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C – syndrome. There are a large number of signs and symptoms associated with the disease. P – acquired. The disease is not caused by genetic predisposition, but is acquired in a specific way. And – immune. D – deficiency. At the same time, the immune system is suppressed and loses its ability to resist various infections.
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The first cases of AIDS were noted in the early eighties in the United States among drug addicts. The epidemic has now spread to about 190 countries around the world.
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Why can't the body defend itself? Virus T-lymphocyte T-lymphocyte with virus Damage to new T-lymphocytes Antibody Viruses in cells are in a form inaccessible to antibodies
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As a result of the disease, the human body becomes defenseless against infectious and tumor diseases, which the normal immune system copes with.
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Stages of AIDS disease. I. Infection with the HIV virus: weekly fever, swollen lymph nodes, rash. After a month, antibodies to the HIV virus are detected in the blood. II. Latent period: from several weeks to several years: ulcerations of the mucous membrane, fungal infections of the skin, weight loss, diarrhea, elevated body temperature. III. AIDS: pneumonia, tumors, sepsis and other infectious diseases.
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Routes of transmission of HIV infection. Through blood: during blood transfusion, organ and tissue transplantation. From mother to child: in utero, during childbirth, during breastfeeding. When using contaminated medical instruments, drug addicts use one syringe. Sexual – with a regular sexual partner (use condoms!) and homosexual relationships; with artificial insemination.
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HIV can only infect cells of the human body that have the CD4 protein molecule on their shell: these are cells of the immune system (mainly blood cells called T-lymphocytes, or CD4-lymphocytes) and the central nervous system B - virus I - immunodeficiency virus H - human
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HIV infection is an infectious disease of viral etiology with a long asymptomatic stage, characterized by a slowly progressive defect of the immune system, which leads to the death of the patient from secondary lesions, described as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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History of development Twenty-four years ago, most doctors did not know what HIV was. The first reports of a mysterious deadly disease appeared in the United States in 1978. In 1983, scientists managed to isolate the causative agent of the disease, called HIV. Over the years, 16 million people have died as a result of AIDS, the final stage of the disease caused by HIV.
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Life with HIV Moment of infection end of life //___1___// _______________________2______________________//_______3____//_4_// “window” carriage of the AIDS virus terminal - from three weeks to 3–6 months or more: diagnosis of HIV infection is impossible due to the lack of antibodies , but a person is a source of infection from the moment of infection until the end of life - carrier of the virus - 7–15 years (without treatment): the person does not look or feel sick, retains ability to work and other social opportunities. Dispensary observation is necessary to make a decision on timely treatment - AIDS – 3–5 years (without treatment): the ability to work is gradually lost, the person looks and feels sick, treatment is required - terminal stage – 3–6 months: severe dying, outside care is required
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Remember!!! You can become infected with HIV without knowing it and unintentionally spread HIV to others. According to the criminal code, for deliberate infection - 5 years in prison.
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Once in the body, the virus gradually destroys the immune system. Over time, she becomes weak. The development of numerous diseases: pneumonia, cancer, infectious diseases that do not usually occur in people with a healthy immune system. Sudden weight loss (10% or more) Increased body temperature Severe night sweats Chronic fatigue Enlarged lymph nodes Persistent cough Intestinal upset Eventually, there comes a time when the body's resistance is completely lost, and numerous diseases become so aggravated that the patient dies.
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Routes of transmission of HIV infection The first way is sexual contact with an infected person. HIV can be transmitted from man to woman, from woman to man, from man to man and from woman to woman.
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The second way The second way is the entry of the blood of an HIV-infected or AIDS-infected person into the body of a healthy person. This can occur through blood transfusions from HIV-infected donors and through the use of non-sterile medical instruments. Blood used for medical purposes is tested for the presence of the virus, and the instruments, primarily syringes, are disposable.
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The third way The third way is the transmission of HIV from an infected or AIDS-sick mother to her child. This can happen during pregnancy. HIV passes through the placenta into the fetus. During the birth process, as the child passes through the mother’s birth canal, HIV, along with the blood, can enter the newborn’s body through easily vulnerable skin. BUT IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE YOU CAN BE CURED.
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Treatment -Currently, there is no vaccine that can prevent HIV infection and no medicine that can destroy HIV in the body.
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The spread of HIV/AIDS through blood can be prevented by: Testing donated blood People creating their own blood banks Sterilizing medical instruments and using disposable medical instruments Using personal equipment and instruments for manicure, pedicure, piercing, shaving Strict adherence to safe behavior rules and the use of personal protective equipment
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The HIV virus is not transmitted through: bites of mosquitoes and other insects, air, a handshake (in the absence of open skin lesions), a kiss (any, but in the absence of bleeding lesions and cracks on the lips and mouth), dishes, clothes, use of the bathroom, toilet, swimming pool, etc.
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WHY DO YOU KNOW IF YOU HAVE HIV? - to stop the disease in time and prevent the development of AIDS; - to be more attentive to your health, because... Any disease caused by HIV infection is more severe and requires special treatment. This especially applies to hepatitis, tumors, tuberculosis; - so as not to infect your loved ones.
