it only by cunning and deceit.
The Battle of Kalka was lost not so much because of disagreements between the rival princes, but because of historical factors. Firstly, Jebe’s army was tactically and positionally completely superior to the united regiments of the Russian princes, who had in their ranks mostly princely squads, reinforced in in this case Polovtsy. This entire army did not have sufficient unity, was not trained in combat tactics, based more on the personal courage of each warrior. Secondly, such a united army also needed a sole commander, recognized not only by the leaders, but also by the warriors themselves, and who would exercise unified command. Thirdly, the Russian troops, making mistakes in assessing the enemy’s forces, were also unable to correctly choose the battle site, the terrain of which was completely favorable to the Tatars. However, in fairness it must be said that at that time, not only in Rus', but also in Europe, there would not have been an army capable of competing with the formations of Genghis Khan.
The Military Council of 1235 declared an all-Mongol campaign to the west. Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan, son of Jugha, was chosen as leader. All winter the Mongols gathered in the upper reaches of the Irtysh, preparing for a big campaign. In the spring of 1236, countless horsemen, countless herds, endless carts with military equipment and siege weapons moved west. In the autumn of 1236, their army attacked Volga Bulgaria, possessing a huge superiority of forces, they broke through the Bulgar defense line, cities were taken one after another. Bulgaria was terribly destroyed and burned. The Polovtsians took the second blow, most of whom were killed, the rest fled to Russian lands. The Mongol troops moved in two large arcs, using "round-up" tactics.
One arc is Batu (Mordovians along the way), the other arc is Guisk Khan (Polovtsians), the ends of both arcs abutted in Rus'.
The first city that stood in the way of the conquerors was Ryazan. The Battle of Ryazan began on December 16, 1237. The population of the city was 25 thousand people. Ryazan was protected on three sides by well-fortified walls, and on the fourth by a river (bank). But after five days of siege, the walls of the city, destroyed by powerful siege weapons, could not stand it and on December 21, Ryazan fell. An army of nomads stood near Ryazan for ten days - they plundered the city, divided the spoils, and plundered neighboring villages. Next, Batu’s army moved to Kolomna. On the way, they were unexpectedly attacked by a detachment led by Evpatiy Kolovrat, a Ryazan resident. His detachment numbered about 1,700 people. Despite the numerical superiority of the Mongols, he boldly attacked the hordes of enemies and fell in battle, causing enormous damage to the enemy. Grand Duke Vladimirsky Yuri Vsevolodovich, who did not respond to the call of the Ryazan prince to jointly oppose Khan Batu, himself found himself in danger. But he made good use of the time that passed between the attacks on Ryazan and Vladimir (about a month). He managed to concentrate quite a significant army on Batu’s intended path. The place where the Vladimir regiments gathered to repel the Mongol-Tatars was the city of Kolomna. In terms of the number of troops and the tenacity of the battle, the battle near Kolomna can be considered one of the most significant events of the invasion. But they were defeated due to the numerical superiority of the Mongol-Tatars. Having defeated the army and destroyed the city, Batu set off along the Moscow River towards Moscow. Moscow held back the attacks of the conquerors for five days. The city was burned and almost all the inhabitants were killed. After this, the nomads headed to Vladimir. On the way from Ryazan to Vladimir, the conquerors had to storm every city, repeatedly fight with Russian warriors in the “open field”; defend against surprise attacks from ambushes. The heroic resistance of the ordinary Russian people held back the conquerors. On February 4, 1238, the siege of Vladimir began. Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich left part of the troops to defend the city, and on the other hand went north to gather an army. The defense of the city was led by his sons Vsevolod and Mstislav. But before this, the conquerors took Suzdal (30 km from Vladimir) by storm, and without any particular difficulties. Vladimir fell after a difficult battle, causing enormous damage to the conqueror. The last inhabitants were burned in the Stone Cathedral. Vladimir was last city North-Eastern Rus', which was besieged by the combined forces of Batu Khan. The Mongol-Tatars had to make a decision so that three tasks would be completed at once: to cut off Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich from Novgorod, defeat the remnants of the Vladimir forces and pass through all river and trade routes, destroying cities - centers of resistance. Batu's troops were divided into three parts: to the north to Rostov and further to the Volga, to the east - to the middle Volga, to the northwest to Tver and Torzhok. Rostov surrendered without a fight, as did Uglich. As a result of the February campaigns of 1238, the Mongol-Tatars destroyed Russian cities in the territory from the Middle Volga to Tver, a total of fourteen cities.
The defense of Kozelsk lasted seven weeks. Even when the Tatars broke into the city, the Kozelites continued to fight. They attacked the invaders with knives, axes, clubs, and strangled them with their bare hands. Batu lost about 4 thousand soldiers. The Tatars called Kozelsk an evil city. By order of Batu, all the inhabitants of the city, down to the last baby, were destroyed, and the city was destroyed to the ground.
