There are alto and soprano violins - instruments that play in low and high registers, respectively. Also, violins can be made of wood - the so-called acoustic violins, or they can be made of metal or, in extreme cases, plastic - electric violins.
Violins, like pianos, perform equally well in both ensemble and solo playing, which is why there are an incalculable number of works for , and they continue to be created.
According to some sources, the Spanish fidel is considered the ancestor of the violin. Other resources say that her ancestors were the Arab rebab and the Kazakh kobyz. At first, these instruments formed the so-called “viol”, from where the Latin word “violin” comes. Widespread (as folk instrument) violins were received in Romania, Ukraine and Belarus.
The best violins in the world are the violins of the great, talented Italian master - Stradivari, or rather the so-called “golden period” of his work - the late 17th - early 18th centuries. The violins he created sounded so magical and unusual that his contemporaries said that he had sold his soul to the devil. It is known that Stradivari created about 1000 violins, but only about 600 of the great master’s violins have survived to this day, each costing from one to three million euros.
Some interesting facts. Albert Einstein once performed in a tavern, playing the violin. One journalist who followed this and later found out the name of this artist wrote a note about it. Einstein kept it for himself and told everyone that he was not a great scientist. There is also a legend that while painting the Mona Lisa, Leonardo Da Vinci ordered violins to be played. It is believed that her smile is a reflection of the music.
The violin is a bowed string instrument that no orchestra can do without. Learning to play the violin requires years of practice under the guidance of an experienced teacher.
Instructions
The birthplace of the violin is Europe. The time of birth is the thirteenth century. Before the violin found its familiar form, it underwent various changes and improvements. We can say that the violin has been formed over centuries, and this formation is connected with the development and evolution of music as an art. The world owes the appearance of the classical form of the violin to the Italian master Andrea Amati, who managed to achieve from the violin something close to human voice timbre Thanks to its strong and rich sound, the Amati violin entered the stage of large concert halls and became one of the most popular instruments. Other famous Italian master, Antonio Stradivari, improved the structure of the violin, which made it possible to achieve bright sound combined with the softness and tenderness inherent only in this instrument.
In our time, the violin has not lost its popularity. It is a fairly complex instrument, and mastering it is much more difficult than, for example, a . To learn professional game violin, you need to spend several years, and preferably start in childhood. The earlier you start learning, the better, since the technique of playing this tool requires great flexibility and mobility of the hands. To play the violin it is not at all necessary to have absolute musical ear, harmonic hearing is much more important. For its development you will need regular classes solfeggio.
Beyond skill musical performance, important element is also caring for the instrument itself. The violin is very weather sensitive; strong temperature fluctuations and any changes are destructive to it. environment. It should be protected from direct contact sun rays, heat, moisture. It is important to choose a high-quality case for it. Usually choose spacious and heat-resistant. The case must be ventilated periodically. The violin is stored in a special bag made of breathable fabric and cleaned regularly with soft flannel cloths. The inner surface of the violin is cleaned with heated oats or washed dry rice. In addition, there are a lot of factory-made violin care products. For better glide, the bow is rubbed with rosin.
Take care of your violin with love, spare no effort in learning to play it, and it will repay you handsomely - with great sound and longevity!
A report on the violin for children grade 5 will briefly tell you a lot useful information about this folk musical instrument.
Message about the violin
Violin- bowed string musical instrument high register. Has a folk origin modern look acquired in the 16th century and became widespread in the 17th century.
The violin is an exquisite and sophisticated musical instrument. It is not for nothing that she was given the role of queen of the orchestra.
History of the violin for children
Violin folk origin: its ancestors were the Spanish fidel , Arab Rebab and German Rota . The fusion of these instruments led to the appearance of the violin.
In the middle of the 16th century, the modern violin design developed in northern Italy. Until the beginning of the 17th century, violin making was carried out by the Amati family in Italy. The instruments were distinguished by excellent material and excellent shape. In general, Italy has firmly taken a leading position in the production of violins High Quality. At one time, they were engaged in by Guarneri and Stradivari, whose instruments are today valued at the highest level.
