“In works of great emotional power, he revealed the abyss that lies beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world,” says the official release published on the Nobel Committee website announcing the new Nobel laureate in literature - British writer Japanese origin Kazuo Ishiguro.
A native of Nagasaki, he moved with his family to Britain in 1960. The writer’s first novel, “Where the Hills Are in the Haze,” was published in 1982 and was dedicated specifically to his hometown and new homeland. The novel tells the story of a Japanese woman who, after the suicide of her daughter and moving to England, cannot shake off haunting dreams of the destruction of Nagasaki.
Great success came to Ishiguro with the novel The Remains of the Day (1989),
dedicated to the fate of the former butler, who served one noble house all his life. For this novel, Ishiguro received the Booker Prize, and the jury voted unanimously, which is unprecedented for this award. In 1993, American director James Ivory filmed this book starring Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson.
The writer's fame was greatly supported by the release in 2010 of the dystopian film Never Let Me Go, which takes place in an alternative Britain at the end of the twentieth century, where child organ donors are raised in a special boarding school for cloning. They played in the film Andrew Garfield, Keira Knightley, Carey Mulligan and others.
In 2005, this novel was included in the list of the hundred best according to Time magazine.
Kazuo's latest novel, The Buried Giant, published in 2015, is considered one of his strangest and most daring works. This is a medieval fantasy novel in which an elderly couple's journey to neighboring village going to his son becomes the road to his own memories. Along the way, the couple defends themselves from dragons, ogres and other mythological monsters. You can read more about the book.
Ishiguro has been compared to Vladimir Nabokov and Joseph Conrad - two authors, Russian and Polish respectively, who managed to create outstanding works in a language that was not their native language.
British and American critics note that Ishiguro (who calls himself British, not Japanese) has done a lot to transform English into the universal language of world literature.
Ishiguro's novels have been translated into more than 40 languages.
In Russian, the writer, in addition to his two main hits “Don’t Let Me Go” and “The Buried Giant,” published the early “Artist of the Unsteady World.”
By tradition, the name of the future laureate is kept in the strictest confidence until the announcement. The list of candidates compiled by the Swedish Academy is also classified and will only become known after 50 years.
The Nobel Prize for Literature is one of the most prestigious and significant in the literary world. Awarded annually since 1901. A total of 107 awards were awarded. According to the statutes of the Nobel Foundation, only members of the Swedish Academy, professors of literature and linguistics at various universities, laureates can nominate candidates for the prize Nobel Prize in literature, heads of authors' unions in different countries.
Last year, I unexpectedly received the award American musician Bob Dylan "for creating new poetic expressions in the great American song tradition" The musician did not come to the presentation, having conveyed a letter through the singer Patti Smith, in which he expressed doubts that his texts can be considered literature.
IN different years Nobel Prize winners in literature included Selma Lagerlöf, Romain Rolland, Thomas Mann, Knut Hamsun, Ernest Hemingway, Albert Camus, Orhan Pamuk and others. Among the laureates who wrote in Russian are Ivan Bunin, Boris Pasternak, Mikhail Sholokhov, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Joseph Brodsky, Svetlana Alexievich.
This year's award amount is $1.12 million. The award ceremony will take place at the Stockholm Philharmonic on December 10, the day of the death of the founder of the prize, Alfred Nobel.
Literary rate
Every year, it is the Nobel Prize in Literature that arouses particular interest among bookmakers - in no other discipline in which the award is given does such a stir occur. The list of this year's favorites, according to the bookmaker companies Ladbrokes, Unibet, and Betting League, includes Kenyan Ngugi Wa Thiong'o (5.50), Canadian writer and critic Margaret Atwood (6.60), Japanese writer Haruki Murakami (odds 2.30). True, the current laureate’s fellow countryman, the author of “The Sheep Hunt” and “After Dark,” has, however, been promised a Nobel for several years, just like the other “eternal” nominee literary Nobel, the famous Syrian poet Adonis. However, both of them remain without a reward year after year, and the bookmakers are slightly perplexed.
Other candidates this year included: Chinese Ian Leanke, Israeli Amos Oz, Italian Claudio Magris, Spaniard Javier Marias, American singer and poet Patti Smith, Peter Handke from Austria, South Korean poet and prose writer Ko Eun, Nina Bouraoui from France, Peter Nadas from Hungary, American rapper Kanye West and others.