Batu withdrew his badly battered and thinned army beyond the Volga. In 1239 he resumed his campaign against Rus'. One detachment of Tatars went up the Volga and devastated the Mordovian land, the cities of Murom and Gorokhovets. Batu himself with the main forces headed towards the Dnieper. Bloody battles between Russians and Tatars took place everywhere. After heavy fighting, the Tatars ravaged Pereyaslavl, Chernigov and other cities. In the autumn of 1240, the Tatar hordes approached Kyiv. Batu was amazed by the beauty and grandeur of the ancient Russian capital. He wanted to take Kyiv without a fight. But the people of Kiev decided to fight to the death. Prince of Kyiv Mikhail went to Hungary. The defense of Kyiv was led by Voivode Dmitry. All residents rose to their defense hometown. Craftsmen forged weapons, sharpened axes and knives. Everyone capable of wielding weapons stood on the city walls. Children and women brought them arrows, stones, ash, sand, boiled water, and boiled resin.
The battering machines were banging around the clock. The Tatars broke through the gate, but ran into stone wall, which the people of Kiev put together in one night. Finally, the enemy managed to destroy the fortress walls and break into the city. The battle continued on the streets of Kyiv for a long time. For several days the invaders destroyed and looted houses and exterminated the remaining inhabitants. The wounded governor Dmitry was brought to Batu. But the bloody khan spared the leader of the defense of Kyiv for his bravery.
Having devastated Kyiv, the Tatars went to the Galician-Volyn land. There they destroyed many cities and villages, littering the entire land with corpses. Then Tatar troops invaded Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. Weakened by numerous battles with the Russians, the Tatars did not dare to advance to the West. Batu understood that Rus' remained defeated, but not conquered, in the rear. Fearing her, he abandoned further conquests. The Russian people took upon themselves the entire burden of the fight against the Tatar hordes and thereby saved Western Europe from a terrible, devastating invasion.
In 1241, Batu returned to Rus'. In 1242, Batu Khan in the lower reaches of the Volga, where he established his new capital - Sarai-batu. The Horde yoke was established in Rus' by the end of the 13th century, after the creation of the state of Batu Khan - the Golden Horde, which stretched from the Danube to the Irtysh. The Mongol-Tatar invasion caused great damage to the Russian state. Enormous damage was caused economically, politically and cultural development Rus'. The old agricultural centers and once-developed territories became desolate and fell into decay. Russian cities were subjected to massive destruction. Many crafts have become simpler and sometimes disappeared. Tens of thousands of people were killed or taken into slavery. The ongoing struggle waged by the Russian people against the invaders forced the Mongol-Tatars to abandon the creation of their own administrative bodies of power in Rus'. Rus' retained its statehood. This was facilitated by more low level cultural and historical development of the Tatars. In addition, Russian lands were unsuitable for breeding nomadic pastoralism. The main purpose of enslavement was to obtain tribute from the conquered people. The size of the tribute was very large. The size of the tribute alone in favor of the khan was 1300 kg of silver per year.
In addition, deductions from trade duties and various taxes went to the khan's treasury. In total there were 14 types of tribute in favor of the Tatars. The Russian principalities made attempts not to obey the horde. However, the strength to overthrow Tatar-Mongol yoke it was still not enough. Realizing this, the most far-sighted Russian princes - Alexander Nevsky and Daniil Galitsky - took a more flexible policy towards the Horde and the khan. Realizing that an economically weak state would never be able to resist the Horde, Alexander Nevsky set a course for restoring and boosting the economy of the Russian lands.
Name: Batu (Batu)
Years of life: around 1209 - 1255/1256
State: Golden Horde
Scope of activity: Army, politics
Greatest Achievement: Became the ruler of the Golden Horde. He carried out a number of conquests in the north-west, including Rus'.
Batu Khan (ca. 1205-1255) was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Blue Horde. Batu was the son of Jochi and the grandson of Genghis Khan. His (or Kipchak Khanate), which ruled Russia and the Caucasus for about 250 years, after destroying the armies of Poland and Hungary. Batu was the figurehead of the Mongol invasion of Europe, and his general Subedei is credited with being an excellent strategist. Having gained control of Russia, Volga Bulgaria and Crimea, he invaded Europe, winning the Battle of Mochy against the Hungarian army on April 11, 1241. In 1246 he returned to Mongolia to elect a new Great Khan, apparently hoping for primacy. When his rival Guyuk Khan became the Great Khan, he returned to his khanate and built a capital on the Volga - Sarai, known as Sarai-Batu, which remained the capital of the Golden Horde until it disintegrated.