It became a solo instrument in the 17th century. The first works written for her were “Romanesca per violino solo e basso” (Marini from Brescia 1620) and “Capriccio stravagante” (Farin). Founder art game the queen of the orchestra was A. Corelli, then Torelli, Tartini, Pietro Locatelli.
Description of the violin
The instrument has 4 strings that are tuned in fifths - G small octave, D, A of the first octave, E of the second octave, respectively. It consists of the following parts:
- Frame. It is oval in shape with rounded notches on the sides, forming the so-called “waist” of the violin. This roundness ensures comfortable playing. The lower and upper parts of the body (deck) are connected by shells. The lower part is made of maple, and the upper part is made of Tyrolean spruce. The top deck has 2 resonator holes (f-holes), which affect the sound timbre. In the middle of the upper part there is a stand with strings mounted on a tailpiece made of a strip of ebony. It expands in the direction where the strings are attached. Inside the resonant spruce body there is a round pin inserted, a darling. It provides resonance for sound vibrations.
- Grif. This is a long piece of ebony or plastic. Its lower part is attached to a polished and rounded bar - the neck.
The composition of the varnish with which it is coated and the material of manufacture also influence the sound of the instrument.
The sound of a violin
The violin produces a graceful and assertive sound. The timbre of the sound depends on the quality of the instrument, the choice of strings and the skill of the performer. Bass strings produce a rich, thick, harsh and austere sound. The middle strings sound soulful, soft, velvety. The upper register of the strings sounds sunny, ringing and bright. The performer of the works can modify the sounds, introducing his own palette of sounds.
- In 2003, Athira Krishna from India entered the Guinness Book of Records by playing the violin continuously for 32 hours.
- Playing an instrument burns 170 calories per hour.
- Until 1750, strings were made from sheep intestines.
- The tool stimulates the brain.
- The smallest violin in the world, 1 cm long, was created in the city of Guangzhou (southern China).
We hope that the report on the violin for children helped you prepare for the lesson, and you learned many interesting facts about it. And your short story You can leave your comments about the violin using the comment form below.
Violin- one of the most popular and perfect bowed instruments string instruments. It is impossible to overestimate the importance that this instrument had on music. Amazing beauty sound, wealth of performing possibilities, warm, flowing timbre allowed her to occupy symphony orchestras one of the leading places. It is widely used in folk, ethnic, and solo musical practice. It is not for nothing that this magnificent musical instrument has been awarded the epithets “queen of the orchestra”, “queen of music”.
Origin of the violin
The violin has acquired a modern, familiar look to everyone early XVI century. It owes its appearance to a variety of ethnic instruments, each of which had some influence on it. The history of bowed strings goes back more than two thousand years. Scientists have not yet come to a common conclusion about where this instrument originated. It has been suggested that bowed strings first appeared in India and then spread to Arab countries.
The evolution of musical instruments gave rise to a large number of various bowed instruments. Two of them can be considered the predecessors of the viol and, accordingly, the violin: the Spanish fidel, as well as the rebec, which came from the east.
The rebeck had three strings and a round, pear-shaped body. 
Rebek came to Western Europe from Asia, where it became widespread in the 10th-12th centuries. The popularity of the rebec won him a place at fairs, palaces, and churches.
Fidel is a bowed instrument (in the form of a guitar) known in Western Europe from the 9th century. IN X-XV centuries it was widely used by minstrels. These instruments became the predecessors of the viol, which is constantly mentioned in ballads and poems of the Middle Ages. They played the viola while standing. The instrument was held on the knees, and later on the shoulders. This type of playing contributed to the emergence of the violin. Viola became popular in different strata of society. Although, with the advent of the violin, it began to be considered an instrument of the privileged classes. The violin became the instrument of the common people.
Modern violin
Now it is difficult to understand when the final formation of the instrument, which is now called the “violin,” took place. However, we can say with confidence that the talent of the great masters of Italy of the seventeenth century brought the structure of this musical instrument to perfection. Having achieved perfect shape, made from the best materials, they achieved a deep, gentle, multifaceted sound. Forever left in history, famous masters Nicolo Amati, and his students Giuseppe Guarneri and Antonio Stradivari created an instrument capable of conveying the fullness of human feelings.
During this period, the violin begins to lead the orchestra. 