In the entire history of the award, bookmakers have made no mistakes only three times:
In 2003, when the victory was awarded to the South African writer John Coetzee, in 2006 with the famous Turk Orhan Pamuk, and in 2008 with the Frenchman Gustave Leclezio.
“What bookmakers use when determining favorites is unknown,” says the literary expert, editor-in-chief Gorky Media resource Konstantin Milchin, “it is only known that a few hours before the announcement, the odds on who later turns out to be the winner drop sharply to unfavorable values.” Whether this means that someone is supplying bookmakers with information several hours before the announcement of the winners, the expert refused to confirm. According to Milchin,
Bob Dylan was at the bottom of the list last year, as was Svetlana Alexievich in 2015.
According to the expert, a few days before the announcement of the current winner, bets on Canadian Margaret Atwood and Korean Ko Eun dropped sharply.
The name of the future laureate is traditionally kept in the strictest confidence until the announcement. The list of candidates compiled by the Swedish Academy is also classified and will only become known after 50 years.
The Swedish Academy was founded in 1786 by King Gustav III to support and develop the Swedish language and literature. It consists of 18 academicians who are elected to their posts for life by other members of the academy.
Since the delivery of the first Nobel Prize 112 years have passed. Among Russians worthy of this most prestigious award in the field literature, physics, chemistry, medicine, physiology, peace and economics there were only 20 people. As for the Nobel Prize in Literature, the Russians have their own in this area personal history, not always with a positive ending.
First awarded in 1901, it bypassed the most important writer in history. Russian and world literature - Leo Tolstoy. In their 1901 address, members of the Royal Swedish Academy formally paid their respects to Tolstoy, calling him "the deeply revered patriarch modern literature” and “one of those powerful soulful poets, who in this case should be remembered first of all,” however, they referred to the fact that, in view of their convictions great writer he himself “never aspired to this kind of reward.” In his response letter, Tolstoy wrote that he was glad that he was spared the difficulties associated with the disposal of so much money and that he was pleased to receive notes of sympathy from so many respected persons. Things were different in 1906, when Tolstoy, preempting his nomination for the Nobel Prize, asked Arvid Järnefeld to use all kinds of connections so as not to be put in an unpleasant position and refuse this prestigious award.
Likewise Nobel Prize in Literature surpassed several other outstanding Russian writers, among whom was also the genius of Russian literature - Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. The first writer admitted to the “Nobel Club” was someone disliked by the Soviet government who emigrated to France Ivan Alekseevich Bunin.
In 1933, the Swedish Academy nominated Bunin for an award “for the strict skill with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose" Among the nominees this year were also Merezhkovsky and Gorky. Bunin received Nobel Prize in Literature largely thanks to the 4 books about Arsenyev’s life that had been published by that time. During the ceremony, Per Hallström, a representative of the Academy who presented the prize, expressed admiration for Bunin’s ability to “extraordinarily expressively and accurately describe real life" In his response speech, the laureate thanked the Swedish Academy for the courage and honor it showed to the emigrant writer.
Difficult story full of disappointment and bitterness accompanies receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature Boris Pasternak. Nominated annually from 1946 to 1958 and awarded this high award in 1958, Pasternak was forced to refuse it. Almost becoming the second Russian writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, the writer was persecuted in his homeland, receiving stomach cancer as a result of nervous shocks, from which he died. Justice triumphed only in 1989, when honorary award received his son Evgeny Pasternak “for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel».
Sholokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich received the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his novel Quiet Don" in 1965. It is worth noting that the authorship of this profound epic work, despite the fact that the manuscript of the work was found and computer correspondence was established with printed edition, there are opponents who claim the impossibility of creating a novel that demonstrates deep knowledge of the events of the First World War and the Civil War at such a young age. The writer himself, summing up the results of his work, said: “I would like my books to help people become better, become purer in soul... If I succeeded in this to some extent, I am happy.”
Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich, winner of the 1918 Nobel Prize in Literature "for moral strength, with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature." Having stayed most of of his life in exile and exile, the writer created deep and frightening in its authenticity historical works. Upon learning of the Nobel Prize award, Solzhenitsyn expressed his desire to personally attend the ceremony. The Soviet government prevented the writer from receiving this prestigious award, calling it “politically hostile.” Thus, Solzhenitsyn never got to the desired ceremony, fearing that he would not be able to return from Sweden back to Russia.