The role of Khan Batu in Russian and European campaigns is sometimes downplayed, giving the leading role to his general. Nevertheless, Batu's merit is that he heeded the advice of his general to gain experience in military affairs. Perhaps the most important effect of Batu Khan's Mongol invasion of Europe was that it helped draw Europe's attention to the world beyond its borders.
As long as the Mongol Empire existed, trade as well as diplomacy developed: for example, the papal nuncio was able to attend the assembly of 1246. To some extent the Mongol Empire and Mongol invasion to Europe, for which responsibility, at least nominally, lay with Batu Khan, served as a bridge between different cultural parts of the world.
Pedigree of Batu
Although Genghis Khan recognized Jochi as his son, his origins remain in question, as his mother Borte, Genghis Khan's wife, was captured and he was born shortly after her return. While Genghis Khan was alive, this situation was known to everyone, but it was not discussed publicly. However, she drove a wedge between Jochi and his father; Shortly before his death, Jochi almost fought with him because of the stubborn refusal of his wife, Yuki, to join military campaigns.
Jochi was also given only 4 thousand Mongol soldiers to found his own khanate. Jochi's son Batu (Batu), described as "Yuki's second and most capable son", received most of his soldiers, recruiting them from among the conquered Turkic peoples, mainly from Kipchak Turks. Batu later played important role is to win over his uncle Udegey to the side of Tolui, his other uncle. After Jochi and Genghis Khan died, Jochi's lands were divided between Batu and his older brother Horde. The Horde ruled the lands approximately between the Volga and Lake Balkhash - the White Horde, and Batu ruled the lands west of the Volga - the Golden Horde.
After the death of Batu's heir, Sartak, Batu's brother Berke inherited the Golden Horde. Berke was unwilling to unite with his cousins in the Mongol family by going to war with Hulagu Khan, although he officially only recognized the Khanate of China as his theoretical overlord. In fact, by that time Berke was an independent ruler. Fortunately for Europe, Berke did not share Batu's interest in conquering it, but he demanded the extradition of the Hungarian king Béla IV and sent his general Boroldai to Lithuania and Poland. Batu had at least four children: Sartak, Khan of the Golden Horde from 1255-1256, Tukan, Abukan, Ulagchi (probably son of Sartak). Batu's mother Yuka-fuj-khatun belonged to the Mongolian clan Kungirat, and his chief khatun Borakchin was an Alchi-Tatar.
Batu's early years
After Jochi's death, his territory was divided among his sons; The Horde received the right bank of the Syr Darya and areas around Sari Bu, Batu, the northern coast of the Caspian Sea to the Ural River.
In 1229, Ogedei sent three tumens under Kukhdei and Sundei against the tribes in the lower Urals. Batu then joined Ogedei's military campaign in the Jin Dynasty in Northern China as they fought the Bashkirs, Cumans, Bulgars and Alans. Despite strong resistance from their enemies, the Mongols conquered many Jurchen cities and turned the Bashkirs into their allies.
Batu's invasion of Rus'
In 1235, Batu, who had previously led the conquest of Crimea, was entrusted with an army, perhaps 130,000, to oversee the invasion of Europe. His relatives and cousins Guyuk, Buri, Mongke, Khulgen, Kadan, Baydar and the famous Mongol generals Subutai (Subedei), Borodal (Boroldai) and Mengyuser (Mnkhsar) joined him on the orders of their uncle Ogedei. The army, actually under the command of Subedei, crossed the Volga and invaded Volga Bulgaria in 1236. It took them a year to crush the resistance of the Volga Bulgars, Kipchaks and Alans.
In November 1237, Batu Khan sent his envoys to the Ryazan prince Yuri Igorevich and demanded his allegiance. A month later, the hordes besieged Ryazan. After six days of bloody battle, the city was completely destroyed. Excited by the news, Yuri sent his sons to delay the Horde, but was defeated. Afterwards Kolomna and Moscow were burned, then on February 4, 1238 the Horde besieged Vladimir. Three days later, the capital of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality was taken and burned to the ground. The princely family died in the fire, and the prince himself hastily retreated to the north. Having crossed the Volga, he collected new army, which on March 4 on the Sit River was completely destroyed by the Mongols.
Subsequently, Batu divided his army into several units, which devastated fourteen more cities of Rus': Rostov, Uglich, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Kashin, Kshnyatin, Gorodets, Galich, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Yuryev-Polsky, Dmitrov, Volokolamsk, Tver and Torzhok. The most difficult was the city of Kozelsk, where the young Vasily reigned - the inhabitants resisted the Mongols for seven weeks. Only three major cities escaped destruction: Smolensk, which submitted to the Mongols and agreed to pay tribute, and Novgorod and Pskov, which were too far away, and besides, winter had begun.