She gets solo parts. Works created specifically for the violin and masters of virtuoso playing appear. The wide range and unique sound have led to the writing of many unrivaled musical masterpieces. Greatest Composers created works in which the violin played a solo role. Excellent schools of violin playing have appeared. Thanks to the virtuoso playing of great violinists, the violin took its place in the world of music.
The development of music does not stand still. With the emergence of new directions and styles, some musical instruments turned out to be less in demand. But not the violin. The violin did not become an accessory only classical music. Her beautiful sound has graced country, jazz and rock and roll. Many musicians, from pop stars to rock performers, use this magnificent instrument to create their compositions.
The history of this magic instrument dates back more than five hundred years. Throughout all these centuries, the unique, living “voice” of the violin has won the hearts of people. Undoubtedly, the sound of this wonderful instrument will continue to delight grateful listeners.
"Family tree" of the origin of the modern violin. Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.
The ancestors of the violin were the Armenian bambir, the Arabic rebab, the Spanish fidel, and the British crotta, the fusion of which formed the viola. Violin forms were established by the 16th century; Famous violin makers - the Amati family - date back to this century and the beginning of the 17th century. Their instruments are distinguished by excellent shape and excellent material. In general, Italy was famous for the production of violins, among which Stradivarius and Guarneri violins are currently extremely highly valued.
The violin has been a solo instrument since the 17th century. The first works for violin are considered to be: “Romanesca per violino solo e basso” by Biagio Marini () and “Capriccio stravagante” by his contemporary Carlo Farina. Arcangelo Corelli is considered the founder of artistic violin playing; followed by Torelli, Tartini, Pietro Locatelli (-), a student of Corelli, who developed a bravura technique of violin playing.
Since the 2nd half of the 19th century it has become widespread among the Tatars. Since the 20th century it has been found in the musical life of Bashkirs.
Violin structure
The violin consists of two main parts: the body and the neck, along which the strings are stretched.
Frame
The body of the violin has a specific round shape. In contrast to the classic case shape, the trapezoidal parallelogram shape is mathematically optimal with rounded notches on the sides forming the “waist”. The roundness of the external contours and waist lines ensures comfortable play, particularly in high positions. The lower upper plane of the body - the deck - is connected to each other by strips of wood - shells. They have a convex shape, forming “arches”. The geometry of the vaults, as well as their thickness and its distribution, to one degree or another, determine the strength and timbre of the sound. A damper is placed inside the case, transmitting vibrations from the stand - through the upper deck - to the lower deck. Without it, the violin's timbre loses its liveliness and fullness.
Affects the strength and timbre of the violin sound big influence the material from which it is made, and, to a lesser extent, the composition of the varnish. There is a known experiment with the complete chemical removal of varnish from a Stradivarius violin, after which its sound did not change. The varnish protects the violin from changes in the quality of the wood under the influence of the environment and paints the violin with a transparent color from light golden to dark red or brown.
The back (musical term) is made of solid maple (other hardwoods) or two symmetrical halves.
The top is made of resonant spruce. Has two resonator holes - f-holes(in shape they resemble Latin letter(f). A stand rests on the middle of the top soundboard, on which the strings, attached to the tailpiece (underneck), rest. Under the foot of the stand on the side of the Sol string, a single spring is attached to the upper soundboard - a longitudinally located wooden plank, which largely ensures the strength of the upper soundboard and its resonant properties.
The shells combine the lower and top deck, forming the side surface of the violin body. Their height determines the volume and timbre of the violin, fundamentally influencing the sound quality: the higher the shells, the duller and softer the sound, the lower the shells, the more piercing and transparent top notes. The shells, like the soundboards, are made from maple wood.
Dushka is a round (spruce wood) spacer that mechanically connects the soundboards and transmits string tension and high-frequency vibrations to the lower soundboard. Its ideal location is found experimentally; as a rule, the end of the strut is located under the foot of the stand on the side of the E string, or next to it. It can only be rearranged by the master, since its slightest movement significantly affects the sound of the instrument.