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7 rules for safe behavior regarding HIV/AIDS -I know how HIV is transmitted and how I can protect myself. -I never use drugs. -I do not use non-sterile instruments for ear piercing, tattooing, piercing, or shaving. -I always follow the rules of personal hygiene. -I will refuse medical services if I am not sure that the instruments are sterile. -For manicure or shaving I use only my personal tools. -If I have had/will be at risk of contracting HIV, I will get my blood tested.
HIV infection is an infectious disease of viral etiology with a long asymptomatic stage, characterized by a slowly progressive defect of the immune system, which leads to the death of the patient from secondary lesions, described as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This is an infectious disease of viral etiology with a long asymptomatic stage, characterized by a slowly progressive defect of the immune system, which leads to the death of the patient from secondary lesions, described as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
History of development Twenty years ago, most doctors did not know what HIV was. The first reports of a mysterious deadly disease appeared in the United States in 1978. In 1983, scientists managed to isolate the causative agent of the disease, called HIV. In twenty years, 16 million people have died as a result of AIDS, the final stage of the disease caused by HIV. Twenty years ago, most doctors did not know what HIV was. The first reports of a mysterious deadly disease appeared in the United States in 1978. In 1983, scientists managed to isolate the causative agent of the disease, called HIV. In twenty years, 16 million people have died as a result of AIDS, the final stage of the disease caused by HIV.
Incubation period The incubation period lasts from 3 to 14 days, clinical manifestations: headache, malaise, general fatigue, excessive sweating, fever, sore throat, pharyngitis, diarrhea. Antibody production begins between three weeks and three months, but can take up to a year. Incubation period
Symptoms of HIV infection The presence of HIV infection in a person does not mean that he will immediately develop AIDS. The virus can remain in the body for ten years or more before an infected person shows clear symptoms of the deadly disease. During this period, the person may look normal and feel healthy. At the same time, he can transmit HIV to others. In this way, you can become infected with HIV without knowing it and unintentionally spread HIV to others. According to the criminal code, for deliberate infection - 5 years in prison.
Once in the body, the virus gradually destroys the immune system. Over time, she becomes weak. The development of numerous diseases: pneumonia, cancer, infectious diseases that do not usually occur in people with a healthy immune system. The development of numerous diseases: pneumonia, cancer, infectious diseases that do not usually occur in people with a healthy immune system. Sudden weight loss (10% or more) Sudden weight loss (10% or more) Elevated body temperature Elevated body temperature Severe night sweats Severe night sweats Chronic fatigue Chronic fatigue Swollen lymph nodes Swollen lymph nodes Persistent cough Persistent cough Intestinal upset Intestinal upset Eventually, there comes a point , when the body’s resistance is completely lost, and numerous diseases become so aggravated that the patient dies. Eventually, a moment comes when the body's resistance is completely lost, and numerous diseases become so aggravated that the patient dies.
Routes of transmission of HIV infection The first way is unprotected (without a condom) sexual contact with an infected person. The more partners a person has sexual relations with, the higher the likelihood that sooner or later he will become infected with HIV. During sexual contact, HIV can be transmitted from man to woman, from woman to man, from man to man and from woman to woman.
The second way The second way is the entry of the blood of an HIV-infected or AIDS-infected person into the body of a healthy person. This can occur through blood transfusions from HIV-infected donors and through the use of non-sterile medical instruments. Blood used for medical purposes is tested for the presence of the virus, and the instruments, primarily syringes, are disposable.
The third way The third way is the transmission of HIV from an infected or AIDS-sick mother to her child. This can happen during pregnancy. HIV passes through the placenta into the fetus. During the birth process, as the child passes through the mother’s birth canal, HIV, along with the blood, can enter the newborn’s body through easily vulnerable skin. BUT IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE YOU CAN BE CURED.
Treatment - Hospitalization according to clinical indications, isolation is not carried out. Azidothymidine, a drug that blocks viral replication, has been proven effective in treating HIV infection. - Hospitalization for clinical indications, isolation is not carried out. Azidothymidine, a drug that blocks viral replication, has been proven effective in treating HIV infection. -Treatment of secondary lesions is carried out depending on their etiology and also usually gives a temporary effect. Although developed countries have developed drugs that make it possible to maintain the health of those infected with HIV for some time and delay the final stage of the disease, they are very expensive, are not always available to everyone, and most importantly, do not eliminate the cause of the disease and, therefore, do not save from death. -Currently, there is no vaccine that can prevent HIV infection and no medicine that can destroy HIV in the body.
