The purpose of romanticism in literature. Aesthetic principles of romanticism

Romanticism- special kind worldview, at the same time artistic direction in the art of the late XVIII - first quarter of the XIX century, formed in Germany. Received worldwide significance and distribution. The direction of romanticism suggested a contrast with the classicist demand for rules. Romanticism also opposed the Age of Enlightenment in verbal terms: the language of romantic works, striving to be natural, “simple”, accessible to all readers, was something opposite to the classics with its noble, “sublime” themes, characteristic, for example, of classical tragedy.

An essential feature of romanticism as a literary movement is the so-called romantic two-worldness, most often understood as a striving for the sublime and the earthly at the same time, in addition, as a discord between the ideal and reality or, in other words, the opposition of reality and dreams, what is and what is what is possible. Romanticism always contrasts the real reality it rejects with another, poetic reality. For some romantics, the world is dominated by incomprehensible and mysterious forces that must be obeyed and not try to change fate (Chateaubriand, V.A. Zhukovsky). For others, the world's evil caused protest, demanded revenge and struggle (early A.S. Pushkin, Byron, Lermontov).

The Romantics discovered extraordinary complexity and depth spiritual world human; this is a whole universe full of contradictions. Romantics were interested in all passions, both high and low, which were opposed to each other. High passion is love in all its manifestations, low passion is greed, ambition, envy. Romanticism is characterized by the assertion of freedom and increased attention to human individuality.

Interest in strong and vivid feelings, all-consuming passions, secret movements of the soul - characteristic features romanticism.

Romantics turned to various historical eras, they were attracted by originality, attracted by exotic and mysterious countries and circumstances. Landscape occupies a significant place - first of all, the sea, mountains, sky, stormy elements with which the hero has complex relationships. Nature can be on the same page with the hero, but it can also oppose him, turn out to be a hostile force with which he is forced to fight. Romanticism is a cultural phenomenon in Europe and America. IN different countries his fate had its own characteristics.

2. By the beginning of the second decade of the 19th century, romanticism occupied key place in Russian art, revealing more or less fully its national identity. Russian romanticism arose in different conditions than Western European. In the West, he was a post-revolutionary phenomenon and expressed disappointment in the results of the changes that had already taken place in the new, capitalist society. In Russia, it was formed in an era when the country had yet to enter a period of bourgeois transformations. The military events of 1812 had a huge impact on the development of Russian romanticism

The Patriotic War caused not only the growth of civil and national identity, but also recognition of the special role of the people in life nation state. And the Decembrist uprising of 1825, which had a huge impact on the entire course artistic development Russia, defining the range of issues and topics that worried Russian romantics. The theme of the people became very significant for Russian romantic writers. The desire for nationality marked the work of all Russian romantics, although their understanding of the “soul of the people” was different. For Zhukovsky, nationality is, first of all, humane treatment to the peasantry and to poor people in general. He saw its essence in poetry folk rituals, lyrical songs, folk signs and superstitions. In the works of the romantic Decembrists, the idea of people's soul associated with other traits. For them folk character- this is a heroic, nationally distinctive character. In their work main theme it was no longer fate individual, but the people’s fate, not personal happiness, but the public good. The poetry of the Decembrists sounded like an alarm bell, calling for battle and heroism, it glorified the joy of the struggle for freedom.

Romanticism, like sentimentalism, focused great attention image inner world person. But unlike sentimentalist writers who praised “quiet sensitivity,” the romantics preferred depiction extraordinary adventures and violent passions. This was the nature, for example, of creativity English poet J. Byron, whose influence was experienced by many Russian writers of the early 19th century.

One of the important achievements of romanticism is the creation of a lyrical landscape. For romantics, it serves as a kind of decoration that emphasizes the emotional intensity of the action. The originality of the themes of romantic works contributed to the use of metaphors, poetic epithets, and symbols. Thus, the sea and the wind appeared as a romantic symbol of freedom; happiness - sun, love - fire or roses; at all pink symbolized love feelings, black - sadness. The night personified evil, crime, enmity. The symbol of eternal variability is a sea wave, insensibility is a stone; the images of a doll or a masquerade meant falsehood, hypocrisy, and duplicity. Russian romantics were characterized to a high degree by the desire for a moral ideal. This ideal for them was love of humanity and independence of the individual. The names of its greatest representatives in Russian literature are associated with romanticism - Pushkin. His first, albeit still timid, ghosts are found in the stories of N. M. Karamzin: “Bornholm Island”, “Sierra Morena”, “Marfa” Posadnitsa." In them, the writer sympathetically depicts the dissatisfaction of the human personality with the conditions that constrain it environment. These tendencies are developed more consistently and deeply in the poetry of V. A. Zhukovsky and Batyushkov. Zhukovsky is famous for his ballads, magnificent descriptions of nature and, of course, the unusual plot. Great place in his work occupied lyrical images native nature. In one of his early poems, the elegy “Evening,” the poet reproduced a modest picture of his native land like this:

Everything is quiet: the groves are sleeping; there is peace in the surroundings,

Prostrate on the grass under a bent willow,

I listen to how it murmurs, merges with the river,

A stream overshadowed by bushes.

You can barely hear the reeds swaying over the stream,

The voice of the loop in the distance, having fallen asleep, wakes up the villages.

Russian romanticism literary

In the grass of a crutch I hear a wild cry...[Bestuzhev-Marlinsky A.Soch. T. 1. M., 1952. P. 119 This love for the depiction of Russian life, national traditions and rituals, legends and tales will be expressed in a number of subsequent works by Zhukovsky. Batyushkov, at the beginning of his creative path sang of rural solitude, dreaminess, melancholy. Later character his poetry changes and he now glorifies wine and love, joy, pleasure and passion.

3. The problem of periodization literary process XIX century is one of the most difficult problems facing literary scholars both in the past and at the present time. Historical and literary science has put forward a number of principles of periodization. They do not replace each other in exact calendar terms. But this or that year takes on the character of a border era. And yet, Russian romanticism is usually divided into several periods: initial (1801-1815), Literary life of this period is characterized by an increasingly intensified struggle between the “new” and the “old”. In the first years of the new century, sentimentalism occupied a dominant position in literature. And classicists are trying to defend old literary positions.

Since the 1840s, rum has been losing its former position and giving way to realism. But it does not cease to exist.

Almost all the major realist writers of the second half of the century: Turgenev, Goncharov, Ostrovsky, Nekrasov, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy turned to the heritage of rum and reworked it in one way or another artistic experience. They often created works that to some extent approached the Romans in their ideological and artistic principles. Later, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, the successors romantic traditions Russian symbolists spoke. rejection of modernity, the bourgeois system that had established itself in Russia by this time, dreaming of a complete re-creation of life and transformation of humanity - all this brings the symbolists closer to the romantics. The rum traditions also manifested themselves with great force in the works of the young Gorky, such as Makar Chundra, the old woman Izergil, the song about the falcon. Rum traditions live on in Soviet literature. Writers who strive for directness gravitate towards them. direct expression of one's ideals. This influence is noticeable in the works of Paustovsky and other writers.

The era of romanticism occupies an important place in world art. This trend existed for a fairly short amount of time in the history of literature, painting and music, but left a big mark in the formation of trends, the creation of images and plots. We invite you to take a closer look at this phenomenon.

Romanticism is an artistic movement in culture characterized by the depiction strong passions, the ideal world and the struggle of the individual with society.

The word “romanticism” itself initially meant “mystical”, “unusual”, but later acquired a slightly different meaning: “different”, “new”, “progressive”.

History of origin

The period of romanticism occurred at the end of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century. The crisis of classicism and the excessive journalisticism of the Enlightenment led to a transition from the cult of reason to the cult of feeling. The connecting link between classicism and romanticism was sentimentalism, in which feeling became rational and natural. He became a kind of source of a new direction. The romantics went further and completely immersed themselves in irrational thoughts.

The origins of romanticism began to emerge in Germany, where by that time it was popular literary movement"Sturm und Drang". Its adherents expressed quite radical ideas, which contributed to the development of a romantic rebellious attitude among them. The development of romanticism continued in France, Russia, England, the USA and other countries. Caspar David Friedrich is considered the founder of romanticism in painting. The founder of Russian literature is Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky.

The main trends of romanticism were folklore (based on folk art), Byronic (melancholy and loneliness), grotesque-fantastic (depiction unreal world), utopian (search for an ideal) and Voltairean (description of historical events).

Main features and principles

The main characteristic of romanticism is the predominance of feeling over reason. From reality, the author takes the reader to an ideal world or he himself yearns for it. Hence another sign - dual worlds, created according to the principle of “romantic antithesis”.

Romanticism can rightfully be considered an experimental movement in which fantastic images are skillfully woven into works. Escapism, that is, escape from reality, is achieved by motives of the past or immersion in mysticism. The author chooses fantasy, the past, exoticism or folklore as a means of escaping reality.