The neck, or tailpiece, is used to secure the strings. Previously made from hard ebony or mahogany (usually ebony or rosewood, respectively). Nowadays it is often made from plastics or light alloys. On one side of the neck there is a loop, on the other there are four holes with splines for attaching strings. The end of the string with the button (E and A) is threaded into the round hole, after which, by pulling the string towards the fingerboard, it is pressed into the slot. D and G strings are often secured in the neck with a loop going through the hole. Nowadays, lever-screw machines are often installed in the holes of the neck, making adjustments much easier. Arms made of light alloys with structurally integrated machines are produced commercially.
a loop of thick string or steel wire. When replacing a vein loop with a larger diameter than 2.2 mm with a synthetic one (diameter 2.2 mm), it is necessary to wedge the wedge and re-drill a hole with a diameter of 2.2, otherwise point pressure synthetic string may damage the wooden base.
A button - the head of a wooden peg, inserted into a hole in the body, located on the side opposite the fingerboard, serves to fasten the underneck. The wedge is inserted into a conical hole corresponding to its size and shape, completely and tightly, otherwise the wedge and shell may crack. The load on the button is very high, about 24 kg
The bridge affects the timbre of the instrument. It has been experimentally established that even a small shift of the stand leads to a significant change in the tuning of the instrument due to a change in the scale length and to a slight change in timbre - when moving towards the neck, the sound is duller, while from there it is brighter. The stand raises the strings above top deck on different heights in order to be able to play each of them with a bow, it distributes them at a greater distance from one another on an arc of a larger radius than the top bridge.
Vulture
The neck (part of a musical instrument) of a violin is a long plank made of solid hard wood (ebony or rosewood), curved in cross-section so that when playing on one string the bow does not catch adjacent strings. The lower part of the neck is glued to the neck, which goes into the head, consisting of a peg box and a curl.
The nut is an ebony plate located between the fingerboard and the head, with slots for strings. Slots in the nut distribute the strings at equal distances from each other.
The neck is a semicircular part that the performer covers with his hand while playing. Attached to the neck from above vulture And sill.
Peg box - part of the neck in which a slot is made at the front, two pairs are inserted on both sides pegs, with the help of which the strings are tuned. Pegs are conical rods. The rod is inserted into the conical hole in the peg box and adjusted to it - failure to comply with this condition can lead to destruction of the structure. For tighter or smoother rotation, the pegs are respectively slightly pressed or pulled out of the box when rotating, and for smooth rotation they must be lubricated with lapping paste (or chalk and soap). The pegs should not protrude much from the pegbox. The pegs are usually made of ebony and are often decorated with mother-of-pearl or metal (silver, gold) inlay.
The curl has always served as something of a brand mark - evidence of the taste and skill of the creator. Initially, the curl rather resembled woman's foot in a shoe, over time the similarity became less and less - only the “heel” is recognizable, the “toe” has changed beyond recognition. Some masters replaced the curl with a sculpture, like that of a viol - a carved lion's head, for example, as did Giovanni Paolo Magini (1580-1632). The 19th century masters, lengthening the neck of ancient violins, sought to preserve the head and scroll as a privileged “birth certificate”.
Strings
The strings pass from the neck, through the bridge, over the surface of the neck, and through the nut to the pegs, which are wound around them in the head.
The violin has four strings:
- first(“fifth”) - upper, tuned to E of the second octave. The solid metal E string has a ringing, brilliant timbre.
- second- tuned to A of the first octave. The vein (intestinal or made from a special alloy) solid “A” has a soft, matte timbre.
- third- tuned to D of the first octave. The vein (intestinal or artificial fiber) “D”, entwined with aluminum thread, has a soft, matte timbre.
- fourth(“bass”) - lower, tuned to G of a small octave. Vein (intestinal or artificial fiber) “salt”, entwined with silver thread, a harsh and thick timbre.
Accessories and Accessories
The bow is an accessory for continuous sound production. The basis of the bow is a wooden cane, which passes into the head on one side, and a block is attached on the other. The hair from the ponytail is stretched between the head and the block. The hair has keratin scales, between which, when rubbed, rosin is impregnated, which allows the hair to catch the string and produce sound.
Chin pad. Designed to make it easier to hold the violin under your chin. Side, middle and intermediate positions are selected according to the violinist's ergonomic preferences.