The spread of HIV/AIDS through blood can be prevented by: Testing donated bloodTesting donated blood People creating their own blood banks People creating their own blood banks Sterilizing medical instruments and using disposable medical instruments Sterilizing medical instruments and using disposable medical instruments Using personal equipment and instruments for manicure, pedicure, piercing, shaving Use of personal devices and tools for manicure, pedicure, piercing, shaving Strict adherence to the rules of safe behavior and use of personal protective equipment Strict adherence to the rules of safe behavior and use of personal protective equipment
16 rules of safe behavior regarding HIV/AIDS 1. I exercise or play sports every day. 2.I can cope with stress. 3.I don't smoke. 4.I know how HIV is transmitted and how I can protect myself. 5.I keep a daily routine. 6.I never use drugs. 7. I do not use non-sterile instruments for ear piercing, tattooing, piercing, or shaving. 8.I don't drink alcohol.
9. I strive to ensure that my diet is balanced. 10. I always observe the rules of personal hygiene. 11. I exclude casual sex. 12. I will refuse medical services if I am not sure that the instruments are sterile. 13. When having sexual intercourse, I use a condom. 14. For manicure or shaving I use only my personal tools. 15. If I have had/will be at risk of contracting HIV, I will get my blood tested. 16. I will/have a regular sexual partner.
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HIV INFECTION -
This is a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, characterized by a specific lesion of the immune system, leading to its slow and steady destruction until the formation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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RELEVANCE
A quarter of a century has passed since the first cases of AIDS were discovered. During this time, AIDS has radically changed our world: it has killed more than 25 million men and women, orphaned millions of children, increased poverty and misery, and in some countries even reversed human development efforts. Today, about 40 million people are living with HIV – half of them are women. What was initially reported as just a few cases of a mysterious disease has now become a pandemic that is one of the most serious threats to global progress in the 21st century.
Kofi A. Annan former UN Secretary-General From the Report on the global AIDS epidemic (UNAIDS, 2006)
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AIDS = disease
HIV INFECTION = disease ending with AIDS!!!
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Hypotheses for the origin of HIV
At the moment, the main hypothesis for the occurrence of HIV infection is the transmission of the virus to humans from primates.
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History of HIV infection
1978 – the first detection of AIDS symptoms. 1983 – discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus. 1987 – the first case of HIV infection was registered in Russia. 1991 – Freddie Mercury, leader of the band Queen, died of AIDS.
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1995 – 1,200 people with HIV infection were registered in Russia. 1996 - HIV spreads among drug addicts, the number of patients grows rapidly (6 times per year) 2001 - the beginning of an epidemic is declared in Russia, more than 150,000 cases of HIV infection are registered. 2009 – more than 100 people become infected with HIV every day in Russia.
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Number of HIV-infected people in the Samara region
2009 – 40,500 people registered; Of the 100 thousand population of the Samara region, 730 people are HIV-infected.
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With intravenous drug administration
Drug addicts often share syringes, so the risk of infection is very high. The first dose may be the last
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For blood transfusions, organ and tissue transplants
From an infected donor
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When using non-sterile medical instruments
for ear piercing, piercing, tattoo
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From an infected mother
intrauterine infection during pregnancy; during childbirth; through the breast milk of an HIV-infected mother
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HIV is not transmitted:
when touching and shaking hands; when kissing; when hugging; when drinking from one glass; when using shared clothing or bedding: for insect and animal bites.
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Changes in the body during HIV infection (pathogenesis)
HIV primarily infects cells of the immune system - lymphocytes. Infected lymphocytes gradually die. When the number of cells reaches a critical level, the body becomes susceptible to various infections - AIDS develops, which ultimately causes death.
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Course of HIV infection
Incubation stage From the moment of infection until the clinical manifestations of acute infection and/or the production of antibodies (on average from 3 weeks to 3 months). There are no clinical manifestations of the disease, antibodies to HIV are not detectable. But already during this period it is possible to detect the virus using PCR.
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II. Stage of primary manifestations
2 "A" - asymptomatic. 2 “B” - acute HIV infection without secondary diseases. 2 “B” - acute HIV infection with secondary diseases (against the background of a temporary decrease in immunity, secondary diseases develop - sore throat, bacterial pneumonia, candidiasis, herpes). The duration of clinical manifestations of acute HIV infection is usually 2 - 3 weeks.
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III. Latent stage.
Slow progression of immunodeficiency. The only clinical manifestation is enlarged lymph nodes, which may be absent. The duration of the latent stage is from 2 - 3 to 20 or more years, on average 6 - 7 years.
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IV. Stage of secondary diseases
4 “A” - it is characterized by bacterial, fungal and viral lesions of the mucous membranes and skin, inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract. 4 "B" - more severe and long-lasting skin lesions, Kaposi's sarcoma, weight loss, damage to the peripheral nervous system and internal organs. 4 “B” - severe, life-threatening secondary diseases.
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V. Terminal stage
cachexia (exhaustion) occurs; fever persists; intoxication is pronounced; the patient spends all the time in bed; dementia develops, the content of lymphocytes reaches critical values. the disease progresses and the patient dies.
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PREVENTION OF HIV infection
THE ONLY WAY TO NOT get HIV infection IS TO PROTECT YOURSELF FROM THE POSSIBILITY OF INFECTION
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How to prevent HIV infection through sexual contact?