In 1987 Brodsky Joseph Alexandrovich awarded Nobel Prize for Literature"for comprehensive creativity, imbued with clarity of thought and passion of poetry." In Russia, the poet never received lifelong recognition. He created while in exile in the USA, most of his works were written in impeccable English. In his speech as a Nobel laureate, Brodsky spoke about what was most dear to him - language, books and poetry...
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Russians award-winning writers Nobel Prize. Presentation prepared by: Chugunova Alexandra Alexandrovna
“Remember that the writers we call eternal or simply good have one common and very important sign: they go somewhere and they call you there, and you feel not with your mind, but with your whole being, that they have... a goal " A. P. Chekhov
Throughout the history of the Nobel Prize high rank Five Russian writers were awarded the laureate: I. A. Bunin, B. L. Pasternak, M. A. Sholokhov, I. A. Brodsky, A. I. Solzhenitsyn.
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin 1870-1953
Brief biography of I. A. Bunin: Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, Russian writer and poet, was born on October 22, 1870 on his parents’ estate near Voronezh, in central Russia.
Monument to I. Bunin in Yeletsk Until the age of 11, I. A. Bunin was raised at home, and in 1881 he entered the Yeletsk district gymnasium, but four years later, due to the family’s financial difficulties, he returned home, where he continued his education under the guidance of his older brother Julius. At the age of 17, he began writing poetry. His first collection of short stories, At the End of the World, was published in 1897.
Although October Revolution The year 1917 did not come as a surprise to I. A. Bunin; he feared that the victory of the Bolsheviks would lead Russia to disaster. Having left Moscow in 1918, he settled for two years in Odessa, where at that time there was white army, and then, after long wanderings, in 1920 he came to France.
I. Bunin’s autobiographical story “The Life of Arsenyev” (1933), which presents a whole gallery of pre-revolutionary types - real and fictional, received very high criticism from critics.
I. Bunin was awarded the 1933 Nobel Prize in Literature: “for the strict skill with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose.”
In his speech when presenting the prize, the representative of the Swedish Academy, Per Hallström, highly appreciating I. Bunin’s poetic gift, particularly focused on “his ability to describe real life with unusual expressiveness and accuracy.” In his response speech, I. Bunin noted the courage of the Swedish Academy, which honored the Russian emigrant writer.
I. A. Bunin died in Paris from lung disease on November 8, 1953. He is buried in a Russian cemetery Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois near Paris, where many of the famous emigrants found shelter.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak 1890-1960
Biography of B. L. Pasternak: Russian poet and prose writer, Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, was born on February 10, 1890 in Moscow.
In his youth, B. Pasternak was interested in music, philosophy and religion, but he soon realized that his true destiny was poetry, and in the summer of 1913, after passing university exams, he completed his first book of poems, “Twin in the Clouds” (1914), and three years later - the second, “Over the Barriers”.
The atmosphere of revolutionary change was reflected in the book of poems “My Sister is My Life,” published in 1922, as well as in “Themes and Variations” (1923), which put him in the first rank of Russian poets.
In the 20s B. Pasternak writes two historical and revolutionary poems “Nine Hundred and Fifth” (1925...1926) and “Lieutenant Schmidt” (1926...1927), which were approvingly received by critics, and in 1934 at the First Congress of Writers, about him spoken of as the leading Soviet modern poet. However, praises addressed to him soon give way to harsh criticism due to the poet’s reluctance to limit his work to proletarian themes.
In the 40s B. Pasternak begins work on the main novel: “Doctor Zhivago”. The novel, initially approved for publication, was later considered unsuitable "due to the author's negative attitude towards the revolution and lack of faith in social change."
In 1958, the Swedish Academy awarded B. Pasternak the Nobel Prize in Literature “for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel.”
Pasternak was expelled from the Writers' Union and forced to refuse the prize.
The last years of his life, the writer lived in Peredelkino without a break, wrote, received visitors, talked with friends, and looked after the garden. B. Pasternak died on May 30, 1960 from lung cancer.
Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov 1905-1984
Biography of M. A. Sholokhov: Russian writer Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov was born on May 24, 1905 on the Kruzhilin farm Cossack village Veshenskaya in the Rostov region.