Bridge. Designed for easy placement of the violin on the collarbone. Attached from the bottom deck. It is a plate, straight or curved, hard or covered with a soft material, wooden, metal or plastic, with fastenings on both sides. The necessary electronics, for example, a microphone with an amplifier, are often hidden in a metal structure. The main brands of modern bridges are WOLF, KUN, etc.
Sound pickup devices. Required to convert the mechanical vibrations of the violin into electrical ones (for recording, amplifying or converting the sound of the violin using special devices).
- If the sound of a violin is formed due to the acoustic properties of the elements of its body, the violin is acoustic.
- If the sound is generated by electronic and electromechanical components, it is an electric violin.
- If the sound is produced by both components to a comparable degree, it is a semi-acoustic violin.
Case (or trunk for violin and bow and additional accessories.
The mute is a small wooden or rubber “comb” with two or three teeth with a longitudinal slot. It is placed on top of the stand and reduces its vibration, making the sound muffled and “wearable”. The mute is most often used in orchestral and ensemble music.
"Jammer"- a heavy rubber or metal mute, used for home exercises, as well as for exercises in places that do not tolerate noise. When using a jammer, the instrument practically stops sounding and emits barely audible pitch tones that are sufficient for the performer to perceive and control.
Typewriter- a metal device consisting of a screw inserted into the hole in the neck, and a lever with a hook that serves to fasten the string, located on the other side. The machine allows for finer adjustments, which is most critical for monometallic strings with low stretch. There is a specific machine size for each violin size; there are also universal ones. Typically available in black, gold-plated, nickel-plated or chrome-plated, or a combination of finishes. There are models specifically for gut strings, for the E string. The instrument may not have machines at all: in this case, the strings are inserted into the holes in the neck. It is possible to install machines not on all strings. Usually in this case the machine is placed on the first string.
Recording and performance
Record
The violin part is written in treble clef. The standard range of the violin is from the G minor octave to the fourth octave. Higher sounds are difficult to perform and are used, as a rule, only in solo virtuoso literature, but not in orchestral parts.
Hand placement
"Franco-Belgian" way of holding the bow.
The strings are pressed with four fingers of the left hand to the fingerboard ( thumb excluded). The strings are moved with a bow located in right hand playing.
When pressed with a finger, the length of the vibrating area of the string decreases, due to which the frequency increases, that is, a higher sound is obtained. Strings not pressed with a finger are called open and are designated by zero when indicating the fingering.
From touching the string with almost no pressure certain places the result is harmonics. Some harmonic sounds go beyond the standard violin range in pitch.
The arrangement of the fingers of the left hand on the fretboard is called fingering(from the word applicate). The index finger is called the first, the middle finger is the second, the ring finger is the third, and the little finger is the fourth. Position is called the fingering of four adjacent fingers, spaced one tone or semitone apart. Each string can have seven or more positions. The higher the position, the more difficult it is to play cleanly. On each string, excluding fifths, they go mainly only up to the fifth position inclusive; but on the fifth or first string, and sometimes on the second, higher positions are used - up to the twelfth.
There are at least three ways to hold the bow:
- Old (“German”) way, at which forefinger touches the bow cane with its lower surface, approximately opposite the fold between the nail phalanx and the middle one; fingers tightly closed; the thumb is opposite the middle finger; The bow hair is moderately taut.
- New (“Franco-Belgian”) method, in which the index finger touches the cane at an angle with the end of its middle phalanx; there is a large gap between the index and middle fingers; the thumb is opposite the middle finger; strongly stretched bow hair; inclined position of the cane.
- The newest (“Russian”) method, in which the index finger touches the side of the cane with a bend between the middle phalanx and the metacarpal; deeply enveloping the middle of the nail phalanx and forming a cane with it sharp corner, he seems to direct the bow; there is a large gap between the index and middle fingers; the thumb is opposite the middle finger; loose bow hair; straight (not inclined) position of the cane. This way of holding the bow is the most appropriate for achieving the best sound results with the least amount of energy.
The violins also form a significant part of the orchestra, in which the musicians are divided into two groups, known as the first and second violins. Most often, the melodic line is dedicated to the first violins, while a group of second violins performs an accompanying or imitating function.
