State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Moscow State Medical and Dental University named after. A.I. Evdokimov" of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Department of Faculty Therapy and Occupational Diseases
State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “First Moscow State Medical University named after. THEM. Sechenov" of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases
Keywords: arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, blood pressure, alcohol
Peculiarities of alcohol consumption in Russia. Alcohol and ischemic heart disease
Numerous studies of the causes of high mortality in the Russian population have confirmed the negative role of excess alcohol consumption. Thus, in the Russian Federation, the mortality rate of men caused by alcohol is 5 times higher than the same figure in Western Europe. However, in general, total alcohol consumption in Russia, although higher than in developed countries, is not enough to explain the differences in mortality rates and life expectancy. Indeed, alcohol mortality per liter of consumption in Russia significantly exceeds similar indicators in Western Europe. The main reasons include the specific structure of alcohol consumption in our country (a large share of strong drinks), the northern type of alcohol consumption (large doses in a short time), as well as the traditionally low level of criticality of Russian citizens towards their own health.
In the structure of various causes of mortality for patients with alcoholism, the main place is occupied by deaths from somatic diseases - 58%, while violent death (injuries, poisonings, accidental drownings) occurs in 22% of cases, deaths from mental disorders (alcoholic psychoses) - in 2 .5%, suicides – in 2.1% of cases. These data were obtained based on an analysis of 5,122 cases of death of patients with alcoholism according to the drug treatment service. In turn, among somatic pathologies that cause death in patients with alcoholism, diseases of the cardiovascular system (acute myocardial infarction, acute cardiovascular failure) occupy 2nd place - 16% (figure).
Ultra-high alcohol consumption in Russia is about 30% of the mortality rate for men and 15% for women. Ultra-high alcohol consumption in Russia leads to premature, potentially preventable deaths of about 500 thousand people annually (!). In the structure of mortality of the Russian population, the first place is occupied by mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD). According to this indicator, we, unfortunately, are ahead of most countries in the world. What is the relationship between the risk of developing coronary heart disease, including death, and alcohol? It is an absolutely proven fact that even moderate and especially excessive alcohol consumption increases the risk of death from coronary artery disease. Thus, S. Costanzo et al. conducted a meta-analysis of 8 studies, which included a total of 16,351 patients with coronary artery disease. An increased risk of death from coronary heart disease was found when drinking more than 26 g of alcohol per day. At the same time, it is widely known that the relationship between alcohol consumption and mortality from coronary heart disease has the form of a J-shaped curve, that is, persons who drink small amounts of alcohol have a lower risk of death from coronary heart disease than those who do not drink at all, and persons Those who drink moderate or excessive amounts of alcohol are at greater risk than non-drinkers. In the meta-analysis cited above, alcohol consumption in a dose of 5–26 g per day was associated with significantly lower mortality from coronary heart disease, and more than 26 g – with higher mortality. However, in our opinion, in no case can the benefits of small doses of alcohol be considered proven. In this regard, we emphasize: the positive effect of small doses of alcohol on the course of IHD was obtained in studies that studied the use of wine, and not strong alcoholic drinks.
In Russia, the structure of alcohol consumption is dominated by strong alcoholic drinks. According to Rosstat data for 2011, strong drinks accounted for 54.5% of the structure of alcohol consumption, while wine made up only 13.2%. For comparison: in France, with approximately the same alcohol consumption per capita, mortality from IHD is significantly lower than in our country. This may be due to the fact that 62% of alcohol consumed in France is wine, and spirits - 20%. In this regard, the most interesting for Russia is the experience of the Northern European countries, the type of alcohol consumption in which until recently was close to the Russian one (consumption of strong alcoholic beverages to a greater extent).
In Iceland, Finland, Norway and Sweden in the 1980s and 90s. There have been dramatic changes in the structure of alcohol consumption - the consumption of strong alcoholic beverages has decreased significantly: by 1.5 liters of pure alcohol per person in Norway, by 2 liters in Iceland and Finland and by almost 3 liters in Sweden. At the same time, total alcohol consumption did not decrease and even increased slightly, as the consumption of strong alcoholic beverages was replaced by wine and beer. As a result, these countries moved from the category of countries with predominant consumption of strong alcoholic drinks to countries with predominant consumption of beer. The change in the pattern of alcohol consumption, while not being the only reason for the increase in life expectancy in the Nordic countries, certainly had a positive impact on reducing mortality and increasing life expectancy in these countries. It should be noted that switching from predominant consumption of strong alcoholic beverages to consumption of beer or wine does not in itself guarantee a reduction in the risk of death. Another decisive factor, no less important than the amount of alcohol consumed, is the type of alcohol consumption: Russia is characterized by the so-called northern type - large doses in a short time. In a meta-analysis conducted by V. Bagnardi et al., it was shown that periodic consumption of large doses of alcohol completely eliminates the positive effects of alcohol on cardiovascular risk.
The results of another meta-analysis indicate that if a person regularly consumes small doses of alcohol, but against this background periodically (one or more times a month) drinks alcohol in significant quantities, then his risk of coronary heart disease significantly increases compared to persons without a tendency to such occasional excesses.
Consequently, drinking alcohol in large doses, predominant consumption of strong alcoholic beverages and the pattern of alcohol consumption of the “large doses in a short time” type increase the risk of coronary artery disease, including that leading to death.
Alcohol and stroke
Vascular diseases of the brain, primarily strokes, occupy second place in the structure of mortality from diseases of the circulatory system (39%) and in the overall mortality of the population (23.4%). Stroke is the leading cause of disability in the population; a third of patients who have suffered it require outside assistance, another 20% cannot walk independently, and only one in five can return to work. The cost of treatment for one stroke patient, including hospital treatment, medical and social rehabilitation and secondary prevention, in our country is 127 thousand rubles per year, that is, the total amount of direct costs associated with stroke (based on 499 thousand cases per year ), amounts to 63.4 billion rubles. Indirect costs, estimated by the loss of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) due to premature mortality, disability and temporary disability of the population due to stroke, amount to about 304 billion rubles per year in Russia. It has been proven that excessive alcohol consumption can lead to stroke. Various studies have provided compelling evidence that alcohol abuse is a major risk factor for all types of stroke.