Displaying human emotions through nature is another feature of romanticism. If we talk about originality in the depiction of a person, then often he appears to the reader as lonely, atypical. The motive appears extra person", a rebel disillusioned with civilization and fighting against the elements.

Philosophy

The spirit of romanticism was imbued with the category of the sublime, that is, the contemplation of beauty. Followers new era tried to rethink religion, explaining it as a feeling of infinity, and raised the idea of ​​inexplicability mystical phenomena above the ideas of atheism.

The essence of romanticism was the struggle of man against society, the predominance of sensuality over rationality.

How did romanticism manifest itself?

In art, romanticism manifested itself in all areas except architecture.

In music

Romantic composers looked at music in a new way. The melodies sounded the motif of loneliness, much attention was paid to conflict and dual worlds, with the help of a personal tone, the authors added autobiography to their works for self-expression, new techniques were used: for example, expanding the timbre palette of sound.

As in literature, interest in folklore appeared here, and fantastic images were added to operas. The main genres in musical romanticism were the previously unpopular song and miniature, which were transferred from classicism to opera and overture, as well as poetic genres: fantasy, ballad and others. The most famous representatives of this movement are Tchaikovsky, Schubert and Liszt. Examples of works: Berlioz " Fantastic story", Mozart "The Magic Flute" and others.

In painting

The aesthetics of romanticism has its own unique character. Most popular genre in the paintings of romanticism - landscape. For example, one of the most famous representatives Russian romanticism of Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky is a stormy sea ​​element(“The sea with the ship”). One of the first romantic artists, Caspar David Friedrich, introduced third-person landscape painting into painting, showing a person from behind against a background mysterious nature and creating the feeling that we are looking through the eyes of this character (examples of works: “Two Contemplating the Moon”, “Rocky Shores of Ryugin Island”). The superiority of nature over man and his loneliness is especially felt in the painting “Monk on the Seashore.”

Fine art in the era of romanticism became experimental. William Turner preferred to create canvases with sweeping strokes, with almost imperceptible details (“Blizzard. Steamboat at the entrance to the harbor”). In turn, the harbinger of realism Theodore Gericault also painted paintings that bear little resemblance to the images real life. For example, in the painting “The Raft of Medusa,” people dying of hunger look like athletic heroes. If we talk about still lifes, then all the objects in the paintings are staged and cleaned (Charles Thomas Bale “Still Life with Grapes”).

In literature

If in the Age of Enlightenment, with rare exceptions, lyrical and lyric epic genres were absent, then in romanticism they play main role. The works are distinguished by their imagery and originality of plot. Either this is an embellished reality, or these are completely fantastic situations. The hero of romanticism has exceptional qualities that influence his fate. Books written two centuries ago are still in demand not only among schoolchildren and students, but also among all interested readers. Examples of works and representatives of the movement are presented below.

Abroad

Among the poets of the early 19th century are Heinrich Heine (the collection “The Book of Songs”), William Wordsworth (“Lyrical Ballads”), Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats, as well as George Noel Gordon Byron, the author of the poem “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage.” Gained great popularity historical novels Walter Scott (for example, "", "Quentin Durward"), novels by Jane Austen (""), poems and stories by Edgar Allan Poe ("", ""), stories by Washington Irving ("The Legend of Sleepy Hollow") and fairy tales of one one of the first representatives of romanticism Ernest Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (“The Nutcracker and Mouse King», « »).

Also known are the works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (“Tales of the Ancient Mariner”) and Alfred de Musset (“Confessions of a Son of the Century”). It is remarkable with what ease the reader gets from the real world to the fictional one and back, as a result of which they both merge into one whole. This is partly achieved by the simple language of many works and the relaxed narration of such unusual things.

In Russia

Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky is considered the founder of Russian romanticism (elegy "", ballad ""). Co school curriculum Everyone is familiar with Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov’s poem “,” where special attention is paid to the motif of loneliness. It was not for nothing that the poet was called the Russian Byron. The philosophical lyrics of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, the early poems and poems of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the poetry of Konstantin Nikolaevich Batyushkov and Nikolai Mikhailovich Yazykov - all this had a great influence on the development of domestic romanticism.

The early work of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is also presented in this direction (for example, mystical stories from the “”) cycle. It is interesting that romanticism in Russia developed in parallel with classicism and sometimes these two directions did not contradict each other too sharply.