Sometimes the melody is entrusted not to the whole group of violins, but to a solo violin. Then the first violinist, the accompanist, plays the melody. Most often, this is necessary to give the melody a special color, delicate and fragile. The solo violin is most often associated with the lyrical image.
A string quartet in its original form consists of two violins (musicians playing the parts of the first and second violins), a viola and a cello. Similar to an orchestra, most often the leading role is played by the first violin, but in general each instrument can have solo moments.
Famous violinists
See also: Violinists by country.17th century
- Arcangelo Corelli (-) is an Italian violinist and composer, considered the creator of artistic violin playing. Contemporaries called him the Columbus of music.
- Antonio Vivaldi (-) - Venetian abbot. Composer, violinist, teacher, conductor. Creator of the violin concerto musical form. One of the most famous works is the cycle of 4 concerts for violin and orchestra “The Seasons”.
- Giuseppe Tartini (-) - Italian violinist and composer. He improved the design of the bow, lengthening it, and developed the basic techniques of bowing, recognized by all contemporary violinists in Italy and France and which came into general use.
XVIII century
- Ivan Khandoshkin (-) is a Russian virtuoso violinist, composer and teacher. Founder of Russian violin school. Russia's first violin virtuoso. During his lifetime he was popular in wide circles Russian society.
- Giovanni Battista Viotti (-) is a famous Italian violinist of the generation that preceded Niccolò Paganini. Apart from ten piano concertos, all of Viotti's works are written for string instruments, the most important of which are the 29 violin concertos.
19th century
- Niccolo Paganini (-) - Italian violinist and virtuoso guitarist, composer. One of the most prominent personalities musical history XVIII-XIX centuries. Recognized genius of world musical art.
- Henri Vietan (-) - Belgian violinist and composer, one of the founders of the national violin school. Vieutang is the author of numerous works for violin, which are still very popular: seven concertos with orchestra, a number of fantasies, variations, concert etudes, etc.
- Henryk Wieniawski (-) is a Polish virtuoso violinist, composer and teacher.
- Leopold Auer (-) - Hungarian, Russian violinist, teacher, conductor and composer. He is the founder of the so-called Russian violin school.
- Eugene Ysaye (-) is a Belgian violinist, conductor and composer. He wrote 6 violin concertos, variations on a theme by Paganini and others.
XX century
- Jascha Heifetz (-) - American violinist Jewish origin. Considered one of the greatest violinists XX century.
- David Oistrakh (-) - Soviet violinist, violist, conductor and teacher, professor at the Moscow Conservatory, National artist THE USSR.
- Leonid Kogan (-) - Soviet violinist, teacher, professor at the Moscow Conservatory, People's Artist of the USSR.
- Yehudi Menuhin (-) is an American violinist and conductor. He also left his mark on philately; one of the philatelic prizes is named in his honor.
XXI Century
- Itzhak Perlman (August 31, 1945) is an American violinist, conductor and teacher.
- Vadim Repin (August 31, 1971) is a Russian violinist.
Famous violin makers
- Giovanni Paolo Maggini (-) - Italian violin maker. His tools are different soft sound, similar to a viola and highly prized. His son, Pietro Santo Magini, also made excellent violins, violas and basses.
- Nicola Amati (-) is one of the most famous masters of the Amati family. Creator of many stringed instruments, including cellos. Teacher of such renowned string instrument makers as Jacob Steiner, Antonio Stradivari and Andrea Guarneri.
- Jakob Steiner (approx. -) is the first known Austrian master, the most famous representative of the so-called Tyrolean school.
- Andrea Guarneri (or -) - famous manufacturer bowed instruments. Andrea was a student famous master Amati, lived in the 17th century in Cremona.
- Antonio Stradivari (-) - famous master string instruments, student of Amati. Completed the formation of the violin as a structure in detail. Any modern violin It's essentially a Stradivarius violin. About 650 instruments of his work have survived.
- Giuseppe Guarneri del Gesù (-) - grandson of Andrea, acquired the greatest glory. Giuseppe's instruments are valued on par with those of Stradivarius. On the Guarneri violin “Il Cannone Guarnerius ( English)" played by Niccolo Paganini.