In the summer of 1238, Batu Khan devastated Crimea and conquered Mordovia. In the winter of 1239 he took Chernigov and Pereyaslav. After several months of siege, in December 1239 the Horde broke into Kyiv. Despite the fierce resistance of Danila Galitsky, Batu managed to take two main capitals - Galich and Vladimir-Volynsky. The states of Rus' became vassals, and did not enter the Central Asian empire.
Batu decided to go to central Europe. Some modern historians believe that Batu was primarily concerned with ensuring that his flanks were protected from possible attack by Europeans and partly ensured further conquests. Most believe that he intended to conquer all of Europe once his flanks were strengthened and his army was ready again. He probably planned a campaign against Hungary, because Russian princes and commoners found refuge there and could pose a threat.
The Mongols invaded Central Europe in three groups. One group conquered Poland, defeating a combined army under the command of Henry the Pious, Duke of Silesia and Grand Master of the Teutonic Order at Legnica. The second crossed the Carpathians, and the third crossed the Danube. The armies reunited and defeated Hungary in 1241, defeating an army led by King Béla IV at the Battle of Mochy on 11 April. The troops swept across the plains of Hungary in the summer, and in the spring of 1242 they extended their control into Austria and Dalmatia, and also invaded Bohemia.
This attack on Europe was planned and carried out by Subedei, under the nominal command of Batu. During his campaign in Central Europe, Batu wrote to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, demanding his surrender. The latter replied that he knew bird hunting well and would like to become the guardian of Batu's eagle if he ever lost his throne. The Emperor and Pope Gregory IX convened crusade against Mongol Empire.
Subedai achieved perhaps his most lasting fame with victories in Europe and Eastern Persia. Ruining many Russian principalities, he sent spies to Poland, Hungary and Austria, preparing for an attack on central part Europe. Having a clear picture of the European kingdoms, he prepared an attack with two "princes of the blood" (distant descendants of the line of Genghis Khan), Kaidu and Kadan, although the actual commander on the field was again General Subedei. While in the north Kaidu won the Battle of Legnica and Kadan's army was victorious in Transylvania, Subedei was waiting for them on the Hungarian plain. The reunited army withdrew to the Sajo River, where they defeated King Béla IV at the Battle of Mohi.
Towards the end of 1241, when Batu and Subedei had completed their invasions of Austria, Italy and Germany, they were overtaken by news of the death of Ogedei Khan (died December 1241), and the Mongols withdrew in the late spring of 1242, as the "princes of the blood" and Subedei were recalled to Karakorum, where a kurultai (congress of the Mongol nobility) was held. Batu was not actually present at the kurultai; he learned that Guyuk had received enough support to become khan and remain aloof. Instead, he turned around to consolidate his conquests in Asia and the Urals. Subedei was not with him - he remained in Mongolia, where he died in 1248, and the enmity of Batu and Guyuk Khan made further European invasion impossible.
The beginning of the feud dates back to 1240: celebrating the victory over Russia, Batu declared that the winner had the right to be the first to drink from the ceremonial cup. But his cousin, apparently, believed that this right belonged to General Batu. The deterioration of relations between Genghis Khan's grandchildren ultimately led to the collapse of the Mongol Empire.
After his return, Batu Khan founded the capital of his khanate in Sarai in the lower Volga. He planned new campaigns after Guyuk's death, intending to take advantage of Subedai's original plans to invade Europe, but died in 1255. The heir was his son Sartak, who decided not to invade Europe. It is assumed that if the Mongols had continued their campaign, they would have reached the Atlantic, since "no European army could not have resisted the victorious Mongols.”
The Kipchak Khanate ruled Russia through local princes for the next 230 years.
The Kipchak Khanate was known in Rus' and Europe as the Golden Horde. Some people think that it was named so because of the golden color of the khan’s tent. "Horde" comes from the Mongolian word "orda" (ordu) or camp. The word “golden” is believed to also have the meaning “royal”. Of all the khanates, the Golden Horde ruled the longest. After the fall of the Yuan dynasty in China and the fall of the Ilkhanate in the Middle East, the descendants of Batu Khan continued to rule the Russian steppes.
Although Subedei is described as the real mastermind of the campaigns carried out by Batu: "It is possible that Batu was only the supreme commander using his name, and that the real command was in the hands of Subedei." But Batu was wise enough to “masterfully exploit the discord between the various kingdoms of Europe” for the purposes of the Mongol campaign. And Batu’s undeniable merit was that he listened to the advice of his general and skillfully used his many years of experience in this area.
Perhaps the most significant legacy of Batu and the Mongol invasion of Europe was that it helped draw Europe's attention to the world beyond its borders, especially to China, which effectively became available for trade as the Mongol Empire itself was held together by Silk Road and carefully guarded him. To some extent, the Mongol Empire and the Mongol invasion of Europe served as a bridge between different cultural worlds.