Romanticism- movement in art and literature Western Europe and Russia of the 18th-19th centuries, which consists in the authors’ desire to contrast the unsatisfactory reality with unusual images and plots suggested to them by life phenomena. The romantic artist strives to express in his images what he wants to see in life, which, in his opinion, should be the main, determining one. Arose as a reaction to rationalism.

Literary forms

Romanticism– the current direction late XVIII- early 19th centuries. Romanticism is characterized by a special interest in the individual and his inner world, which is usually shown as an ideal world and is contrasted real world - surrounding reality In Russia, there are two main movements in romanticism: passive romanticism (elegiac), the representative of such romanticism was V.A. Zhukovsky; progressive romanticism, its representatives were in England J. G. Byron, in France V. Hugo, in Germany F. Schiller, G. Heine. In Russia, the ideological content of progressive romanticism was most fully expressed by the Decembrist poets K. Ryleev, A. Bestuzhev, A. Odoevsky and others, in early poems A.S. Pushkin " Caucasian prisoner", "Gypsies" and M.Yu. Lermontov's poem "Demon".

Romanticism - literary direction, formed at the beginning of the century. Fundamental to romanticism was the principle of romantic dual worlds, which presupposes a sharp contrast between the hero and his ideal and the surrounding world. The incompatibility of ideal and reality was expressed in the departure of romantics from modern themes into the world of history, traditions and legends, sleep, dreams, fantasies, exotic countries. Romanticism has a special interest in the individual. The romantic hero is characterized by proud loneliness, disappointment, a tragic attitude and, at the same time, rebellion and rebellion of spirit (A.S. Pushkin.“Prisoner of the Caucasus”, “Gypsies”; M.Yu. Lermontov."Mtsyri"; M. Gorky.“Song of the Falcon”, “Old Woman Izergil”).

Romanticism(end of the 18th - first half of the 19th century)- received the greatest development in England, Germany, France (J. Byron, W. Scott, V. Hugo, P. Merimee). In Russia it was born against the backdrop of national upsurge after the War of 1812, it is characterized by a pronounced social orientation, imbued with the idea of ​​​​civic service and love of freedom (K.F. Ryleev, V.A. Zhukovsky). Heroes are bright, exceptional individuals in unusual circumstances. Romanticism is characterized by impulse, extraordinary complexity, and the inner depth of human individuality. Denial of artistic authorities. There are no genre barriers or stylistic distinctions; the desire for complete freedom of creative imagination.

Realism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms

Realism(from Latin. realis)- a movement in art and literature, the main principle of which is the most complete and accurate reflection of reality through typification. Appeared in Russia in the 19th century.

Literary forms

Realism- artistic method and direction in literature. Its basis is the principle of life truth, which guides the artist in his work in order to give the most complete and true reflection of life and preserve the greatest life verisimilitude in the depiction of events, people, objects outside world and nature as they really are. Greatest development realism reached in the 19th century. in the works of such great Russian realist writers as A.S. Griboedov, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, L.N. Tolstoy and others.

Realism- a literary movement that established itself in Russian literature at the beginning of the 19th century and passed through the entire 20th century. Realism asserts the priority of the cognitive capabilities of literature, its ability to explore reality. The most important subject of artistic research is the relationship between character and circumstances, the formation of characters under the influence of the environment. Human behavior, according to realist writers, is determined by external circumstances, which, however, does not negate his ability to oppose his will to them. This determined the central conflict realistic literature- conflict between personality and circumstances. Realist writers depict reality in development, in dynamics, presenting stable, typical phenomena in their unique and individual embodiment (A.S. Pushkin."Boris Godunov", "Eugene Onegin"; N.V.Gogol. « Dead Souls"; novels I.S. Turgenev, JI.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.M. Gorky, stories I.A.Bunina, A.I.Kuprina; P.A. Nekrasov.“Who Lives Well in Rus'”, etc.).

Realism- established itself in Russian literature at the beginning of the 19th century and continues to remain an influential literary movement. Explores life, delving into its contradictions. Basic principles: objective reflection of the essential aspects of life in combination with the author's ideal; reproduction of typical characters, conflicts in typical circumstances; their social and historical conditioning; predominant interest in the problem of “individuality and society” (especially in the eternal confrontation between social patterns and moral ideal, personal and mass); formation of characters' characters under the influence of the environment (Stendhal, Balzac, C. Dickens, G. Flaubert, M. Twain, T. Mann, J. I. H. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. P. Chekhov).