M. Sholokhov's studies were interrupted by the revolution of 1917. After graduating from four classes of the gymnasium, in 1918 he joined the Red Army. From the first days of the revolution, M. Sholokhov supported the Bolsheviks and advocated for Soviet power.
In 1932, he joined the Communist Party, in 1937 he was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, and two years later he became a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
In 1925, a collection of stories by the writer about civil war under the title "Don Stories".
From 1926 to 1940 M. Sholokhov worked on the novel “Quiet Don”, which brought the writer world fame. In the 30s. M. Sholokhov interrupts work on “ Quiet Don” and writes the novel “Virgin Soil Upturned” (about the resistance of the Russian peasantry to forced collectivization, carried out in accordance with the first five-year plan (1928...1933)).
During the Second World War, M. Sholokhov was a war correspondent for Pravda, author of articles and reports on heroism Soviet people; after the Battle of Stalingrad, the writer begins work on the third novel - the trilogy “They Fought for the Motherland.”
In 1965, M. Sholokhov received the Nobel Prize in Literature “for artistic power and the integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia.”
In his speech during the award ceremony, M. Sholokhov said that his goal was “to extol the nation of workers, builders and heroes.”
M. A. Sholokhov died in the village of Veshenskaya in 1984 at the age of 78 years.
Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn 1918-2008
Biography of A. I. Solzhenitsyn: A. Solzhenitsyn was born on December 11, 1918 in Kislovodsk. In 1924, the family moved to Rostov-on-Don; there, in 1938, Solzhenitsyn entered the physics and mathematics department of the university (graduated in 1941). A craving for literature led to A. Solzhenitsyn’s enrollment in the correspondence department of the Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History.
Art. Lieutenant Solzhenitsyn. Bryansk front. 1943 In 1941, when the war with Nazi Germany began, due to health restrictions, A. Solzhenitsyn ended up in a convoy, and only then, after an accelerated course at artillery school, from the spring of 1943 to February 1945, he commanded an artillery battery, having completed the path from Orel to East Prussia. Was awarded orders Patriotic War(1943), Red Star (1944) and promoted to captain.
On February 9, 1945, Solzhenitsyn was arrested for harsh anti-Stalin statements in letters to his childhood friend N. Vitkevich; was held in Lubyanka and Butyrskaya prisons (Moscow); On July 27, he was sentenced to 8 years in forced labor camps. In June 1947 he was transferred to the Marfinsk specialized prison, later described in the novel “In the First Circle.”
Since 1950, A. Ssolzhenitsyn has been in the Ekibastuz camp (experience " general works"recreated in the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"); here he gets cancer (the tumor was removed in February 1952). He is treated twice in Tashkent for cancer; on the day of his discharge from the hospital, a story about a terrible illness was conceived - the future "Cancer Ward".
In February 1956, Solzhenitsyn was rehabilitated by a decision of the Supreme Court of the USSR. Since 1957 Solzhenitsyn is in Ryazan, teaching at school.
In 1970, A. Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature “for the moral strength drawn from the tradition of great Russian literature.”
The award of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1970) and the publication of the first edition of "August the Fourteenth" (1971) excite new wave persecution and slander. In September 1973, the KGB seized a cache with the manuscript of “The Archipelago...”, after which Solzhenitsyn gave the signal for its publication in the YMCA-Press (Paris); the first volume is published at the end of December. February 12-13, 1974 Solzhenitsyn was arrested, deprived of citizenship and deported to Germany, later moving to the USA.
On May 27, 1994 he returned to Russia; awarded highest award Russian Academy Sciences Gold Medal named after. Lomonosov (1998); laureate Big Prize(Grand Prix) French Academy moral and political sciences for outstanding role in the literature of the 20th century and in the world process (2000). A. Solzhenitsyn died on August 3, 2008.
“Literature is the conscience of society, its soul...” D. S. Likhachev
Thank you for your attention!
Nobel Prize in Literature
Awarded: writers for achievements in the field of literature.
Significance in the field of literature: the most prestigious literary prize.
The prize was established: by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Awarded since 1901.
Candidates are nominated: members of the Swedish Academy, other academies, institutes and societies with similar tasks and goals; professors of literature and linguistics; Nobel Prize laureates in literature; chairmen of copyright unions representing literary creativity in the respective countries.
The selection of candidates is carried out by the Nobel Committee for Literature.
Winners are selected: Swedish Academy.
The prize is awarded: once a year.