- Ivan Andreevich Batov (-) - the first famous Russian master for the manufacture of musical instruments.
- Jean Baptiste Vuillaume (1798-1875) - French violin maker. In 1828 he opened his own workshop in Paris. Since 1835 he was engaged in imitation of antique Italian instruments(mainly Stradivari and Guarneri). He made over 3,000 instruments.
The most famous works for violin
- A. Vivaldi. Seasons for violin and orchestra
- J. S. Bach. 3 sonatas and 3 partitas for solo violin
- G. Tartini. Sonata “Devil's Trills” for violin and piano
- W. A. Mozart. 5 concertos for violin and orchestra
- L. Beethoven
- L. Beethoven. 10 sonatas for violin and piano
- I. Brahms. Concerto in D major for violin and orchestra
- I. Brahms
- F. Mendelssohn. Concerto in E minor for violin and orchestra
- E. Grieg. 3 sonatas for violin and piano
- N. Paganini. 24 caprices for solo violin
- N. Paganini. Concerto in D major for violin and orchestra
- S. Frank. Sonata for violin and piano
- C. Saint-Saens. "Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso" for violin and orchestra
- G. Wieniawski. 2 polonaises for violin and orchestra
- P. Sarasate. Fantasia on themes from G. Bizet's opera "Carmen"
- J. Sibelius
- P. Tchaikovsky. Concerto for violin and orchestra
- E. Izai. 6 sonatas for solo violin
- S. Prokofiev
- D. Shostakovich. 2 concertos for violin and orchestra
Literature
- K. Flash, The Art of Violin Playing (Volume 1)- Music, M., 1964.
- K. Flash, The Art of Violin Playing (Volume 2)- Classics-XXI, M., 2007.
- L. Auer, Violin Playing as I Teach It(1920); in Russian lane - My violin school, L., 1933;
- V. Mazel, Violinist and his hands (right)- Composer, St. Petersburg, 2006.
- V. Mazel, Violinist and his hands (left)- Composer, St. Petersburg, 2008.
- A. Tsitsikyan “Armenian bow art”, Yerevan, 2004
Links
- Violin alphabet, history of the violin, sheet music, books and films about the violin, violin in literature, painting, animation, etc.
The first bowed instruments appeared, presumably, in India at the beginning of our era. From there they migrated to the Persians, Arabs and peoples of North Africa, and later to Europe. Bowed instruments ranged from very primitive to more complex. Over time, they began to go out of use, giving way to new bowed instruments - viols.
Viols were the predecessors of the violin. They were large and small in size and played on them different ways: held between the knees during the game, placed on a support, played standing or sitting, etc. Viols, which were played while held on the shoulder, became the prototype of the violin.
Despite the external similarity of these two instruments, the differences between them are quite significant. The neck of the viol has saddles, but the neck of the violin does not have them; the viol could have from five to seven strings, but the violin has only four. But the biggest difference lies in the sound of these instruments: the viol has a muffled and soft sound, it is not suitable for playing in large concert halls, but the violin, on the contrary, has a piercing, bright sound. This is precisely why the violin fell in love with many peoples, becoming national instruments in countries such as Romania, Hungary, Moldova, Belarus, etc.
The appearance of the first violin dates back to the late 15th - early 16th centuries. They were first made by viol makers, and later by violin makers. In Italy, in the city of Berscia, Gasparo Bertolotti, Giovanni Paolo Magini and their students lived and made violins. Their violins acquired approximately the same appearance as modern ones, but the truly lively sound of the violins was achieved by masters from the city of Cremona. The sound of their violins was similar to the intonation of human speech, which made the violin the most perfect musical instrument. The names of Cremonese masters will forever go down in the history of the creation of musical instruments. These are Amati, Guarneri and Stradivari, whose creations are still admired by true connoisseurs of art.
Improving the violin aroused interest among musicians, who began to master this instrument and develop techniques and techniques for playing it. The most famous violin virtuosos were Nicolo Paganini, Arcangelo Corelli, Jean-Marie Leclerc and Giuseppe Tartini.
The music of the violin was so emotional and close to the people that viols eventually faded into the background, and later stopped being used altogether. Thus, the violin has taken a leading position among musical instruments to this day.
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