Critical realism- an artistic method and literary movement that developed in the 19th century. Its main feature is the image human character in organic connection with social circumstances, along with a deep analysis of the inner world of man. Representatives of the Russian critical realism are A.S. Pushkin, I.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.P. Chekhov.

Modernism- common name trends in art and literature of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, expressing the crisis of bourgeois culture and characterized by a break with the traditions of realism. Modernists are representatives of various new trends, for example A. Blok, V. Bryusov (symbolism). V. Mayakovsky (futurism).

Modernism- a literary movement of the first half of the 20th century, which opposed itself to realism and united many movements and schools with a very diverse aesthetic orientation. Instead of a rigid connection between characters and circumstances, modernism affirms the self-worth and self-sufficiency of the human personality, its irreducibility to a tedious series of causes and consequences.

Postmodernism- a complex set of ideological attitudes and cultural reactions in the era of ideological and aesthetic pluralism (late 20th century). Postmodern thinking is fundamentally anti-hierarchical, opposes the idea of ​​ideological integrity, and rejects the possibility of mastering reality using a single method or language of description. Postmodernist writers consider literature, first of all, a fact of language, therefore they do not hide, but emphasize the “literary” nature of their works, combining the stylistics of different genres and different literary eras in one text (A. Bitov, Caiuci Sokolov, D. A. Prigov, V. Pelevin, Ven. Erofeev etc.).

Decadence (decadence)- a certain state of mind, a crisis type of consciousness, expressed in a feeling of despair, powerlessness, mental fatigue with the obligatory elements of narcissism and aestheticization of the self-destruction of the individual. Decadent in mood, the works aestheticize extinction, the break with traditional morality, and the will to death. The decadent worldview was reflected in the works of writers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. F. Sologuba, 3. Gippius, L. Andreeva, M. Artsybasheva etc.

Symbolism- direction in European and Russian art of the 1870-1910s. Symbolism is characterized by conventions and allegories, highlighting the irrational side of a word - sound, rhythm. The very name “symbolism” is associated with the search for a “symbol” that can reflect the author’s attitude to the world. Symbolism expressed rejection of the bourgeois way of life, longing for spiritual freedom, anticipation and fear of world socio-historical cataclysms. Representatives of symbolism in Russia were A.A. Blok (his poetry became a prophecy, a harbinger of “unheard-of changes”), V. Bryusov, V. Ivanov, A. Bely.

Symbolism (late XIX- beginning of the 20th century) - artistic expression intuitively comprehended entities and ideas through a symbol (from the Greek “symbolon” ​​- sign, identifying mark). Vague hints at a meaning unclear to the authors themselves or a desire to define in words the essence of the universe, the cosmos. Often poems seem meaningless. Characteristic is the desire to demonstrate heightened sensitivity, incomprehensible to an ordinary person experiences; many levels of meaning; pessimistic perception of the world. The foundations of aesthetics were formed in creativity French poets P. Verlaine and A. Rimbaud. Russian Symbolists (V.Ya.Bryusova, K.D.Balmont, A.Bely) called decadents (“decadents”).

Symbolism- pan-European, and in Russian literature - the first and most significant modernist movement. Symbolism is rooted in romanticism, with the idea of ​​two worlds. The symbolists contrasted the traditional idea of ​​understanding the world in art with the idea of ​​constructing the world in the process of creativity. The meaning of creativity is the subconscious-intuitive contemplation of secret meanings, accessible only to the artist-creator. The main means of conveying rationally uncognizable Secret meanings becomes the symbol (“senior symbolists”: V. Bryusov, K. Balmont, D. Merezhkovsky, 3. Gippius, F. Sologub;"Young Symbolists": A. Blok, A. Bely, V. Ivanov).

Expressionism- a direction in literature and art of the first quarter of the 20th century, which proclaimed the subjective spiritual world of man as the only reality, and its expression as the main goal of art. Expressionism is characterized by flashiness and grotesqueness. artistic image. The main genres in the literature of this direction are lyric poetry and drama, and often the work turns into a passionate monologue by the author. Various ideological trends were embodied in the forms of expressionism - from mysticism and pessimism to acute social criticism and revolutionary calls.

Expressionism- a modernist movement that formed in the 1910s - 1920s in Germany. The expressionists sought not so much to depict the world as to express their thoughts about the troubles of the world and the suppression of the human personality. The style of expressionism is determined by the rationalism of constructions, the attraction to abstraction, the acute emotionality of the statements of the author and characters, and the abundant use of fantasy and the grotesque. In Russian literature, the influence of expressionism manifested itself in the works of L. Andreeva, E. Zamyatina, A. Platonova etc.