Drawing. The role of various somatic diseases
in the structure of mortality of patients with alcoholism
Most of the studies that have been done suggest a J-shaped association between alcohol consumption and overall risk of stroke or risk of ischemic stroke, with a protective effect in light to moderate drinkers and an increased risk in heavy drinkers. In contrast, there is a linear relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke.
NB! Reference data for identifying individuals with hazardous and unhealthy drinking patterns
The Russian equivalent of the English term “one drink” is one minimum standard dose (portion) of pure alcohol. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, a dose (serving) is equal to 10 g of pure alcohol (or 12.7 ml of alcohol) 1 .
Description of doses (servings) by type of alcohol (in ml) (WHO criteria) 1
Relationship between alcohol consumption and health risks (WHO data) 1
| Risk | Alcohol consumption per week (portions or doses per week) |
|---|---|
| High risk of consumption / Unhealthy level of consumption | For women: more than 28 doses per week (more than 840 ml of 40% alcohol per week); 4 or more doses per day For men: more than 42 doses per week (more than 1260 ml of 40% alcohol per week); 6 or more doses per day |
| Medium Risk of Consumption / Hazardous or Risky Consumption Level | For women: 14–21 doses per week (420–630 ml of 40% alcohol per week); no more than 3 doses per day For men: 22–41 doses per week (660–1230 ml 40% alcohol per week); no more than 5 doses per day |
| Low Health Risk / Recommended Consumption Level | For women: less than 14 doses per week (less than 420 ml of 40% alcohol per week); no more than 1–2 doses per day For men: less than 22 doses per week (less than 630 ml of 40% alcohol per week); no more than 3–4 doses per day |
According to WHO experts, alcohol begins to harm health when consumed:
- 22 doses/servings (or drinks) per week for men and
- 14 doses/servings (or drinks) per week for women 1, 2
A recent prospective cohort study of 43,685 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and 71,243 women from the Nurses' Health Study found that alcohol use had a J-shaped association with risk. development of stroke. Women who drank light alcohol had a relatively low risk of stroke, but women who drank ≥ 30 g of alcohol per day had a 40% increased risk of stroke (hazard ratio (HR) 1.41, 95% risk confidence interval (CI) 1.07–1.88 for ischemic stroke; RR 1.40 with 95% CI 0.86–2.28 for hemorrhagic stroke). Similar indicators were found in men. A meta-analysis of 35 observational studies found that drinking 60 g of alcohol per day increased the risk of stroke by 64% (RR 1.64; 95% CI 1.39–1.93) and the risk of ischemic stroke by 69% ( RR 1.69; 95% CI 1.34–2.15), and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke more than doubled (RR 2.18; 95% CI 1.48–3.20). Consumption In summary, observational studies have shown that drinking alcohol in small to moderate doses, especially in the form of wine, reduces the overall risk of stroke and the risk of ischemic stroke, while drinking alcohol in large doses increases the risk of stroke. However, at the moment, there are not enough prospective randomized clinical studies to consider it proven that reducing the dose of alcohol consumed helps reduce the risk of stroke, and drinking alcohol in small doses is beneficial. At the same time, conducting such studies is not possible, since it is associated with the risk of developing alcohol dependence.
The American Primary Stroke Prevention Guidelines (2011) provide the following practical recommendations:
- For health reasons, it is recommended that alcohol abusers reduce or eliminate alcohol use through monitoring and counseling (Class I, Level of Evidence A).
- For people who drink alcohol, the limit is ≤ 2 drinks per day for men and ≤ 1 drink per day for non-pregnant women (Class IIb, Level of Evidence B).
Alcohol and hypertension
The relationship between alcohol consumption, blood pressure (BP) and the prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) is linear. Taking even a moderate amount of alcohol is accompanied by an increase in blood pressure, and during the abstinence period with chronic alcoholism there is a high risk of developing hypertensive crises. Regular intake of alcohol causes an increase in blood pressure in patients with hypertension already receiving antihypertensive therapy. At the same time, moderate consumption may be harmless (but not beneficial!), but the transition from moderate to excessive intake of alcoholic beverages is accompanied by an increase in both blood pressure and the risk of stroke.
Increased alcohol consumption in patients with hypertension leads to more rapid development of target organ damage - left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy and microalbuminuria. The pressor effect of alcohol is equally pronounced in people who use it both constantly and occasionally.
The Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension Study (PATHS) examined how reducing alcohol consumption affects blood pressure. In the group that reduced alcohol consumption by just one drink per day, by the end of the six-month period, blood pressure decreased by 1.2/0.7 mm Hg. Art. more than in the control group. In an 18-week study, when limiting alcohol consumption by 4–5 standard drinks per day with a decrease in daily calorie intake, a reduction in systolic blood pressure of 10 mm Hg was achieved. Art. . There is evidence that complete abstinence from drinking alcohol for 1–2 weeks is accompanied by a gradual decrease in blood pressure over 4–6 weeks.
Reducing alcohol consumption from five drinks to one standard drink per day after 18 weeks leads to a significant and stable reduction in blood pressure. Therefore, reducing alcohol consumption leads to a decrease in blood pressure, and this effect is dose-dependent. It is believed that a decrease in alcohol consumption by one standard dose per day (14 ml of absolute ethyl alcohol) is accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure by 1 mmHg. Art. . However, none of the studies were specifically designed to evaluate the effect of reducing alcohol consumption on cardiovascular endpoints. The importance of limiting alcohol intake as an effective measure for non-drug treatment of hypertension is emphasized in all recommendations on hypertension.