Laureates are awarded: a medal with the image of Nobel, a diploma and a cash prize, the amount of which varies.
Prize winners and justification for the award:
1901 - Sully-Prudhomme, France. For outstanding literary virtues, especially for high idealism, artistic perfection, as well as for the extraordinary combination of sincerity and talent, as evidenced by his books
1902 - Theodor Mommsen, Germany. One of the outstanding historical writers, who penned such a monumental work as “Roman History”
1903 - Bjornstjerne Bjornson, Norway. For noble, high and versatile poetry, which has always been marked by the freshness of inspiration and the rarest purity of spirit
1904 - Frederic Mistral, France. For freshness and originality poetic works that truly reflect the spirit of the people
Jose Echegaray y Eizaguirre, Spain. For numerous services to the revival of the traditions of Spanish drama
1905 - Henryk Sienkiewicz, Poland. For outstanding services in the field of epic
1906 - Giosue Carducci, Italy. Not only for his deep knowledge and critical mind, but above all for the creative energy, freshness of style and lyrical power characteristic of his poetic masterpieces
1907 - Rudyard Kipling, Great Britain. For observation, vivid imagination, maturity of ideas and outstanding talent as a storyteller
1908 - Rudolf Eiken, Germany. For his serious search for truth, the all-penetrating power of thought, broad outlook, liveliness and persuasiveness with which he defended and developed idealistic philosophy
1909 — Selma Lagerlöf, Sweden. As a tribute to the high idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual penetration that distinguish all her works
1910 - Paul Heise, Germany. For the artistry and idealism that he demonstrated throughout his long and productive creative path as a lyric poet, playwright, novelist, author of world-famous short stories
1911 - Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgium. For a multifaceted literary activity, and especially for dramatic works, which are marked by a wealth of imagination and poetic fantasy
1912 - Gerhart Hauptmann, Germany. First of all, in recognition of fruitful, varied and outstanding activity in the field of dramatic art
1913 - Rabindranath Tagore, India. For deeply sensitive, original and beautiful poems, in which his poetic thinking was expressed with exceptional skill, which, in his words, became part of the literature of the West
1915 - Romain Rolland, France. For high idealism works of art, for the sympathy and love of truth with which he describes various human types
1916 - Karl Heidenstam, Sweden. In recognition of his importance as a leading representative new era in world literature
1917 - Karl Gjellerup, Denmark. For diversity poetic creativity and lofty ideals
Henrik Pontoppidan, Denmark. For a truthful description of modern life in Denmark
1919 - Karl Spitteler, Switzerland. For the incomparable epic "Olympic Spring"
1920 - Knut Hamsun, Norway. For monumental work“The Juices of the Earth” is about the life of Norwegian peasants who have preserved their centuries-old attachment to the land and loyalty to patriarchal traditions
1921 - Anatole France, France. For brilliant literary achievements, marked by sophistication of style, deeply suffered humanism and truly Gallic temperament
1922 - Jacinto Benavente y Martinez, Spain. For the brilliant skill with which he continued the glorious traditions of Spanish drama
1923 - William Yates, Ireland. For inspired poetic creativity that conveys the national spirit in highly artistic form
1924 - Wladislaw Reymont, Poland. For outstanding national epic- novel "Men"
1925 - Bernard Shaw, Great Britain. For creativity marked by idealism and humanism, for sparkling satire, which is often combined with exceptional poetic beauty
1926 - Grazia Deledda, Italy. For poetic works in which her life is described with plastic clarity home island, as well as for the depth of approach to human problems in general
1927 - Henri Bergson, France. In recognition of his bright and life-affirming ideas, as well as for the exceptional skill with which these ideas were embodied
1928 - Sigrid Undset, Norway. For a memorable description of the Scandinavian Middle Ages
1929 - Thomas Mann, Germany. First of all, for great novel"Buddenbrooks", which has become a classic of modern literature, and whose popularity is steadily growing
1930 - Sinclair Lewis, USA. For powerful and expressive art storytelling and for the rare ability to create new types and characters with satire and humor
1931 - Erik Karlfeldt, Sweden. For his poetry
1932 - John Galsworthy, UK. For the high art of storytelling, the pinnacle of which is The Forsyte Saga
1933 - Ivan Bunin. For the strict mastery with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose
1934 - Luigi Pirandello, Italy. For creative courage and ingenuity in the revival of dramatic and performing arts