Delay entering into sexual relations. If a person decides to engage in sexual relations, then safe sex should be practiced. You should use a condom during penetrative sexual intercourse, remembering the rules for quality purchase, storage and use of a condom:
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buy condoms in pharmacies and good supermarkets, where the rules for storing condoms are observed; buy condoms from well-known European, American and Russian companies; pay attention to the expiration date indicated on the packaging so that it is not expired; it is necessary to use only water-based lubricants, since fat-based lubricants (vaseline, cream, lipstick, etc.) destroy latex and impair the reliability of the condom; Only latex or polyurethane condoms protect against HIV and other infections, which should be indicated on the packaging; the condom should be used only once; It is necessary to carefully open the condom package without damaging the condom itself with your nails; Birth control pills and suppositories only prevent pregnancy, but do not protect against HIV.
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Safe sex is like self-love
Accepting your sexuality. Acceptance of sex without drugs and alcohol. Integrity. A high self-evaluation. Respect. Health concerns. Self confidence.
Despite all the differences, people who practice only safe sex, in most cases, have several common features:
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How to prevent infection through blood, through injections?
Intact skin is a reliable barrier to the virus. Disposable and/or sterile instruments should be used. for medical and cosmetic services Refuse any use of drugs.
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HIV infection is a disease of behavior
It is possible to avoid infection by following certain rules of safe behavior.
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16 rules of safe behavior regarding HIV infection:
I do physical exercise or sports every day. I can cope with stress. I do not smoke. I know how HIV is transmitted and how I can protect myself. I keep a daily routine. I never use drugs. I do not use non-sterile instruments for ear piercing, tattooing, piercing, or shaving. I don't drink alcohol.
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I strive to ensure that my diet is balanced. I always follow the rules of personal hygiene. I exclude casual sexual contacts. I will refuse medical services if I am not sure that the instruments are sterile. When having sexual intercourse, I use a condom. For manicure or shaving I use only my personal tools. If I have been/will be at risk of contracting HIV, I will get my blood tested. I will/have a regular sexual partner.
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When should you get tested for HIV?
after having sex with a new partner without a condom after sexual assault if your sex partner has had sex with someone else if your current or past sex partner is HIV positive after sharing needles or syringes to inject drugs or other substances, and also for tattoos and piercings after any contact with the blood of an HIV-infected person if your partner used someone else's needles or was exposed to any other risk of infection after the discovery of another sexually transmitted infection
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If you are not sure of your safety and want to be tested for HIV infection, you can do this at the clinic at your place of residence. If you want to undergo an anonymous examination, you can contact the regional center for the prevention and control of AIDS at the address: Samara, st. L. Tolstoy, 142 tel. 242-69-38
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Treatment of HIV infection
Currently, there is no vaccine that can prevent HIV infection and no medicine that can destroy HIV in the body. At the moment, drugs have been developed that make it possible to maintain the health of HIV-infected people for some time and delay the final stage of the disease.
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Currently, there are many support centers for HIV-infected citizens, which provide social, medical and psychological assistance.
Samara Regional Center "Family" tel.: 958-32-90 District Center "Family", located at the place of residence Samara Regional Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS, tel.: 332-36-57 Regional public organization "Unity" for the provision of support for HIV-infected women, tel.: 8-917-144-39-10 Mutual help groups for women living with HIV, Marina Vladimirovna Bogacheva, tel.: 8-917-105-65-33 “Medical Prevention Center” - organized 24/7 hotline telephone service. For all questions, please call: 337 – 49 – 49, 337 – 05 - 11
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Description of the presentation Presentation of HIV and AIDS on slides
AIDS is the worst thing that happened in the 20th century since Hitler. Madonna AIDS: the disaster of the XXXX II century
Contents General information about HIV. Symptoms of AIDS The structure of the virus What happens to HIV infected people. Who can become infected with HIV and how to determine HIV infection. Epidemiology. Routes of HIV transmission. Law “On preventing the spread of the disease caused by HIV on the territory of the Russian Federation” The rights of HIV-infected people with AIDS, the forecasts are disappointing. Prevention. Persons to be examined Step into the abyss Fear of AIDS Conclusions Literature used
Basic concepts: B – virus (tiny organism, microbe) I – immunodeficiency H – human
Basic concepts: S - syndrome (picture of the disease) P - acquired (obtained during infection) I - immuno- (immunity, protection against infections) D - deficiency (deficiency, insufficient quantity)
General information about HIV/AIDS What is HIV? HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that is transmitted from person to person in certain ways and causes the destruction of the human immune system AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is the last stage of HIV infection
The invisible enemy At the end of the 20th century, humanity came face to face with this ruthless, deadly and so far incurable disease. It was first described in 1981 in the USA. In 1983, the French scientist Montagnier and the American researcher Gallo discovered that AIDS is caused by a special virus. It was given the name HIV. In 1987, in West Africa, Montagnier discovered a second type of HIV, which turned out to be less aggressive and less deadly than the first type. In the same West Africa in 1985, a third type of HIV was isolated from monkeys - its own immunodeficiency virus, then such viruses were discovered in cows and cats.