Manipulation of words and several decades of ideological processing led to the fact that we all believed in the “Mongol-Tatar yoke”, and in the “primitiveness of the Slavs”, and in many other things, which turned out to be banal and cheap lies...
But it is very beneficial for someone that the myth of the Mongol-Tatar yoke continues to exist and misleads people around the world. It's time to stop passing this myth on like a relay baton to the next generation. This myth has nothing to do with the real past and has no value for us...
"Mongol-Tatars" - this is Great Tartaria
Many members of the journal's editorial board Vedic Culture“I personally know the residents of Mongolia, who were surprised to learn about their supposed 300-year rule over Russia. Of course, this news filled the Mongols with a feeling national pride, but at the same time they asked: “Who is Genghis Khan”?
From the magazine “Vedic Culture” No. 2.
In the chronicles Orthodox Old Believers about the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” it is said unequivocally: “There was Fedot, but not the same one.” Let's turn to the Old Slovenian language. Having adapted runic images to modern perception, we get: thief - enemy, robber; mogul - powerful; yoke - order.
It turns out that “Tati Aria” (from the point of view of the Christian flock), with light hand chroniclers, were called "Tatars" (there is another meaning: "Tata" - father. Tatar - Tata Aryans, i.e. Fathers (ancestors or older) Aryans), powerful - the Mongols, and yoke - 300-year-old order in The power that stopped the bloody civil war that broke out on the basis of the forced baptism of Rus' - “martyrdom”.
Horde is a derivative of the word Order, where “Or” is strength, and day is the daylight hours or simply “light.” Accordingly, the “Order” is the Power of Light, and the “Horde” is the Light Forces.
Were there dark-haired, stocky, dark-skinned, hook-nosed, narrow-eyed, bow-legged and very angry warriors in the Horde? Were. Detachments of mercenaries of different nationalities, who, as in any other army, were driven in the front ranks, preserving the main Slavic-Aryan Troops from losses on the front line.
Hard to believe?
All the countries of Scandinavia and Denmark were part of Russia, which extended only to the mountains, and the Principality of Muscovy is shown as an independent state not part of Rus'. In the east, beyond the Urals, the principalities of Obdora, Siberia, Yugoria, Grustina, Lukomorye, Belovodye are depicted, which were part of the Ancient Power of the Slavs and Aryans - Great Tartaria (Tartaria - lands under the protection of God Tarkh Perunovich and Goddess Tara Perunovna - Son and Daughter Supreme God Perun - Ancestor of the Slavs and Aryans).
Do you need a lot of intelligence to draw an analogy: Great Tartaria = Mogolo+Tartaria = “Mongol-Tataria”?
Not only in the 13th, but until the 18th century, Mogolo Tartary existed as real as the faceless Russian Federation now.
The “history scribblers” were not able to distort and hide everything from the people. Their repeatedly darned and patched “Trishka caftan”, covering the Truth, is constantly bursting at the seams. Through the gaps, the Truth reaches the consciousness of our contemporaries bit by bit. They do not have truthful information, so they are often mistaken in the interpretation of certain factors, but general conclusion they do the right thing: what they taught school teachers several dozen generations of Russians - deception, slander, falsehood.
The classic version of the “Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'” has been known to many since school. She looks like this. IN early XIII centuries in the Mongolian steppes, Genghis Khan gathered a huge army of nomads, subject to iron discipline, and planned to conquer the whole world. Having defeated China, Genghis Khan's army rushed to the west, and in 1223 it reached the south of Rus', where it defeated the squads of Russian princes on the Kalka River.
In the winter of 1237, the Tatar-Mongols invaded Rus', burned many cities, then invaded Poland, the Czech Republic and reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, but suddenly turned back because they were afraid to leave devastated, but still dangerous Rus' in their rear. The Tatar-Mongol yoke began in Rus'. The huge Golden Horde had borders from Beijing to the Volga and collected tribute from the Russian princes. The khans gave the Russian princes labels to reign and terrorized the population with atrocities and robberies.
Even the official version says that there were many Christians among the Mongols, and some Russian princes established very warm relations with the Horde khans. Another oddity: with the help of the Horde troops, some princes remained on the throne. The princes were very close people to the khans. And in some cases, the Russians fought on the side of the Horde.
Aren't there a lot of strange things? Is this how the Russians should have treated the occupiers?
Having strengthened, Rus' began to resist, and in 1380 Dmitry Donskoy defeated the Horde Khan Mamai on the Kulikovo Field, and a century later the troops of Grand Duke Ivan III and the Horde Khan Akhmat met. The opponents camped for a long time on opposite sides of the Ugra River, after which the khan realized that he had no chance, gave the order to retreat, and went to the Volga. These events are considered the end of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke.”