Thus, the European recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension (2013) state that men with hypertension who drink alcohol should be advised to limit their intake to 20–30 g per day (for ethanol), and women with hypertension – to 10–20 g per day (level of evidence IA – the highest). Total alcohol consumption per week should not exceed 140 g for men and 80 g for women. The Russian recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension (2010; fourth revision) also emphasize the need to reduce the consumption of alcoholic beverages to less than 30 g of alcohol per day for men and 20 g per day for women in patients with hypertension. From all of the above, an unambiguous conclusion follows about the need to reduce alcohol consumption to the amounts indicated above in all persons who consume it excessively, and not just in patients with alcoholism. In this regard, the emergence in Europe of a new drug aimed at reducing alcohol consumption, Selincro (nalmefene), is of particular interest. Acute alcohol consumption is known to lead to the release of dopamine in the mesolimbic system of the brain, mediated by the release of beta-endorphin. Following repeated exposure to large doses of alcohol, adaptations occur in several neurotransmitter/neuropeptide systems, including the opioid receptor system, which may lead to continuous alcohol consumption. Selincro (nalmefene) is a modulator of the opiate system, is an antagonist of mu- and delta-opioid receptors and a partial agonist of kappa-opiate receptors. By modulating the function of the corticomesolimbic system, Selincro thereby reduces the reinforcing effects of alcohol, helping the patient reduce its consumption. A significant effect of the drug has been proven both in terms of reducing the number of heavy drinking days and in terms of the total average volume of pure alcohol consumption per day (total alcohol consumption).
APPLICATION
Test AUDIT / AUDIT 1 to identify persons with dangerous and harmful patterns of alcohol consumption
Using a screening test, it is possible to determine the severity of alcohol abuse and dependence in patients 21. How often do you drink alcoholic beverages?
Circle the answer number that is closest to you.
2. What is your usual dose of alcoholic beverages on the day you drink alcohol?
(standard portion of alcohol or number of drinks #)?
Circle the answer number in the table that is closest to you.
| № | Standard dose (serving) | Description of doses (portions) by type of alcohol | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vodka (ml), strength 40% vol. | Fortified wine (ml), strength 17–20% vol. | Dry wine (ml), strength 11–13% vol. | Beer (0.5 l bottle), strength 5% vol. |
|||
| 0 | 1 or 2 | 30-60 | 75-150 | 100-200 | 250 ml – 1 bottle. | |
| 1 | 3 or 4 | 90-120 | 225-300 | 300-400 | 1.5 bottle – 2 bottle. | |
| 2 | 5 or 6 | 150-180 | 375-450 | 500-600 | 2.5 bottles – 3 bottles. | |
| 3 | 7-9 | 210-240 | 525-600 | 700-800 | 3.5 bottles – 4 bottles. | |
| 4 | 10 or more | 300 or more | 750 or more | 1000 or more | 5 bottles or more | |
| # The Russian equivalent of the English term “one drink” is 1 minimum standard portion (dose) of pure alcohol. According to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO), 1 dose (serving) is equal to 10 g of pure alcohol (or 12.7 ml of alcohol). | ||||||
3. Answer each of the questions in the table by circling the answer that is closest to you.
| Question | Never | Less than once a month | Monthly (1 time per month) | Weekly (once a week) | Daily or almost daily |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| How often do you drink six or more drinks (or more than 180 ml of vodka, or 450 ml of wine) during one event? | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| How often during the past year have you been unable to stop drinking after you started? | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| How often during the past year have you failed to do something you had planned to do because of drinking? | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| How often during the past year have you needed alcohol in the morning to recover from drinking too much the night before? | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| How often during the past year have you felt guilty or remorseful after drinking alcohol the night before? | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| How often during the past year have you not remembered what happened the night before the next morning because of your drinking? | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
4. Answer each of the questions in the table by circling the answer that is closest to you
Calculate and write down the total score _________.
Differentiated indications for brief psychological interventions depending on AUDIT 3 test results
Risk area
(AUDIT score 8–15)
Step 1.
Step 3. Formulate a goal to change alcohol-related behavior and set an upper limit for alcohol consumption.
Step 4. Support the patient by pointing out possible difficulties and guiding him to persistently achieve his goals.
Harmful consumption
(AUDIT score 16–19)
Step 1. Familiarize the patient with the results of his testing, demonstrate relevant visual information materials, and listen to his opinion on this matter.
Step 2. Assess and formulate advice taking into account the patient's readiness for change. Ask the patient to rate on a scale of 1 to 10 how important it is for him to change his drinking.
Step 3. The implementation of the intervention depends on what phase of change the patient is in:
- if the patient has not yet made a decision to change his alcohol consumption, the main emphasis should be on his reasons to encourage him to take the necessary actions;
- If the patient is hesitant about reducing alcohol consumption, emphasis should be placed on the benefits of such a decision, the risks associated with delaying action, and what steps should be taken first;
- If the patient is already ready to take specific actions, the counselor may be better off focusing on setting specific goals and strengthening the patient's resolve to reduce alcohol consumption.
- What is problem-free alcohol consumption?
- How can you change your drinking habits?
- Serious reasons to drink less
- What to do when you want to drink
- People need other people
- What to do with boredom
- How to stick to your plans
- Recommendations for those who can help
- Creating a plan to overcome your drinking habit
- helping the patient identify triggering situations;
- recognition of failures and support for successes;
- involving loved ones in the process of change;
- periodically repeated assessment of the level of risk at which the patient is located. In case of progress, it can be carried out once every six months or a year. If unsuccessful, referral to a specialist for treatment.
Consumption with possible dependence on alcohol
(20 or more AUDIT points)
Step 1. When assessing test results, the consultant should clearly show the patient:
- his level of alcohol consumption is beyond the safe limit;
- there are already specific problems associated with alcohol consumption;
- there are signs of possible alcohol dependence.
- indicate a possible connection between the patient’s health status and his alcohol consumption;
- discuss the patient's future health risks and the likelihood of social difficulties.
- if the patient agrees, it is appropriate to provide him with relevant information and support him;
- If the patient exhibits psychological resistance, a follow-up appointment should be scheduled and time should be given to think and make a decision.
Step 5. Support.
In such a situation, patients need to be reassured and provided with emotional support. They should be told that treatment for alcohol addiction is generally very effective, but they will have to put a lot of effort into it themselves.