Symptoms of AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency is characterized by a set of signs that doctors call symptoms. Among its symptoms: Kaposi's sarcoma, a sharp decrease in the number of T-helper cells, the development of various infections that arise as a result of the proliferation of the most common microbes that constantly live in our bodies and normally pose nothing dangerous to health. Viral infections, such as herpes, which appears on the lip after a cold in the spring, also become unusually pronounced in such patients.
In AIDS patients, herpes covers the mouth and nasopharynx, so that they cannot even eat or drink. Dramatically changes herpes and the mucous membrane of the anus, affecting the skin around it in an area the size of the palm of your hand. Such patients suffer from incurable pneumonia, diarrhea (diarrhea), and catastrophic exhaustion. Ultimately, patients die within a year of diagnosis.
Symptoms of AIDS In 1985, patients began to notice another symptom - damage to the brain and central nervous system. This defeat is expressed in memory loss, gait disorder, ability to concentrate, etc. In 1987, AIDS dementia (damage to the nervous system) was officially registered by the US Center for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta as a symptom of (another!) AIDS . The AIDS virus does not infect just one type of cell, but many. But T-helper cells, the main switches of the immune response, are mainly affected, as a result of which acquired immunodeficiency develops. A person remains completely defenseless in the face of various infections, as well as cancer cells.
Structure of the virus After formation, the virus, leaving the lymphocyte, opens part of its cell membrane and is packaged into it. Scheme of the structure of the human immunodeficiency virus: 1 - capsomeres; 2 - genome; 3 - lipoprotein shell (supercapsid); 4 - glycoproteins. This is a diagram of the HIV virus, which cannot reproduce on its own; it forces another cell to do so. It uses white blood cells to do this.
What happens to people infected with HIV? Penetrating into the body, the virus first attacks immune cells. The HIV genetic material then enters the cell's cytoplasm. There the virus behaves like a real invader. Penetrating into the hereditary substance of the host cell, it becomes part of it. In such a latent form, the virus is difficult to detect in the body, it does not manifest itself in any way, and the person does not feel sick. After this period, the virus returns to an active state, and more and more new molecules are formed. Newborn virus particles infect other cells. This is how we can briefly describe what happens to the AIDS virus in the human body.
Who can become infected with HIV The HIV virus is a killer; it does not choose its victims. He doesn't care whether you are black or white, young or old, beautiful or not, poor or rich. Where he comes, death comes later. No one is immune from HIV infection. Any person, man or woman, at any age, regardless of place of residence or religious beliefs, can become infected with HIV. Only knowledge about the routes of transmission, prevention of HIV infection and non-risky behavior can protect a person from infection.
How can you determine whether a person is infected with HIV? The presence of the virus can only be determined with the help of special tests, blood tests, which are done in hospitals or special centers. The most common diagnostic method is enzyme immunoassay. A positive test result indicates that antibodies to HIV have been detected in the blood serum. If antibodies are present, it is concluded that a virus is present in the body. .
Since antibodies to HIV appear only some time after infection, getting tested immediately or a few days after dangerous contact is useless. Test results usually become positive a month after infection, but for some people this period (the “window” period) extends to 3 months or more. Therefore, to obtain a reliable result, the test is done twice, after a period of 3-6 months. The presence of a virus in the blood can only be determined using a special test that detects the presence not of the virus itself, but of antibodies produced by the body during the reaction to HIV infection. It takes 1 to 6 months to develop antibodies. The period when there are not enough antibodies to detect them is called the “window period”. A person can transmit HIV to other people 10-14 days after infection.
HIV is a common virus because a person can be infected for many years and still appear completely healthy. But the virus gradually multiplies inside the body and eventually destroys the body's ability to fight disease by killing blood cells, which are part of the body's immune system. If a person is infected, this does not mean that he will immediately develop AIDS. The virus can remain in the body for ten years or more before a person experiences any symptoms of the disease. During this period, a person may look and feel completely healthy, but may still pass the virus on to others. Thus: - you can get HIV without even knowing it; - You can transmit HIV to others without knowing it. Epidemiology
How is HIV transmitted? HIV is found in various biological fluids of the human body, but in varying quantities. The virus is found in concentrations sufficient to cause infection in blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. Thus, for infection to occur, it is necessary: - HIV enters the human body through biological fluids; — the amount of HIV must be sufficient for infection. The immunodeficiency virus can enter the human body in only three ways:
Ways of transmission of HIV 1. Through sexual contact. HIV is transmitted from one person to another during unprotected sexual contact (without a condom) when sperm or vaginal secretions from an infected partner enter the body. The more people a person has sexual relations with, the higher the likelihood that he will end up with a partner who is HIV-positive.