A number of scientists, including academician Anatoly Fomenko, made a sensational conclusion based on a mathematical analysis of the manuscripts: there was no invasion from the territory of modern Mongolia! And there was a civil war in Rus', the princes fought with each other. There were no traces of any representatives of the Mongoloid race who came to Rus'. Yes, there were individual Tatars in the army, but not aliens, but residents of the Volga region, who lived next to the Russians long before the notorious “invasion.”
What is commonly called the “Tatar-Mongol invasion” was in fact a struggle between the descendants of Prince Vsevolod the “Big Nest” and their rivals for sole power over Russia. The fact of war between princes is generally recognized. Unfortunately, Rus' did not unite immediately, and quite strong rulers fought among themselves.
But who did Dmitry Donskoy fight with? In other words, who is Mamai?
The era of the Golden Horde was distinguished by the fact that, along with secular power, there was a strong military power. There were two rulers: a secular one, called the prince, and a military one, he was called the khan, i.e. "military leader" In the chronicles you can find the following entry: “There were also wanderers along with the Tatars, and their governor was so-and-so,” that is, the Horde troops were led by governors! And the Brodniks are Russian free warriors, the predecessors of the Cossacks. Authoritative scientists have concluded that the Horde is the name of the Russian regular army (like the “Red Army”). And Tatar-Mongolia is Great Rus' itself.
It turns out that it was not the “Mongols”, but the Russians who conquered huge territory from Quiet to Atlantic Ocean and from the Arctic to the Indian. It was our troops who made Europe tremble. Most likely, it was fear of the powerful Russians that caused the Germans to rewrite Russian history and turn their national humiliation into ours.
A few more words about names.
Most people of that time had two names: one in the world, and the other - received at baptism or a military nickname. According to the scientists who proposed this version, Prince Yaroslav and his son Alexander Nevsky act under the names of Genghis Khan and Batu. Ancient sources depict Genghis Khan as tall, with luxurious long beard, with “lynx” green-yellow eyes. Note that people of the Mongoloid race do not have a beard at all. The Persian historian of the Horde, Rashid al-Din, writes that in the family of Genghis Khan, children “were born mostly with gray eyes and blond hair."
Genghis Khan, according to scientists, is Prince Yaroslav. He just had a middle name - Chinggis (who had a rank called “gis”) with the ending “khan”, which meant “military leader”. Batu (father) Batuhan (if read in Cyrillic, it is given by the Vatican) - his son Alexander (Nevsky). In the manuscripts you can find the following phrase: “Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky, nicknamed Batu.” By the way, according to the description of his contemporaries, Batu had fair hair, a light beard and light eyes! It turns out that it was the Horde khan who defeated the crusaders on Lake Peipsi!
Having studied the chronicles, scientists discovered that Mamai and Akhmat were also noble nobles, according to the dynastic ties of the Russian-Tatar families, who had the rights to a great reign. Respectively, " Mamayevo massacre" and "standing on the Ugra" - episodes civil war in Rus', the struggle of princely families for power.
IN early XVIII century Peter I founded Russian Academy Sci. Over the 120 years of its existence, there have been 33 academic historians in the historical department of the Academy of Sciences. Of these, only three are Russians, including M.V. Lomonosov, the rest are Germans. History of Ancient Rus' before early XVII centuries the Germans wrote, and some of them did not even know Russian! This fact is well known to professional historians, but they make no effort to carefully review what kind of history the Germans wrote.
It is known that M.V. Lomonosov wrote the history of Rus', and that he had constant disputes with German academics. After Lomonosov's death, his archives disappeared without a trace. However, his works on the history of Rus' were published, but under the editorship of Miller. Meanwhile, it was Miller who persecuted M.V. Lomonosov during his lifetime! The works of Lomonosov on the history of Rus' published by Miller are falsifications, this was shown by computer analysis. There is little left of Lomonosov in them.
So the “Mongol-Tatars” are the Great Tartaria! And the three-hundred-year yoke, invented by our enemies, was necessary to hide the truth from us...
Khan Batu in Rus'. Campaigns of Khan Batu to Rus'.
After a “reconnaissance” battle on the Kalka River in 1223, Batu Khan withdrew his troops back to the Horde. But ten years later, in 1237, he returned fully prepared and launched a full-scale offensive against Rus'.
The Russian princes understood that an imminent Mongol invasion was inevitable, but, unfortunately, they were too fragmented and disunited to give a worthy rebuff. That's why Batu's march across the country became a real disaster for the Russian state.
The first invasion of Rus' by Khan Batu.
On December 21, 1237, Ryazan fell under the attack of Batu- it was precisely this that he chose as his first goal, as the capital of one of the most powerful principalities. It should be noted that the city remained under siege for almost a week, but the forces were too unequal.