Step 6. Repeated contact with a consultant after treatment is necessary for patients in the same way as for patients with physical illnesses. Alcohol dependence is a chronic disorder, and periodic contact and support can help patients avoid relapse or reduce its consequences.
1 Babor T.E., Higgins-Biddle J.C., Saunders J.V. et al. Te Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Guidelines for Use in Primary Care. Second Edition. World Health Organization Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence.
2 The AUDIT was developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a simple screening tool (short assessment) for excessive alcohol use and to inform advice and care. The first edition was published in 1989 and has since been updated.
The test is designed to identify individuals with dangerous and harmful drinking patterns, and can also help identify excessive alcohol consumption as a cause of illness. The AUDIT serves to inform interventions and interventions to reduce or stop drinking alcohol, thereby reducing the risk of or avoiding the development of harmful health consequences.
This test is intended primarily for health care practitioners and researchers, but other professionals who encounter individuals with alcohol problems may also find it useful. The test is used in conjunction with early (brief intervention) primary care guidelines for hazardous and harmful drinking. 3 Babor T., Higgins-Biddle J. S. Brief Intervention for Hazardous and Harmful Drinking. A Manual for Use in Primary Care. World Health Organization, 2001. 53 p. 4 Project on Identification and Management of Alcohol-Related Problems: Report on Phase II - A Randomized Clinical Trial of Brief Interventions in Primary Health Care / Ed. by T.F. Babor, M. Grant. Geneva: World Health Organization, Program on Substance Abuse, 1992.
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ALCOHOL: FRIEND OR ENEMY? Use of alcohols. The effects of alcohol on the human body.
TOPICS FOR VIEWING: 1. ABOUT SUBSTANCES WITH HYDROXYL GROUP. 2. HISTORY OF ORIGIN OF ETHYL ALCOHOL. 3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. 4. METHODS FOR OBTAINING ETHYL ALCOHOL. 5. APPLICATION OF ETHYL ALCOHOL. 6. GUILTY WITHOUT GUILTY (CONFESSION OF ETHYL ALCOHOL). 7. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ALCOHOL. 8. INSTEAD OF CONCLUSION.
THE HISTORY OF ETHYL ALCOHOL IS LOST IN THE DEPTH OF CENTURIES. People learned about the intoxicating properties of alcoholic beverages no less than 8000 BC - with the advent of ceramic dishes, which made it possible to produce alcoholic beverages from honey, fruit juices and wild grapes.
The famous traveler N.N. Miklouho-Maclay observed the Papuans of New Guinea, who did not yet know how to make fire, but already knew how to prepare intoxicating drinks. The Arabs began to obtain pure alcohol in the 6th and 7th centuries and called it “al cogol,” which means “intoxicating.” The first bottle of vodka was made by the Arab Rages in 860. In Western Europe, for the first time in Western Europe, “the miraculous elixir that makes an old man young, a tired man cheerful, a melancholy cheerful,” was obtained by the Italian monk alchemist Valentius.
COLORLESS LIQUID PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. CHARACTERISTIC ALCOHOL ODOR BOILING POINT SOLUBLE IN WATER, GASOLINE, BENZENE HIGH HYGROSCOPICITY => MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION – 96% SUCH ALCOHOL IS CALLED RECTIFICATE IT IS EASILY FLAMMABLE AND BURN WITH A DIM FLAME
ETHYL ALCOHOL CAN BE PRODUCED BY VARIOUS WAYS. FERMENTATION OF FOOD PRODUCTS CONTAINING SUGAR SUBSTANCES. GRAPES, FRUIT, BERRIES, CEREALS, POTATOES, BEET PRODUCTION ALCOHOL OBTAINED IN THIS METHOD IS CALLED FOOD OR WINE ALCOHOL. contain glucose
2. HYDROLYSIS OF CELLULOSE CONTAINED IN WOOD AND PAPER PRODUCTION WASTE. CELLULOSE? GLUCOSE? ALCOHOL This alcohol is called hydrolytic. THE METHOD IS VERY PROFITABLE! FROM 1t of WOOD YOU CAN PRODUCE 200 liters of ETHYL ALCOHOL. THIS CAN SAVE 1.5 tons of POTATOES OR 0.7 tons of GRAIN.
APPLICATION OF ETHANOL.
ETHYL ALCOHOL IS THE MOST KNOWN AND WIDELY COMMON DRUG SUBSTANCE. THE ARAB SCIENTIST OF THE 11TH CENTURY ABUL FARAZH WROTE: “WINE TELLS EVERYONE WHO DRINKS IT FOUR QUALITIES: FIRST THE PEACOCK THEN THE MONKEY THEN THE LION AND FINALLY THE PIG THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON HUMAN
THE NEED FOR ALCOHOL IS NOT AMONG THE NATURAL LIFE NEEDS OF HUMAN BEINGS (THE NEED FOR OXYGEN OR FOOD). ALCOHOL BY ITSELF DOES NOT HAVE A DRIVING POWER FOR HUMAN BEINGS. THE NEED APPEARS BECAUSE THE SOCIETY PRODUCES THIS PRODUCT. THE SOCIETY “REPRODUCES” THE CUSTOMS, FORMS, HABITS AND PREJUDICES ASSOCIATED WITH ITS CONSUMPTION
THE REASONS FOR YOUR FIRST INTRODUCTION TO ALCOHOL ARE DIVERSE. THEIR CHARACTERISTIC CHANGES DEPENDING ON AGE ARE TRACKED. UNDER 11 YEARS OF AGE, THE FIRST ACQUAINTANCE WITH ALCOHOL OCCURS EITHER BY ACCIDENT, OR IT IS GIVEN “FOR APPETITE”, “TREATED” WITH WINE, OR THE CHILD HIMSELF TRYS ALCOHOL OUT OF CURIOSITY. AT AN OLDER AGE, THE MOTIVES BECOME: “HOLIDAY”, “FAMILY CELEBRATION”, “GUESTS”, ETC. FROM 14-15 YEARS OLD REASONS APPEAR: “IT WAS INCONVENIENT TO LEAVE AWAY FROM THE GUYS”, “FRIENDS PERSUADED”, “FOR COMPANY”, “FOR COURAGE”, TO GET RID OF BOREDOM”, “RELIEF OF TENSION”, “AFFIRMATION IN A GROUP OF COMrades” ETC.