Routes of transmission of HIV 2. Through blood. HIV can be transmitted through transfusions of blood or blood products from HIV-infected donors or through the use of unsterile, untreated medical equipment containing particles of infected blood. Currently, all blood products used to treat people are tested for virus content, and disposable medical instruments are used. This route of HIV transmission is also common among people who use intravenous drugs, as often a group of drug addicts shares a syringe and needle that are not treated in any way. A. Blood composition: 1. blood plasma; 2. leukocytes; 3. red blood cells. B. Blood cells: 1. red blood cells; 2. platelets; 3. leukocytes
Routes of HIV transmission Of course, when giving injections in medical institutions, disposable syringes should be used, and when giving blood, it must be checked. Infection of several children with HIV infection is on the conscience of medical personnel. However, a complete transition to disposable syringes and testing of donated blood still did not stop the spread of AIDS in Africa, Asia and Europe. The main route of transmission of the virus is sexual contact.
Drawings on the skin A tattoo is essentially an open wound, and poorly sterilized instruments can introduce many diseases into the body: from AIDS to hepatitis.
Routes of HIV transmission 3. From mother to child. Transmission of the virus from an HIV-positive mother to her child can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Without treatment of the mother, the risk of infection is on average 20-45%, with the use of medications it is reduced to 10%. It is also possible to transmit HIV from child to mother during breastfeeding.
HIV-positive mother It’s unnatural when a healthy person connects his life with HIV-infected people... - Yes, there are such cases. For example, a girl is infected, a young man is not. This family wanted to have a child. Pregnancy itself already affects the health of the expectant mother. Naturally, both childbirth and the postpartum period against the background of an immunodeficiency state also undermine the mother’s already fragile health. On the other hand, the husband knows that he takes responsibility. This is in the future - a sick wife and child, whose status parents will only be able to find out after a year and a half. This time is needed to find out whether the child was infected during pregnancy or childbirth.
HIV positive mother WHAT FACTORS INCREASE THE RISK OF HIV TRANSMISSION FROM MOTHER TO CHILD? No. 1, the presence of a large amount of virus in the mother’s blood, in later stages of the disease, it goes without saying that the likelihood of transmitting the infection to the fetus increases. No. 2, this is an exacerbation of chronic diseases in pregnant women and complications of pregnancy itself. No. 3, pathological changes in the placenta, duration of labor, long anhydrous period, etc.
WHAT IS THE RISK OF INFECTION IN A CHILD? — According to world statistics, the risk of a baby contracting HIV from an HIV-infected mother during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding is 30% if the woman has not received preventive treatment, and only 2% when undergoing antiviral therapy (chemoprophylaxis).
PREVENTION OF INFECTION OF A CHILD. WHAT IS THIS PREVENTION? — a system of measures has been developed (it has been adopted, it works, and it brings results) to protect children from HIV infection. All pregnant women from a certain period receive therapy (the introduction of special drugs that help reduce the amount of virus in the mother’s blood). The drugs are very expensive, but women receive them for free.
Means of transmission of the HIV virus Can you become infected with the HIV virus through: blood - yes, blood is the first of the most important means of transmission; sweat - the only fluid secreted by the body that does not contain any amount of the HIV virus. vomiting - contains a very low amount of virus, is dangerous only when in contact with our blood. tears - contains a very low amount of virus, dangerous only when in contact with our blood. saliva - contains a very low amount of virus, is dangerous only when in contact with our blood. For you to become infected, you must swallow 4 liters of saliva from the partner you kissed. There are acids in our stomach that destroy low amounts of the virus. But it is dangerous to kiss a person whose gums are bleeding. ·
Hair - no urine - contains a very low amount of the virus, it is only dangerous if it comes into contact with our blood. skin - no, don’t be afraid to give your hand to a person who has AIDS. · fluid in female genitalia is the second most dangerous means of infection; mother's milk is the third most dangerous means of infection. 30 percent of infants become infected from their sick mothers through their milk during feeding. feces - contains a very low amount of virus, dangerous only when in contact with our blood. sperm and fluid in the female genitalia is the most dangerous means of infection with the HIV virus, it contains a large amount of the HIV virus.
HIV infection is not transmitted through airborne droplets or through household contact. It is impossible to become infected by sharing utensils, a toilet with an HIV-positive person, swimming in the same pool with him, or by greeting or hugging. There is a chance of infection through kissing only if blood is visible in the saliva. Saliva itself does not contain enough HIV to cause infection. HIV is also not carried by insects. All types of contacts are safe when there is no exchange of “dangerous” biological fluids of the human body. HIV is not transmitted through casual contact. HIV can only reproduce inside the cells of the human body. Outside the human body, the virus dies quickly
Therefore, it is impossible to become infected through saliva, urine, sweat, tears, or insect bites; using common objects, common dishes, swimming pool, toilet, bed linen.
Law “On preventing the spread of the disease caused by HIV on the territory of the Russian Federation” In Russia, there is a law “On preventing the spread of the disease caused by HIV on the territory of the Russian Federation,” according to which every citizen of the Russian Federation has the right to a free and anonymous HIV test. The person taking the test has the right to receive specialist advice. In Russia, the majority of HIV-infected people became infected through intravenous drug use. Without knowing that he is infected and without taking precautions when using drugs or having sexual intercourse, a person can transmit the infection to others.