In 1238, the Mongol army approached the borders of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, and a new battle took place near the city of Kolomna. Having won another victory, Batu came close to Moscow - and the city, having held out as long as Ryazan could stand, fell under the onslaught of the enemy.
At the beginning of February, Batu’s army was already near Vladimir, the center of Russian lands. After four days of siege, the city wall was broken. Prince Yuri of Vladimir managed to escape, and exactly a month later, with a combined army, he tried to take revenge on the Tatars - but nothing came of it, and the army was completely exterminated. The prince himself also died.
Retreat from Novgorod of Khan Batu.
While Batu stormed Vladimir, one detachment attacked Suzdal, and the second headed further north, to Veliky Novgorod. However, near the small town of Torzhok, the Tatars ran into desperate resistance from Russian troops.
Surprisingly, Torzhok lasted three times longer than Ryazan and Moscow - two whole weeks. Despite this, in the end the Tatars again smashed the walls of the city, and then the defenders of Torzhok were exterminated to the last man.
But after taking Torzhok, Batu changed his mind about going to Novgorod. Despite his numerical superiority, he lost many soldiers. Apparently, not wanting to completely lose his troops under the Novgorod walls, he decided that one city not taken would not change anything, and turned back.
However, he could not manage without losses - on the way back, Kozelsk offered fierce resistance to the Tatars, seriously battering Batu’s army. For this, the Tatars razed the city to the ground, sparing neither women nor children..
Second invasion of Rus' by Khan Batu.
Taking a break for two years, Batu retreated to the Horde to restore his army and at the same time prepare for a further campaign against Europe..
In 1240, the Mongol army again invaded Rus', once again walking through it with fire and sword. This time main goal became Kyiv. Residents of the city fought the enemy for three months, even being left without a prince, who escaped - but in the end Kyiv fell, and the people were killed or driven into slavery.
However, this time the khan’s main goal was not Rus', but Europe. Galicia-Volyn Principality it just happened to be in his way.
Batu's invasion became a real disaster for Rus'. Most cities were mercilessly devastated, some, like Kozelsk, were simply wiped off the face of the earth. The country spent almost the next three centuries under the Mongol yoke.
§ 19. BATYA’S INVASION OF Rus'
Batu's first campaign. The Ulus of Jochi was inherited by his eldest son, Khan Batu, known in Rus' under the name Batu. Contemporaries noted that Batu Khan was cruel in battle and “very cunning in war.” He inspired great fear even in his own people.
In 1229, the kurultai elected Genghis Khan's third son Ogedei as kaan of the Mongol Empire and decided to organize a large campaign to Europe. The army was led by Batu.
In 1236, the Mongols entered the lands of the Volga Bulgars, ravaging their cities and villages, exterminating the population. In the spring of 1237, the conquerors conquered the Cumans. The commander Subedei brought reinforcements from Mongolia and helped the khan establish strict control over the conquered territories. Captured warriors replenished the Mongol army.
In the late autumn of 1237, the hordes of Batu and Subedei moved to Rus'. Ryazan stood first on their way. The Ryazan princes turned to the Vladimir and Chernigov princes for help, but did not receive timely help. Batu suggested that the Ryazan prince Yuri Igorevich pay “a tenth of everything.” “When we are all gone,” the Ryazan residents answered, “then everything will be yours.”
Batu. Chinese drawing
Subedey. Chinese drawing
Defense of Ryazan. Artist E. Deshalyt
On December 16, 1237, Batu’s army besieged Ryazan. The Mongols, many times outnumbered, continuously stormed the city. The fighting continued until December 21. The enemy destroyed the fortifications and razed Ryazan to the ground. The Mongols cut down the prisoners with sabers and shot them with bows.
According to legend, the hero Evpatiy Kolovrat, originally “from the Ryazan nobles,” gathered a squad of 1,700 people. They followed the Mongols and caught up with them in Suzdal land. “Unmercifully exterminating” the conquerors, the warriors led by Evpatiy fell in an unequal battle. Mongolian military leaders said about Russian soldiers: “We have been with many kings in many lands, in many battles (battles), but we have never seen such daredevils and our fathers did not tell us about them. For these are winged people, not those who know death, they fought so hard and courageously: one with a thousand, and two with darkness. Not one of them can leave the massacre alive.”
From Ryazan, Batu’s army moved to Kolomna. The Vladimir prince sent reinforcements to the city. However, the Mongols celebrated their victory again.