Acmeism- a movement in Russian poetry of the 1910s, which proclaimed the liberation of poetry from symbolist impulses towards the “ideal”, from the polysemy and fluidity of images, a return to the material world, the subject, the element of “nature”, exact value words. Representatives are S. Gorodetsky, M. Kuzmin, N. Gumilev, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam.

Acmeism - a movement of Russian modernism that arose as a reaction to the extremes of symbolism with its persistent tendency to perceive reality as a distorted likeness of higher entities. The main significance in the poetry of the Acmeists is the artistic development of the diverse and vibrant earthly world, transmission of a person’s inner world, affirmation of culture as the highest value. Acmeistic poetry is characterized by stylistic balance, pictorial clarity of images, precisely calibrated composition, and precision of detail. (N. Gumilev. S. Gorodetsky, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam, M. Zenkevich, V. Narvut).

Futurism- avant-garde direction in European art 10-20 years of the XX century. Striving to create “the art of the future”, denying traditional culture(especially her moral and artistic values), futurism cultivated urbanism (the aesthetics of machine industry and big city), weave documentary material and science fiction, in poetry he even destroyed natural language. In Russia, representatives of futurism are V. Mayakovsky, V. Khlebnikov.

Futurism- an avant-garde movement that emerged almost simultaneously in Italy and Russia. The main feature is the preaching of the overthrow of past traditions, the destruction of old aesthetics, the desire to create new art, the art of the future, capable of transforming the world. The main technical principle is the principle of “shift”, manifested in lexical updating poetic language due to the introduction of vulgarisms, technical terms, neologisms, in violation of the laws of lexical compatibility of words, in bold experiments in the field of syntax and word formation (V. Khlebnikov, V. Mayakovsky, V. Kamensky, I. Severyanin etc.).

Avant-garde- a movement in the artistic culture of the 20th century, striving for a radical renewal of art both in content and form; sharply criticizing traditional trends, forms and styles, avant-gardeism often comes to belittle the importance of the cultural and historical heritage of mankind, giving rise to a nihilistic attitude towards “eternal” values.

Avant-garde- a direction in literature and art of the 20th century, uniting various movements, united in their aesthetic radicalism (Dadaism, surrealism, absurdist drama, “ new novel", in Russian literature - futurism). It is genetically related to modernism, but absolutizes and takes to the extreme its desire for artistic renewal.

Naturalism(last third XIX V.)- the desire for an outwardly accurate copy of reality, an “objective” dispassionate depiction of human character, likening artistic knowledge to scientific knowledge. It was based on the idea of ​​the absolute dependence of fate, will, and the spiritual world of man on the social environment, everyday life, heredity, and physiology. There are no unsuitable plots or unworthy topics for a writer. When explaining human behavior, social and biological reasons are placed on the same level. Particularly developed in France (G. Flaubert, the Goncourt brothers, E. Zola, who developed the theory of naturalism), French authors were also popular in Russia.

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The formation of the culture of romanticism. Aesthetics of Romanticism

Romanticism is an artistic movement in spiritual and artistic culture that arose in Europe at the end ofXVIII– beginningXIXcenturies Romanticism was embodied in literature: Byron, Hugo, Hoffmann, Poe; music: Chopin, Wagner; in painting, in theatrical activities, in landscape gardening art. Under the term "romanticism" in XIX century, modern art was understood, which replaced classicism. The socio-historical cause of the emergence of romanticism was the events of the Great French Revolution. History during this period turned out to be beyond the control of reason. The new world order and disappointment in the ideals of the revolution formed the basis for the emergence of romanticism. On the other hand, the revolution involved the entire people in the creative process and was reflected in its own way in the soul of each person. The involvement of man in the movement of time, the co-creation of man and history was significant for the romantics. The main merit of the Great French Revolution, which became one of the prerequisites for the emergence of romanticism, is that it brought to the fore the problem of unlimited individual freedom and its creative possibilities. Perception of personality as a creative substance.