A SMALL CHILD CAN DIE FROM 50-60 G VODKA AN ADULT – AFTER A SINGLE TAKING OF 1-1.5 L ALCOHOL IS A DEADLY ENEMY OF THE YOUNGER GENERATION. ANY TOXIC FACTOR HAS A MOST INFLUENCE ON ORGANS AND SYSTEMS THAT ARE IN THE PROCESS OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT.
THERE ARE KNOWN 3 DEGREES OF INCORPORATION: EUPHORIC – THE LIGHTEST DEGREE OF INCORRECTION; 2. DEGREE OF OPPRESSION OF BRAIN PARTS; 3. THE MOST SEVERE WHEN THERE CAN BE PARALYSIS OF THE VEGETATIVE CENTERS. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ALCOHOL
EASY DEGREE OF SIMPLE INtoxication – EUPHORIC (EXCITATION, GOOD MOOD, VIEW, FEELING OF WELL-BEING). REAL REALITY, RELATIONS BETWEEN PEOPLE ARE INADQUARELY VALUED. EXPERIENCES ARE IGNORED, ANXIETY, FEAR, EXCITATION ARE SUPPRESSED. Elevated mood and motor disinhibition are observed. THE COORDINATION OF MOVEMENTS AND ACCURACY OF ACTIONS OCCURS, AND THE PACE OF THINKING ACCELERATES. A PERSON TALKS A LOT, OVERESTIMATES HIS CAPABILITIES, BECOMES BRAGGY, AND COMMITS RUNNING ACTIONS.
EUPHORIA IS REPLACED BY ANCIENTITY, AGGRESSIVENESS, TEARNESS, THE FEELING OF SYMPATHY TURNS INTO ANTIPATHY. SECOND DEGREE OF INCORRECTION – DEGREE OF OPPRESSION OF BRAIN PARTS. (GENERAL lethargy, REDUCED PACE OF THINKING, GAIT DISORDERS, LOSS OF CONTROL OVER YOUR BEHAVIOR). THIRD DEGREE – THE HARDEST. (MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA, TEMPERATURE DECREASES, REFLEX REACTIONS DECREASE). THE SKIN BECOMES PAL AND COLD, SEIZURES, INVOLUTIONARY DISCHARGE OF URINE AND FECES. DEATH CAN COMES FROM PARALYSIS OF NERVE CENTERS.
ALCOHOLISM CAUSE OF ALCOHOLISM (DISEASE) – DRUNKENNESS, PROBUSINESS, IMMORAL, ANTI-SOCIAL LIFE. DRINKING IS A SITUATIONAL CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL, WHICH IS DETERMINED BY EXTERNAL REASONS AND CIRCUMSTANCES. TO UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOLISM, YOU NEED TO KNOW THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
ALCOHOL FROM THE STOMACH ENTERS THE BLOOD 2 MINUTES AFTER CONSUMPTION. FIRST, THE CELLS OF THE LARGER HEMISPHERES OF THE BRAIN SUFFER: HUMAN CONDITIONAL REFLEX ACTIVITY WORSES, THE FORMATION OF COMPLEX MOVEMENTS SLOW DOWN, THE RATIO OF THE PROCESSES OF EXCITATION AND INHIBITION CHANGES
ALCOHOLISM IS CHARACTERIZED BY A SPECIAL PATHOLOGICAL CONDITION OF THE ORGANISM: UNCONSTIBLE CRAVING FOR ALCOHOL CHANGES IN THE DEGREE OF ALCOHOL TOLERANCE PERSONALITY DEGRADATION ALCOHOLISM IS NOT A HABIT, BUT A DISEASE. ADDICTION TO ALCOHOL IS MORE DIFFICULT TO OVERCOME DUE TO POISONING OF THE BODY (10% OF PEOPLE WHO DRINK ALCOHOL BECOME ALCOHOLICS).
METABOLISM OF ALCOHOL IN THE BLOOD. THE CHEMICAL IS TRANSFORMED IN THE BODY: ITS TOXICITY IS REDUCED; METABOLITES ARE RELEASED. IN THE STOMACH, A SMALL PART OF IT IS ABSORBED BY THE MUCOUS MASTER, AND THE REST IS QUICKLY DILUTED BY THE STOMACH JUICE. IN THE SMALL INTESTINE, ALCOHOL IS ABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD IN AN UNCHANGED FORM, AND THEN ENTERS WITH THE BLOOD TO ALL ORGANS AND TISSUE. (ALCOHOL ONLY DOES NOT AFFECT BONES AND FAT TISSUE, THEY HAVE A LOW WATER CONTENT).
ALCOHOL CIRCULATES WITH THE BLOOD THROUGHOUT THE BODY, SLOWLY DISSOLVED IN THE LIVER, PART OF THE METABOLITES IS REMOVED THROUGH THE KIDNEYS AND LUNGS, A SMALL PART THROUGH THE SKIN WITH SWEAT. ALCOHOL DISORDERS THE STRUCTURE OF CELLS TO THE LIVER, LEADING TO DEBRATION OF ITS TISSUE. WITH SYSTEMATICAL CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL BEVERAGES, FATTY CHANGES IN THE LIVER CELLS LEAD TO THE DEADNESS OF THE LIVER TISSUE - LIVER CIRRHOSIS DEVELOPES. DAMAGE TO THE LIVER CELL LEADS TO DISRUPTIONS IN PROTEIN AND CARBON METABOLISM, SYNTHESIS OF VITAMINS AND ENZYMES.
UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF SYSTEMATIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, SIGNIFICANT DISTURBANCES IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX ARE INCREASED ATHEROSCLEROTIC PROCESSES => THROMBOSIS OR STROKE VASCULAR DAMAGE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCLEROSIS IN THEM (ELASTIC T THE WALLS OF THEIR WALLS ARE REPLACED BY ROUGH CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CHOLESTEROL IS DEPOSITED IN THE WALLS) MANY VESSELS DILAD (IN ABUSED WITH ALCOHOL, THE FACE IS OFTEN RED, AND SOMETIMES BLUE – DUE TO PERSISTENT DILASIS OF THE VEINS OF THE NOSE AND CHEEKS)
LONG-TERM CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL RESULTS IN DETERMINATION OF THE HEART MUSCLE DUE TO METABOLISM DISORDERS. MUSCLE FIBERS ARE PARTIALLY REPLACED BY ADITY AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE REDUCED HEART CONTRACTILITY PALACE PALATION, SHORTHENE, WEAKNESS CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS IN ALCOHOLISM SO GREAT THAT COULD NO CAUSE OF DEATH.
THE MOMENTARY PLEASURE THAT ALCOHOL GIVES DOES NOT REDEEM FOR THE MASS OF CONCERNS AND GRIEF THAT IT BRINGS TO PEOPLE, THAT LONG SERIES OF MISCELLANEOUS, THOSE TERRIBLE DEVASTATIONS THAT ABUSE IT BRINGS INTO LIFE MODERN SOCIETY. CANEL
IT DEPENDS ON THE PERSON HIMSELF: WHETHER HE CHOOSE THE PATH OF DRUNKENNESS AND THEN ALCOHOLISM, THAT IS, DISEASES AND THE ROADS TO NOWHERE, OR HE STRIVES FOR A HEALTHY, ACTIVE, INTERESTING LIFE.
The most famous organic compounds with the hydroxyl group - OH - are alcohols. ALCOHOL (FROM ARABIC alkohol – THIN POWDER) or “WATER OF LIFE” (aqua vitae) – THE STRONGEST MEDICINE This is what ethyl alcohol was called in the Middle Ages. Later, the name alcohol was assigned to the entire class of alcohols. ETHANOL ETHANEDIOL PROPANETHRIOL -1,2,3
IN 1 HOUR, ON AVERAGE, 0.1 g OF ALCOHOL IS DESTROYED PER 1 kg OF PERSON’S WEIGHT. ACETALDEHYDE IS THE MAIN PRODUCT OF ETHANOL DECOMPOSITION. THIS SUBSTANCE IS A TOXIC COMPOUND (REACTS WITH MANY BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES). FURTHER DECOMPOSITION LEADS TO THE FORMATION OF ACETIC ACID (FURTHER DESTROYED IN ALL CELLS OF THE BODY, FORMING WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE). ALL ALCOHOL DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS ARE TOXIC!
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Text content of presentation slides: ALCOHOL: FRIEND OR ENEMY? The use of alcohols. The effects of alcohol on the human body. The most famous organic compounds with the hydroxyl group - OH - are alcohols. ALCOHOL (FROM ARABIC alkohol – THIN POWDER) or “WATER OF LIFE” (aqua vitae) – THE STRONGEST MEDICINE This is what ethyl alcohol was called in the Middle Ages. Later, the name alcohol was assigned to the entire class of alcohols. ETHANOL ETHANEDIOL PROPANETHRIOL -1,2,3 THE HISTORY OF ETHYL ALCOHOL IS LOST IN THE DEPTH OF CENTURIES. People learned about the intoxicating properties of alcoholic beverages no less than 8000 BC - with the advent of ceramic dishes, which made it possible to produce alcoholic beverages from honey, fruit juices and wild grapes. The famous traveler N.N. Miklouho-Maclay observed the Papuans of New Guinea, who did not yet know how to make fire, but already knew how to prepare intoxicating drinks. The Arabs began to obtain pure alcohol in the 6th and 7th centuries and called it “alcogol,” which means “intoxicating.” The first bottle of vodka was made by the Arab Rages in 860. In Western Europe, for the first time in Western Europe, “the miraculous elixir that makes an old man young, a tired man cheerful, a melancholy man cheerful” was obtained by the Italian monk alchemist Valentius. ETHYL ALCOHOL IS THE MOST KNOWN AND WIDELY COMMON DRUG SUBSTANCE. THE ARAB SCIENTIST OF THE 11TH CENTURY ABUL FARAZH WRITE: “WINE PROVIDES FOUR QUALITIES TO EVERYONE WHO DRINKS IT: THE NEED FOR ALCOHOL IS NOT AMONG THE NATURAL LIFE NEEDS OF HUMAN (THE NEED FOR OXYGEN OR FOOD). ALCOHOL BY ITSELF DOES NOT HAVE A DRIVING POWER FOR HUMAN BEINGS. FEAR APPEARS BECAUSE 瑠鑟僮裆寓힡㻒놀쒕똬撌柭橺軇 ?