On January 20, 1238, Batu took Moscow by storm and burned the city. The chronicle briefly reported on the consequences of Batu’s victory: “People were beaten from the elder to the mere infant, and the city and the church were given over to holy fire.” In February 1238, Mongol troops approached Vladimir. The city was surrounded by a palisade so that no one could leave it. The Mongols pulled up vices And catapults and began the assault. On February 8 they broke into the city. The last defenders took refuge in the Church of the Virgin Mary, but everyone died from fire and suffocation because the Mongols set the city on fire.
Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich of Vladimir was not in the city during the assault. He gathered an army to repel the Mongols in the north of the principality. On March 4, 1238, the battle took place on the City River (a tributary of the Mologa). The Russian squads were defeated, the prince died.
Batu moved to the northwest, he was attracted by the wealth of Novgorod. However early spring, flood, off-road, shortage fodder for cavalry and impenetrable forests forced Batu to turn back 100 versts before Novgorod. Standing in the way of the Mongols small town Kozelsk. Its residents detained Batu for seven weeks under the city walls. When almost all the defenders were killed, Kozelsk fell. Batu ordered the destruction of the survivors, including the babies. Batu called Kozelsk “Evil City”.
The Mongols went to the steppe to recuperate.
Mongols at the walls of a Russian city. Artist O. Fedorov
Defense of Kozelsk. Chronicle miniature
Batu's second campaign. In 1239, Batu's troops invaded Southern Rus' and took Pereyaslavl and Chernigov. In 1240 they crossed the Dnieper south of Pereyaslavl. Destroying cities and fortresses along the Ros River, the Mongols approached Kyiv from the Lyadskie (Western) Gate. The Kyiv prince fled to Hungary.
The defense of the city was headed by Dmitry Tysyatsky. In early December, the Mongols besieged Kyiv. Through the gaps created by the battering guns, the conquerors entered the city. Kiev residents also resisted on the city streets. They defended the main shrine of Kyiv - the Church of the Tithes - until its vaults collapsed.
In 1246, the Catholic monk Plano Carpini, traveling through Kyiv to Batu’s headquarters, wrote: “When we drove through their land, we found countless heads and bones of dead people lying on the field. Kyiv has been reduced to almost nothing: there are barely two hundred houses, and they keep people in the most severe slavery.”
To Mongol invasion, according to archaeologists, in Rus' there were up to one and a half thousand fortified settlements, of which about a third were cities. After Batu’s campaigns in the Russian lands, only their names remained of many cities.
In 1241–1242, Batu’s troops conquered Central Europe. They devastated Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and reached the Adriatic Sea. From here Batu turned east into the steppe.
Horde attack on a Russian city. Chronicle miniature
The Mongols are driving away prisoners. Iranian miniature
Vice – battering ram, battering ram.
Catapult – a stone-throwing weapon driven by the elastic force of twisted fibers - tendons, hair, etc.
Fodder – feed for farm animals, including horses.
1236 year- defeat of the Volga Bulgaria by the Mongols.
1237 year- the invasion of Mongol troops led by Khan Batu into Rus'.
December 1237- capture of Ryazan by the Mongols.
1238 year- capture of 14 Russian cities by the Mongols.
December 1240- capture of Kyiv by Batu’s troops.
Questions and tasks
2. What are the main reasons for the defeat of the Russian squads in the fight against the Mongol troops?
3. Based on the illustrations “Defense of Ryazan”, “Defense of Kozelsk”, “Mongols chasing prisoners”, compose a story about the Mongol invasion.
Working with the document
Nikon's Chronicle about the capture of Kyiv by Batu's troops:
“In the same year (1240) Tsar Batu came to the city of Kyiv with many soldiers and surrounded the city. And it was impossible for anyone to leave the city or enter the city. And it was impossible to hear each other in the city from the creaking of carts, the roar of camels, from the sounds of trumpets and organs, from the neighing of horse herds and from the screams and cries of countless people. Batu placed many vices (battering guns) near the city of Kyiv near the Lyatsky Gate, because the wilds approached there. Many evils beat against the walls incessantly, day and night, and the townspeople fought hard, and there were many dead, and blood flowed like water. And he sent Batu to Kyiv to the townspeople with these words: “If you submit to me, you will have mercy, but if you resist, you will suffer a lot and die cruelly.” But the townspeople did not listen to him, but slandered and cursed him. Batu became very angry and ordered to attack the city with great fury. And the people began to be exhausted and ran with their belongings onto the church vaults, and the church walls fell down from the weight, and the Tatars took the city of Kyiv, on the 6th day of December, on the day of remembrance of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. And the governor brought Dmitr to Batu, wounded, and Batu did not order him to be killed for the sake of his courage. And Batu began to ask about Prince Danil, and they told him that the prince had fled to Hungary. Batu installed his own governor in the city of Kyiv, and he himself went to Vladimir in Volyn.”
1.How did the siege of Kyiv take place?
2.Describe the damage that was inflicted on Kyiv by the conquerors.