Rights of an HIV-Infected Person HIV-infected person has the same rights as any other person. Communication with an HIV-infected person is safe, so you should not refuse a relationship with a person just because he is infected. Maybe some of you will take care of these people in the future, it is a very rewarding job. If there were no such people, then AIDS patients would die in inhumane conditions, because over time they become completely helpless. They need our help and understanding, not rejection.
AIDS forecasts are disappointing Since the outbreak of the AIDS epidemic in 1981, the best minds on the planet have been looking for a way to stop its invasion. Unfortunately, the problem of HIV infection is becoming more and more urgent for Russia; doctors today talk about an unprecedented increase in infection rates. Patients today place their hopes on virologists and pharmacologists.
Statistics In Africa (its middle part). Today on the African continent, more than 25 million adults and more than 1 million children are living with HIV infection. In 1998 alone, AIDS killed two million people in Africa. Every day in 1998, 5,5 thousand people who died of AIDS were buried on the African continent. In the country of Uganda, 15 percent of the population is infected with HIV. There are villages where all the people have already died from this disease. When they examined young men in the army, doctors found that 90 percent of those who took part in the examination had HIV infection. In Uganda, this problem is not only a health problem, but it is also a social and economic problem. There are many orphans in this country and few people who could earn money for society. India - 4 million people infected with HIV. Thailand - more than one million people with the HIV virus. Russia - HIV is sweeping Russia at a speed the world has never seen before. NUMBER OF HIV-INFECTED PEOPLE IN RUSSIA as of (July 2009). - more than 380,000 people. Experts believe that the true figure is around 800 thousand to 1.5 million HIV positive people.
AIDS forecasts are disappointing Today there is an opportunity to significantly prolong the life and well-being of HIV-infected people. . Currently, no medicine has been found that can defeat HIV infection. Treatment of HIV-infected people is aimed at reducing the rate of reproduction of the virus in the human body and preventing the development of the AIDS stage. If an infected person receives anti-HIV therapy, is observed by a doctor, leads a healthy lifestyle, follows a diet, and rules of general hygiene, then he can prolong normal health and maintain good physical condition for many years.
Is it possible to somehow stop this process? Scientists have found that the HIV reproduction cycle has a number of vulnerabilities. It is they who are trying to influence antiviral drugs. For example, substances are obtained that prevent the virus from entering genes. The first anti-AIDS drug appeared in 1986. It still remains the basic medicine for the treatment of HIV infections. Produced under the names Zidovudine, Retrovir, Timazid. However, the genes of the virus change quite quickly, as a result of which HIV develops resistance to the action of the drug. Already by 1992, enough evidence had accumulated indicating that the effect of AZT, unfortunately, was temporary. The same problem has arisen with more modern drugs. Currently, doctors recommend combination treatment with antiviral substances with different mechanisms of action.
Photos of AIDS Patients Now let's look at some photos of people who got AIDS and died. Most of them contracted the HIV virus from the person they loved. But, besides this love, they also received the HIV virus from them. This is a girl with her mother from Uganda. She contracted HIV when she was 15 years old from her boyfriend, who was one year older than her. Later she became ill with AIDS, she had diarrhea, and doctors could not stop the weight loss, which is why she died.
Photos of AIDS patients This man from London with a skin disease. Skin disease often accompanies AIDS. These are tumors, real suffering. These open sores in people with AIDS appear on different parts of their body. In healthy people, these wounds would heal in a few days or weeks, but in people with AIDS they continue to bleed for months, even a year. Sometimes they have to live with these wounds for the rest of their lives.
Photos of AIDS patients This is an 18-year-old girl from Uganda, shortly before her death. She had skin cancer - Kaposi's Sarcoma. This is one of the types of skin cancer that appeared only after the spread of the AIDS disease. These irregularly shaped dark brown spots cover the entire surface of the skin and internal organs. In this case, the patient becomes like a leopard. This is a blistering lichen or fever that occurs inside the mouth or at the corners of the mouth.
Photos of AIDS patients These are the saddest photos of children with AIDS, because they are not to blame at all. They became infected from their mothers during pregnancy or later when their mother fed them her milk. These infected children often do not live past one year, and their life expectancy is at most five years. In New York alone, more than 20 thousand of these infected children are born every year. More than 100 thousand mothers infected with HIV are registered there.
A step into the abyss It happens that 14 year old girls enter into intimate relationships with men. Most often, it is not the desire for pleasure that pushes them to take such a step. They feel lonely, they are deprived (or feel deprived) of love. They need to make sure that they are able to please. These young girls living with men most often have a particularly bleak childhood behind them. When they give themselves to a man, they are not aware of what they are doing.
The fear of AIDS is completely justified in the current situation. At the same time, parents should not use AIDS as a scarecrow to discourage young people from engaging in sexual activity. It is much more useful to provide them with serious information and advise them to use male condoms, which are the main “vaccine” against AIDS, and also help them resolve financial problems.