1936 - Eugene O'Neill, USA. For the power of impact, truthfulness and depth of dramatic works that interpret the tragedy genre in a new way
1937 - Roger Martin du Gard, France. For artistic strength and truth in the depiction of man and the most significant aspects of modern life
1938 - Pearl Buck, USA. For a multifaceted, truly epic description of the life of Chinese peasants and for biographical masterpieces
1939 - Frans Sillanpää, Finland. For his deep insight into the lives of Finnish peasants and his excellent description of their customs and connection with nature
1944 - Vilhelm Jensen, Denmark. For the rare strength and richness of poetic imagination combined with intellectual curiosity and originality of creative style
1945 - Gabriela Mistral, Chile. For poetry true feeling, making her name a symbol of idealistic aspiration for all of Latin America
1946 - Hermann Hesse, Switzerland. For inspired creativity, in which classical ideals of humanism are manifested, as well as for brilliant style
1947 - Andre Gide, France. For deep and artistic significant works, in which human problems presented with a fearless love of truth and deep psychological insight
1948 - Thomas Eliot, Great Britain. For outstanding innovative contribution to modern poetry
1949 - William Faulkner, USA. For his significant and artistically unique contributions to the development of the modern American novel
1950 - Bertrand Russell, UK. To one of the most brilliant representatives of rationalism and humanism, a fearless fighter for freedom of speech and freedom of thought
1951 - Per Lagerkvist, Sweden. For the artistic power and absolute independence of judgment of the writer who was looking for answers to eternal questions facing humanity
1952 - Francois Mauriac, France. For the deep spiritual insight and artistic power with which he reflected the drama of human life in his novels
1953 - Winston Churchill, Great Britain. For high craftsmanship works of a historical and biographical nature, as well as for brilliant oratory, with the help of which the highest human values were defended
1954 - Ernest Hemingway, USA. For narrative excellence, in once again demonstrated in "The Old Man and the Sea"
1955 - Halldor Laxness, Iceland. For the vibrant epic force that has revived the great narrative art of Iceland
1956 - Juan Jimenez, Spain. For lyric poetry, an example of high spirit and artistic purity in Spanish poetry
1957 - Albert Camus, France. For huge contribution into literature, highlighting the importance of human conscience
1958 - Boris Pasternak, USSR. For significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel
1959 - Salvatore Quasimodo, Italy. For lyrical poetry that expresses with classical vividness the tragic experience of our time
1960 - Saint-John Perse, France. For sublimity and imagery, which through the means of poetry reflect the circumstances of our time
1961 - Ivo Andric, Yugoslavia. For the power of epic talent, which allowed us to fully reveal human destinies and problems related to the history of his country
1962 - John Steinbeck, USA. For his realistic and poetic gift, combined with gentle humor and keen social vision
1963 - Giorgos Seferis, Greece. For outstanding lyrical works, filled with admiration for the world of the ancient Hellenes
1964 - Jean-Paul Sartre, France. For creativity rich in ideas, imbued with the spirit of freedom and the search for truth, which has had a huge impact on our time
1965 - Mikhail Sholokhov, USSR. For the artistic strength and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia
1966 - Shmuel Agnon, Israel. For deeply original art of storytelling inspired by Jewish folk motifs
Nelly Sachs, Sweden. For outstanding lyrical and dramatic works exploring the fate of the Jewish people
1967 - Miguel Asturias, Guatemala. For the bright creative achievement, which is based on an interest in the customs and traditions of the Indians of Latin America
1968 - Yasunari Kawabata, Japan. For writing that captures the essence of Japanese consciousness
1969 - Samuel Beckett, Ireland. For innovative works in prose and drama, in which tragedy modern man becomes his triumph
1970 - Alexander Solzhenitsyn, USSR. For the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature
1971 - Pablo Neruda, Chile. For poetry that with supernatural power embodied the fate of an entire continent
1972 - Heinrich Böll, Germany. For creativity that combines a wide scope of reality with high art character creation and which became a significant contribution to the revival of German literature
1973 - Patrick White, Australia. For epic and psychological mastery, thanks to which a new literary continent was discovered
1974 - Eivind Jonson, Sweden. For narrative art that illuminates space and time and serves freedom
Harry Martinson, Sweden. For creativity that contains everything - from a drop of dew to space