藄䁼♚㜅냲컛㛮檘爻썎 Home ⭝❘쭏蠕磲뢻ϨԹ⤑䘂逸 忛Ͽ倀ŋⴂ᐀ࠀ℀蔀ğ牟汥⽳爮汥偳ŋⴃ ࡃࣲঁ,န$Ҁ The 윯ྷ娰ᙌꑮᡰ彟㎆꺭邶넮 ? ⶽ柗䙻廳趯དྷư梑ｊ 뿡鯶끖阪ዥ谕戾ᑌ搔ತž䭐ȁ-!쯶оƅἀ开敲獬ⸯ敲獬䭐ȁ-!둲盖Trȇ牤⽳潤湷敲浸偬Ջࣰ̀ English 읪銎㿸썉⟡暭턣껂쇫戜⽜럇 The軱谄愔벵墼ꥠ푶哉ಳ녱ńꔺ 嘼Ⲛ视쥯菤铅ꡣહ柘涸듸ꋜ辰捁佋ꪚ礯ʶ湐燥㞿䅯駺距PORTEST 뢼캟鶀읞っ蝪儱逐닽㙭븅Ǽ䭐 ȁ -!쯶оƅἀ开敲獬ⸯ敲獬䭐ȁ -! ĀᰏЇDԀĀĀ℄∄ሄḄ ഀἀ Ḅ The ̀ᤀꘀఏ퐀퀁ဃ༅Ѐ舀ࣰ̀D쌀拰缀老⨏ ? 썪ర惻惯彴왐펈ꅛ틗耾 The缤ꇟ皋륹玗ꬹ潍焚쭫ꘊғ焄 畡ꗍ쯓ዃ྄᫈쬛悤༠滨馅ᶶ螖䑒ᔌ⅔馴뺔좨龠雘瘸蘌䷂朣㉉ڗ蹫ᔏ兜쵱趿랂穃雨㤾籯膻몔⟛脐 The ꄶﴀༀༀ搀獲搯睯牮癥砮汭䭐 ·्̎࢝ᘥၘ,န$̀䐄REPRODUCTS CUSTOMS, FORMS, HABITS AND PREJUDICES ASSOCIATED WITH ITS CONSUMPTION AutoShape 14 ᕙ რ Cā輀 THE NEED APPEARS BECAUSE THE SOCIETY PRODUCES THIS PRODUCT THE SOCIETY “REPRODUCES” CUSTOMS, FORMS, HABITS AND PREJUDICES ASSOCIATED WITH ITS CONSUMPTION REASONS FOR THE FIRST ACCESS TO ALCOHOL HAS A VARIETY OF DIFFERENCES. THEIR CHARACTERISTIC CHANGES DEPENDING ON AGE ARE TRACKED. UNDER 11 YEARS OF AGE, THE FIRST ACQUAINTANCE WITH ALCOHOL OCCURS EITHER BY ACCIDENT, OR IT IS GIVEN “FOR APPETITE”, “TREATED” WITH WINE, OR THE CHILD HIMSELF TRYS ALCOHOL OUT OF CURIOSITY. AT AN OLDER AGE, THE MOTIVES BECOME: “HOLIDAY”, “FAMILY CELEBRATION”, “GUESTS”, ETC. FROM 14-15 YEARS OLD REASONS APPEAR: “IT WAS INCONVENIENT TO LEAVE AWAY FROM THE GUYS”, “FRIENDS PERSUADED”, “FOR COMPANY”, “FOR COURAGE”, TO GET RID OF BOREDOM”, “RELIEF OF TENSION”, “AFFIRMATION IN A GROUP OF COMrades” ETC. A SMALL CHILD CAN DIE FROM 50-60 GVODKA AN ADULT – AFTER A SINGLE USE OF 1-1.5 L ALCOHOL IS A DEADLY ENEMY OF THE WASHING GENERATION. ANY TOXIC FACTOR HAS A MOST INFLUENCE ON THE ORGANS AND SYSTEMS INVOLVED I AM IN THE PROCESS OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT. THERE ARE KNOWN 3 DEGREES OF INCORRECTION: EUPHORIC – THE LIGHTEST DEGREE OF INCORRECTION;2. DEGREE OF OPPRESSION OF BRAIN PARTS;3. THE MOST SEVERE WHEN THEY CAN BE PARALYZED IN THE VEGETATIVE CENTERS. CAUSE OF ALCOHOLISM (DISEASE) – DRUNKENNESS, PROBUSINESS, IMORAL, ANTI-SOCIAL LIFE. DRINKING IS A SITUATIONAL CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL, WHICH IS DETERMINED BY EXTERNAL REASONS AND CIRCUMSTANCES. TO UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOLISM, YOU NEED TO KNOW THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. ALCOHOL FROM THE STOMACH ENTERS THE BLOOD 2 MINUTES AFTER CONSUMPTION. FIRST, THE CELLS OF THE LARGER HEMISPHERES OF THE BRAIN SUFFER: THE CONDITIONAL REFLEX ACTIVITY OF THE HUMAN IS WORSE, THE FORMATION OF COMPLEX MOVEMENTS SLOW DOWN, THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE PROCESSES OF EXCITATION AND INHIBITION IS CHARACTERIZED BY SPECIAL P ATHOLOGICAL CONDITION OF THE BODY: UNCONSTIBLE CRAVING FOR ALCOHOL CHANGES IN THE DEGREE OF TOLERANCE TO ALCOHOL DEGRADATION OF PERSONALITY ALCOHOLISM IS NOT A HABIT, BUT A DISEASE. ADDICTION TO ALCOHOL IS MORE DIFFICULT TO OVERCOME DUE TO POISONING OF THE BODY (10% OF PEOPLE WHO DRINK ALCOHOL BECOME ALCOHOLICS). THE CHEMICAL IS TRANSFORMED IN THE BODY: ITS TOXICITY IS REDUCED; METABOLITES ARE RELEASED. IN THE STOMACH, A SMALL PART OF IT IS ABSORBED BY THE MUCOUS MASTER, AND THE REST IS QUICKLY DILUTED BY THE STOMACH JUICE. IN THE SMALL INTESTINE, ALCOHOL IS ABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD IN AN UNCHANGED FORM, FURTHER WITH THE BLOOD IT PASSES TO ALL ORGANS AND TISSUE. (ALCOHOL DOES NOT AFFECT ONLY BONES AND ADITY TISSUE, THEY HAVE A LOW WATER CONTENT). ALCOHOL CIRCULATES WITH THE BLOOD THROUGHOUT THE BODY, SLOWLY DISSOLVED IN THE LIVER, PART OF THE METABOLITES IS REMOVED THROUGH THE KIDNEYS AND LUNGS, A SMALL PART THROUGH THE SKIN WITH SWEAT. ALCOHOL DAMAGES THE STRUCTURE OF LIVER CELLS, LEADING TO DEBIRTH OF ITS TISSUE. WITH SYSTEMATICAL CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL BEVERAGES, FATTY CHANGES IN THE LIVER CELLS LEAD TO THE DEADNESS OF THE LIVER TISSUE - LIVER CIRRHOSIS DEVELOPES. DAMAGE TO LIVER CELLS LEADS TO DISRUPTIONS IN PROTEIN AND CARBON METABOLISM, SYNTHESIS OF VITAMINS AND ENZYMES. IN 1 HOUR, ON AVERAGE, 0.1 g OF ALCOHOL IS DESTROYED PER 1 kg OF PERSON’S WEIGHT. ACETALDEHYDE IS THE MAIN PRODUCT OF ETHANOL DECOMPOSITION. THIS SUBSTANCE IS A TOXIC COMPOUND (REACTS WITH MANY BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES). FURTHER DECOMPOSITION LEADS TO THE FORMATION OF ACETIC ACID (FURTHER DESTROYED IN ALL CELLS OF THE BODY, FORMING WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE). ALCOHOL DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS ARE TOXIC! ⸯ敲獬콬櫁ッ،ﯠ瑠鑟僮裆寓힡㻒놀쒕똬撌柭 Home े䮊ἅ١ق赤掵ṍ쭖솇猂 Home 㯛₭꒝᧣垉⹀ſ䭐ȁ- ! ! ༀ᐀␐ĀᰏЇD̀ĀĀ牟汥⽳ The炤弘號괳뚮⺐ꢱ䩩ୖ굋뎤Є쭴 The Ზ⹙쿞㮳䵊윟્ꁄﰱﾇ 篚₭枛٩瞿ᗢ䭐ȁ -!