Prevention 1. Identification and fight against homosexuality, prostitution, promiscuity, drug addiction. 2. Thorough epidemiological and immunological examination of persons arriving from countries affected by AIDS. 3. Use of condoms during sexual contact with infected people.
Male condoms AIDS is transmitted through vaginal secretions and semen. Therefore, the media advocates the use of condoms during casual sex. This contraceptive truly represents one of the best means of protection against infection with this disease, against which humanity is still unarmed. This is why you should use a condom during casual sex, even if your partner is taking hormonal birth control pills.
Prevention A person can avoid contracting HIV infection by changing their behavior to a safer one: - do not use drugs, especially intravenously; - do not start sexual activity in early adolescence just to prove your “maturity”; - avoid promiscuous sexual intercourse; — use disposable and sterile instruments for medical procedures; - do not use other people’s razors or manicure sets; - Take care of your health, keep your body clean, which will protect you from many diseases.
As we saw from the above material, HIV/AIDS is a very serious disease that currently has no specific therapy. After viewing this material, you were able to see how dangerous and ruthless this virus is, how terrible the course of the disease and its consequences are. As doctors say: “It is better to prevent a disease than to treat it” - we should all know the preventive measures and everyone should contribute to this work, that is, notify everyone, their friends, relatives, acquaintances about this problem. Only public education can curb the spread of AIDS. R. Gallo said: “The advent of this disease means the end of a permissive society, a society in which relationships with multiple partners are common, unchecked by fear of unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. We were unprepared for the rapid evolution of viruses that attack immune cells, so we cannot succeed in creating antiviral vaccines.” Conclusion:
QUESTIONNAIRE TO TEST KNOWLEDGE ON THE PROBLEM OF HIV/AIDS. METHOD – “INTERVIEW-EXIT”. Many people living with HIV may look and feel healthy. AIDS is curable A mother can transmit HIV infection to her unborn child Some insects transmit the causative agent of AIDS If the HIV antibody test is negative, a person can still be infected You can become infected with HIV by eating food prepared by an HIV-infected person You can become infected with HIV , if you drink from the same glass with an AIDS patient, an HIV-infected person has no right to attend school, swimming pools and other public places. I would avoid students whose families have AIDS patients. Only drug addicts can become infected with HIV. The only way to find out is HIV-infection. whether a person is infected or not, this is an antibody test. All HIV-infected people must be isolated. Compulsory HIV testing must be introduced.
QUESTIONNAIRE TO TEST KNOWLEDGE ON THE PROBLEM OF HIV/AIDS. METHOD – “INTERVIEW-EXIT”. You can carry HIV in your blood and not know it You can have AIDS and look healthy A mother carrying HIV can pass it on to her baby AIDS can be cured if treated early You can get HIV through an insect bite You can get HIV through blood donation HIV can penetrate through intact skin I am not the type of person to become infected with HIV Students with AIDS should attend classes It is prudent to avoid being around a person who has HIV/AIDS If someone has tested negative for HIV antibodies, he/she no need to worry about AIDS Sharing needles with friends ear piercing, tattooing or drug use is not dangerous Only adults get AIDS You can become infected with HIV: A) in a swimming pool B) through a toilet seat C) while in a doctor's office D) through unsafe sexual contact E) when hugging a person with AIDS You can protect yourself from HIV: A) if you do not have sex B) by using birth control pills C) by avoiding dirty public places Women transmit HIV to men Human immunodeficiency virus: A) quickly dies outside the body B) is in the air B) is in the blood, genital secretions Antibody analysis can show the presence of HIV in the blood AIDS reduces the body's resistance to infections People without symptoms cannot be a source of HIV All people with HIV should be isolated
Rules for writing a syncwine: There are 5 lines in a syncwine: concept (one word) adjectives (two words) verbs (three words) sentence (of four words) noun (one word) Adjectives and verbs must reveal the concept, and the sentence must have a semantic character.
Literature 1. Biology - educational, methodological and popular science newspaper for teachers of biology, ecology and natural science, publishing house "First of September", pp. 12-13, No. 6 - 2006. 2. Magazine “Russian House”, pp. 50-51, No. 12 – 2002. 3. Yu. K. Skripkin - Skin and venereal diseases, publishing house "Triad - X", pp. 623-634, Moscow - 2000. 4. G. M. Savelyeva, V. G. Beusenko - Gynecology, Publishing Group "GEOTAR - Media", pp. 203-206, Moscow - 2005. 5. I. Lalayants, L. Milovanova. Medicine. "Knowledge" 1990 AIDS: a disaster of the twentieth century. 6. B. G. Komissarov. Teenager and drug addiction. Rostov-on-Don, Phoenix 2001 , pp. 211 – 212. 7. Website www. acetrussia. ru Lectures on prevention (first lecture). 8. Encyclopedia of sexual life for teenagers. M. "House" 1994 Page 41, 85 – 106.