1975 - Eugenio Montale, Italy. For outstanding achievements in poetry, marked by enormous insight and illumination of a truthful, without illusions, view of life
1976 - Saul Bellow, USA. For humanism and subtle analysis modern culture, combined in his work
1977 - Vicente Aleisandre, Spain. For outstanding poetic creativity that reflects the position of man in space and modern society and at the same time represents a magnificent testimony to the revival of the traditions of Spanish poetry during the period between the world wars
1978 - Isaac Bashevis-Singer, USA. For the emotional art of storytelling, which, rooted in Polish-Jewish cultural traditions, raises eternal questions
1979 - Odyseas Elytis, Greece. For poetic creativity, which, in line with the Greek tradition, with sensual strength and intellectual insight, depicts the struggle of modern man for freedom and independence
1980 - Czeslaw Milosz Poland. For showing with fearless clairvoyance the vulnerability of man in a world torn by conflict
1981 - Elias Canetti, UK. For his enormous contribution to literature, highlighting the importance of human conscience
1982 - Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Colombia. For novels and stories in which fantasy and reality, combined, reflect the life and conflicts of an entire continent
1983 - William Golding, UK. For novels that address the essence of human nature and the problem of evil, all of them are united by the idea of the struggle for survival
1984 - Jaroslav Seifert, Czechoslovakia. For poetry that is fresh, sensual and imaginative and that demonstrates the independence of spirit and versatility of man.
1985 - Claude Simon, France. For the combination of poetic and pictorial principles in his work
1986 - Wole Soyinka, Nigeria. For creating a huge theater cultural perspective and poetry
1987 - Joseph Brodsky, USA. For comprehensive creativity, imbued with clarity of thought and passion of poetry
1988 - Naguib Mahfouz, Egypt. For the realism and richness of the Arabic story, which has meaning for all humanity
1989 - Camilo Sela, Spain. For expressive and powerful prose that compassionately and movingly describes human frailty
1990 - Octavio Paz, Mexico. For biased, comprehensive writings marked by sensitive intelligence and humanistic integrity
1991 - Nadine Gordimer, South Africa. For bringing great benefit to humanity with her magnificent epic
1992 - Derek Walcott, Saint Lucia. For vibrant poetic creativity, full of historicism and the result of devotion to culture in all its diversity
1993 - Toni Morrison, USA. For bringing to life an important aspect of American reality in her novels of dream and poetry.
1994 - Kenzaburo Oe, Japan. For having created with poetic power an imaginary world in which reality and myth combine to present a disturbing picture of today's human misfortunes
1995 - Seamus Heaney, Ireland. For the lyrical beauty and ethical depth of poetry, which reveals to us amazing everyday life and the living past
1996 - Wislawa Szymborska, Poland. For poetry that describes with extreme accuracy historical and biological phenomena in the context of human reality
1997 - Dario Fo, Italy. Because he, inheriting the medieval jesters, condemns power and authority and defends the dignity of the oppressed
1998 - Jose Saramago, Portugal. For works that, using parables supported by imagination, compassion and irony, make it possible to understand illusory reality
1999 - Gunther Grass, Germany. Because his playful and dark parables illuminate a forgotten image of history
2000 - Gao Xingjian, France. For works of universal significance, marked by bitterness for the position of man in the modern world
2001 - Vidiadhar Naipaul, UK. For unwavering honesty, which makes us think about facts that are usually not discussed
2002 - Imre Kertesz, Hungary. For the fact that in his work Kertesz gives an answer to the question of how an individual can continue to live and think in an era when society is increasingly subjugating the individual
2003 - John Coetzee South Africa. For creating countless guises of amazing situations involving outsiders
2004 - Elfriede Jelinek, Austria. For musical voices and echoes in novels and plays that, with extraordinary linguistic zeal, reveal the absurdity of social clichés and their enslaving power
2005 - Harold Pinter, UK. For the fact that in his plays he reveals the abyss that lies under the bustle of everyday life and invades the dungeons of oppression
2006 - Orhan Pamuk, Türkiye. For being in search of a melancholic soul hometown found new symbols for the clash and interweaving of cultures
2007 - Doris Lessing, UK. For his insight into women's experiences filled with skepticism, passion and visionary power.
2008 - Gustave Leclezio, France, Mauritius. Because Leclezio writes “about new directions, poetic adventures, sensual delights,” he is “an explorer of humanity beyond the boundaries of the ruling civilization.”