The romantic type of consciousness is open to dialogue - it requires an interlocutor and an accomplice in lonely walks, communication with nature, with one’s own nature. It is synthetic, because this artistic consciousness is nourished by various sources of design and enrichment, development. Romantics need dynamics; the process is important to them, not its completion. Hence the interest in fragments, in genre experiments. Romantics see the author as central to the literary process. Romanticism is associated with the liberation of words from pre-prepared and defined forms, filling them with many meanings. The word becomes an object - a mediator in bringing together the truth of life and the truth of literature. XIXcentury is a cultural and historical era that reflected profound changes in the history of society and ideas about human nature, stimulated by the Great French Revolution. This is an age exclusively aimed at the development of human individuality. Humanistic aspirations of writers XIXcenturies relied on the great achievements of the Enlightenment, the discoveries of the romantics, the greatest achievements of the natural sciences, without which it is impossible to imagine new art. XIXThe century is filled with incredible energy and an unpredictable play of circumstances that a person has to face in conditions of social instability, in conditions of active redistribution of spheres of spiritual activity and the increasing social significance of art, especially literature.

Romanticism abstracted from the world of reality and created its own, in which there were other laws, other feelings, words, other desires and concepts. The romantic strives to escape everyday life and returns to it, discovering the unusual, always carrying with him the eternally alluring image of endless striving for the ideal. Interest in the individual consciousness of the artist and the development of his capabilities is combined with the universal inability of many romantic heroes to consider themselves as full members of an organized social society. They are often presented as lonely figures, alienated from a materialistic, selfish and hypocritical world. Sometimes they are outlawed or fight for their own happiness in the most unusual, often illegal ways (robbers, corsairs, infidels).

The free independent thinking of romantics is realized in an endless chain of self-discoveries. Self-awareness and self-knowledge become both the task and the goal of art.

Romanticism as a cultural phenomenon is tied to the era, although it can leave some of its constants as a legacy to future generations. appearance personalities, her psychological characteristics: interesting pallor, a penchant for lonely walks, love for a beautiful landscape and detachment from the ordinary, longing for unrealistic ideals and an irretrievably lost past, melancholy and high moral sense, sensitivity to the suffering of others.

Basic principles of the poetics of romanticism.

1. The artist does not strive to recreate life, but to recreate it in accordance with his ideals.

2. Romantic dual worlds are interpreted in the artist’s mind as a discord between ideal and reality, what should be and what is. The basis of dual worlds is rejection of reality. The dual worlds of the romantics are very close to the dialogue with nature, the universe, a silent dialogue, often carried out in the imagination, but always with physical movement or its imitation. The rapprochement of the world of human feelings with the world of nature helped romantic hero to feel part of a larger universe, to feel free and significant. A romantic is always a traveler, he is a citizen of the world, for whom the entire planet is the center of thought, mystery, and the process of creation.

3. The word in romanticism represents a line of demarcation between the world of creative imagination and the real world; it warns of the possible invasion of reality and the suspension of the flight of fantasy. The word, created by the creative energy and enthusiasm of the author, conveys his warmth and energy to the reader, inviting him to empathy and joint action.

4. Concept of personality: man is a small universe. The hero is always an exceptional person who has looked into the abyss of his own consciousness.

5. The basis of modern personality is passion. From here stems the romantics' exploration of human passions, an understanding of human individuality, which led to the discovery of the subjective person.

6. Artists reject all normativity in art.

7. Nationality: every nation creates its own special world image, which is determined by culture and habits. The Romantics addressed issues of national typology of cultures.

8. Romantics often turned to myths: antiquity, the Middle Ages, folklore. In addition, they create their own myths. The symbolism, metaphors, and emblems of romantic artistic consciousness are simple and natural at first glance, but they are complete secret meaning, they are multi-valued, for example, romantic images of a rose, a nightingale, wind and clouds. They can take on a different meaning if placed in a different context: it is the foreign context that helps romantic work live according to the laws of a living being.

9. The romantic vision is designed to mix genres, but in a different way than in previous eras. The nature of their manifestation in the culture as a whole is changing. Such are odes and ballads, essays and novels. Mixing genres, both poetic and prosaic, is important in emancipating consciousness and freeing it from conventions, from mandatory normative techniques and rules. Romantics created new literary genres: historical novel, fantasy story.

10. It is no coincidence that the idea of ​​a synthesis of arts appears in romanticism. On the one hand, this was how the specific task of ensuring maximum liveliness and naturalness of the artistic impression and the completeness of the reflection of life was solved. On the other hand, it served a global purpose: art developed as a collection of different types, genres, schools, just as society seemed to be a collection of isolated individuals. The synthesis of arts is a prototype of overcoming the fragmentation of the human “I”, the fragmentation of human society.