2009 - Herta Müller, Germany. With concentration in poetry and sincerity in prose, he describes the life of the disadvantaged
2010 - Mario Vargas Llosa, Spain. For cartography of power structures and vivid images resistance, rebellion and defeat of the individual
2011 - Tumas Tranströmer, Sweden. For accurate and rich images that gave readers a new look at the real world
2012 - Mo Yan, China. For its breathtaking realism, which unites folk tales with modernity
2013 - Alice Munr, Canada. To the Master of the Modern Short Story
The Nobel Prize in Literature is the most prestigious international award. Established from the fund of the Swedish chemical engineer and millionaire Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-96); in accordance with his will is awarded annually to the person who created outstanding work « perfect direction" The selection of the candidate is carried out by the Swedish Royal Academy in Stockholm; new laureate determined at the end of October each year, and on December 10 (the day of Nobel's death) awarded Gold medal; At the same time, the laureate makes a speech, usually of a programmatic nature. Laureates also have the right to speak Nobel lecture. The amount of the premium varies. Usually awarded for the entire work of the writer, less often - for individual works. The Nobel Prize began to be awarded in 1901; in some years it was not awarded (1914, 1918, 1935, 194043, 1950).
Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature:
The Nobel Prize laureates are the following writers: A. Sully-Prudhomme (1901), B. Bjornson (1903), F. Mistral, H. Echegaray (1904), G. Sienkiewicz (1905), G. Carducci (1906), R. Kipling (1906), S. Lagerlöf (1909), P. Heise (1910), M. Maeterlinck (1911), G. Hauptmann (1912), R. Tagore (1913), R. Rolland (1915), K.G.V. von Heydenstam (1916), K. Gjellerup and H. Pontoppidan (1917), K. Spitteler (1919), K. Hamsun (1920), A. France (1921), J. Benavente y Martinez (1922), U B. Yeats (1923), B. Reymont (1924), J. B. Shaw (1925), G. Deledza (1926), S. Unseg (1928), T. Mann (1929), S. Lewis (1930 ), E.A.Karlfeldt (1931), J.Galsworthy (1932), I.A.Bunin (1933), L.Pirandello (1934), Y.O'Neill (1936), R.Martin du Gard (1937 ), P. Back (1938), F. Sillanpää (1939), I.V. Jensen (1944), G. Mistral (1945), G. Hesse (1946), A. Zhid (1947), T.S. Eliot (1948), W. Faulkner (1949), P. Lagerquist (1951), F. Mauriac (1952), E. Hemingway (1954), H. Laxness (1955), H. R. Jimenez (1956), A .Camus (1957), B.L. Pasternak (1958), S. Quasimodo (1959), Saint-John Perse (1960), I. Andrich (1961), J. Steinbeck (1962), G. Seferiadis (1963) , J.P. Sartre (1964), M.A. Sholokhov (1965), S.I. Agnon and Nellie Zaks (1966), M.A. Asturias (1967), Y. Kawabata (1968), S. Beckett (1969), A.I. Solzhenitsyn (1970), P. Neruda (1971), G. Böll (1972), P. White (1973), H. E. Martinson, E. Ionson (1974), E. Montale (1975), S. Bellow (1976), V. Alexandre (1977), I. B. Singer (1978), O. Elitis (1979), C. Milos (1980), E. Canetti (1981), G. Garcia Marquez (1982), W. Golding (1983), Y. Seifersh (1984), K. Simon (1985), V. Soyinka (1986), I. A. Brodsky (1987), N. Mahfuz (1988), K.H.Sela (1989), O.Paz (1990), N.Gordimer (1991), D.Walcott (1992), T.Morrison (1993), K.Oe (1994), S.Heaney (1995) , V. Shimbarskaya (1996), D. Fo (1997), J. Saramagu (1998), G. Grass (1999), Gao Sinjiang (2000).
Among the Nobel Prize laureates in literature are the German historian T. Mommsen (1902), the German philosopher R. Eiken (1908), French philosopher A. Bergson (1927), English philosopher, political scientist, publicist B. Russell (1950), English politician and historian W. Churchill (1953).
The following people refused the Nobel Prize: B. Pasternak (1958), J. P. Sartre (1964). At the same time, L. Tolstoy, M. Gorky, J. Joyce, B. Brecht were not awarded the prize.