It was during the period of romanticism that a deep breakthrough occurred in artistic consciousness, due to the victory of individuality and the desire for synthesis. various fields spiritual activity emerging international specialization mental intellectual work.

Romanticism contrasted the utilitarianism and materiality of the emerging bourgeois society with a break with everyday reality, a retreat into the world of dreams and fantasies, and an idealization of the past. Romanticism is a world in which melancholy, irrationality, and eccentricity reign. Its traces appeared in European consciousness as early asXVIIcentury, but were regarded by doctors as a sign of mental disorder. But romanticism is opposed to rationalism, not humanism. On the contrary, he creates a new humanism, proposing to consider man in all his manifestations.

1. Romantics rejected the most important artistic principle realism - verisimilitude. They reflected life not as it is, but as if anew, in their own way they recreated it, transformed it. Romantics believed that verisimilitude was boring and uninteresting.

Therefore, romantics are very willing to use a variety of forms conventions, improbabilities images: a) straight fiction, fabulousness, b) grotesque- reduction to the point of absurdity of any real features or connection of the incompatible; V) hyperbola - different types exaggeration, exaggeration of the qualities of characters; G) plot implausibility- an unprecedented abundance of all kinds of coincidences, happy or unfortunate accidents in the plot.

2. Romanticism is characterized by a special romantic style. Its features: 1) emotionality(many words expressing emotions and emotionally charged); 2) stylistic decoration- a lot of stylistic decorations, figurative and expressive means, a lot of epithets, metaphors, comparisons, etc. 3) verbosity, imprecision, vagueness.

Chronological framework for the development of romanticism and realism.

Romanticism arose in the 90s of the 18th century, after the Great French Revolution 1789, but not in France, but in Germany and England, a little later it arose in all other European countries, including Russia. Romanticism became the main dominant literary movement in 1812, when the first songs of Byron’s poem “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” were published, and remained so until approximately the second half of the 1830s, when it gave way to realism. But we must keep in mind that realism began to take shape already in the 1820s - by the way, the first works with a predominance of realism began to appear in Russia: the comedy by A.S. Griboedov's "Woe from Wit" (1824), the tragedy "Boris Godunov" (1825) and the novel "Eugene Onegin" (1823 - 1831) by A.S. Pushkin. But since Russian literature did not have any pan-European influence at that time, it was of much greater importance in this sense French literature- Stendhal's novel “The Red and the Black” (1830). Since the second half of the 1830s, the works of Balzac, Gogol and Dickens mark the victory of realism. Romanticism fades into the background, but does not disappear - especially in France, it existed throughout almost the entire 19th century, for example, three novels by Victor Hugo, the best prose writer among the Romantics, were written in the 1860s, and his last novel was published in 1874 . And in poetry, romanticism prevailed throughout the 19th century, in all countries. For example, in Russia the best poets second half of the 19th century centuries - Tyutchev and Fet are pure romantics.

_ _ _ _ _ _ realism__________

_ _ _ _ _ romanticism_______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1789______1812____1824_____1836____________1874

Literature

1. History of foreign literature of the 19th century / Ed. Ya.N. Zasursky, S.V. Turaeva. – M., 1982. – 320 p.

2. Khrapovitskaya G.N., Korovin A.V. History of foreign literature: Western European and American romanticism. - M., 2007. - 432 p.

3. History of foreign literature of the 19th century: textbook. for universities / Ed. N.A. Solovyova. – M.: graduate School, 2007.- 656 p. Publication on the Internet: http://www.ae-lib.org.ua/texts/_history_of_literature_XIX__ru.htm.

4. History of foreign literature of the 19th century: in 2 parts. Part 1 / Ed. A.S. Dmitrieva - M., 1979. - 572 p.

5. History of foreign literature of the 19th century: in 2 parts. Part 1 / Ed. N.P. Michalska. – M., 1991. – 254 p.

6. History of world literature in 9 volumes. T. 6 (first half of the 19th century) / Rep. ed. I.A. Terteryan. - M.: Nauka, 1989. – 880 p.

7. Lukov V.A. History of literature. Foreign literature from origins to the present day. – M., 2008. – 512 p.

8. Foreign literature of the 19th century. Romanticism. Reader / Ed. Ya.N. Zasursky. – M., 1976. – 512 p.

9. Bykov A.V. Foreign literature of the 19th century. Romanticism. Reader [ electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://kpfu.ru/main_page?p_sub=14281.