쯶оƅἀ开敲獬ⸯ敲獬䭐ȁ -!焁崀鬅༄ᄀ㣰섀 Ћ✀ༀ᐀␐ĀᰏЇDĀĀ牟汥⽳爮汥汳쇏썪ర惻惯彴왐펈ꅛ틗耾閱Ⳅ貶뉤穧읪銎㿸썉 ⟡暭턣껂쇫戜⽜럇』嵚渎 ???儦鄴⬆എ㘥⺴뼩坤 퉸ﻙￚ㽮㚿嶇ﺲ伹㔩᭺㍖鸐＆㼔셚餴懆롯긓岀ǜ䭐ȁ-! ⽳潤湷敲浸偬 䤀ĀĀ牟汥⽳爮汥汳쇏썪ర惻惯彴왐 펈ꅛ틗耾閱Ⳅ貶뉤穧읪銎㿸썉 ⟡暭턣껂쇫戜⽜럇』嵚渎䳥渖炤弘號괳뚮⺐ꢱ䩩ୖ굋ᣘ勛僊牙옘▾옜㬤産眄ⲍ㩅㦬堭楬ꥣ㫿ﳸㅹ滅疻デ뗣븝 ꔚ伆竽∎ὒ嚻⤰臘渌퉷逕⯋: ̀搀獲搯睯牮癥砮汭 䭐·˼̆ᅴ开敲獬ⸯ敲獬콬櫁ッ،ﯠ瑠鑟僮裆寓힡㻒놀쒕똬撌柭橺軇䤿괧⍦죑싙僁ᳶ鹢尭윯ྷ娰 The絔㞗諫홴返쏗卥ꏗ卽燪 ?搯睯牮癥砮汭䭐 ·˹ѝ֞8ு*န$Ҁ䐄Ϩ რ ^ā輀 ALL ALCOHOL DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS ARE TOXIC! UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF SYSTEMATIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, SIGNIFICANT DISTURBANCES IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX ARE INCREASED ATHEROSCLEROTIC PROCESSES => THROMBOSIS OR STROKE VASCULAR DAMAGE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCLEROSIS IN THEM (ELASTIC T THE WALLS OF THEIR WALLS ARE REPLACED BY ROUGH CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CHOLESTEROL IS DEPOSITED IN THE WALLS) MANY VESSELS DILADATE (IN ABUSED WITH ALCOHOL, THE FACE IS OFTEN RED, AND SOMETIMES BLUE – DUE TO PERSISTENT DILASIS OF THE VEINS OF THE NOSE AND CHEEKS) PROLONGED CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL RESULTS IN DEBRATION OF THE HEART MUSCLE DUE TO DISORDERS IN METABOLIC PROCESSES. MUSCLE FIBERS ARE PARTIALLY REPLACED BY ADITY AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE DECREASED HEART CONTRACTABILITY PALABILITY, SHORTHENE, WEAKNESS CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS IN ALCOHOLISM AS GREAT AS THEY CAN BE CAUSE OF DEATH. THE MOMENTARY PLEASURE THAT ALCOHOL GIVES DOES NOT REDEEM FOR THE MASS OF CONCERNS AND GRIEF THAT IT BRINGS TO PEOPLE, THAT LONG SERIES OF MISCELLANEOUS, THOSE TERRIBLE DEVASTATIONS THAT ABUSE IT BRINGS INTO LIFE MODERN SOCIETY. IT DEPENDS ON THE PERSON HIMSELF: WHETHER HE CHOOSE THE PATH OF DRUNKENNESS AND THEN ALCOHOLISM, THAT IS, DISEASES AND THE ROADS TO NOWHERE, OR HE STRIVES FOR A HEALTHY, ACTIVE, INTERESTING LIFE.
Completed by an 11th grade student of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1 Yulia Sergeevna Kuznetsova. Head: Eshchanova S. M. Alcohol and people. Are alcohols friends or enemies of humans?
investigate the effect of ethyl alcohol on living organisms; promote a healthy lifestyle. PROJECT OBJECTIVES: to study information on how alcohol affects humans; consider the effect of ethyl alcohol on living organisms; conduct a survey of students at our school; conduct an experiment to prove or disprove the hypothesis; summarize the work done; Project goals:
Since the 16th century, cheap bread vodka, which had entered Russia from abroad, began to spread among the people. In 1892, people drank 60 million buckets of 40° vodka, in 1902 - 68 million buckets, and in 1912 people drank 96 million buckets. In 1980, the amount of alcohol per person was 8.7 liters. In 2014, Russia ranked fourth in alcohol consumption in the global rankings of the World Health Organization. There are 15.1 liters of pure alcohol per year per Russian. History of alcohol in Russia
Physiological effect of alcohol on the human body.
Oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase
Sociological survey
2. How often do you drink alcohol?
3. Do you know about the dangers of alcohol?
4. How much alcoholic drinks do you usually drink?
5. What do you think is the reason for drunkenness among young people?
6. What measures to combat drunkenness among young people do you consider the most effective in an educational institution?
1. The influence of alcohol on the development, growth and flowering of plants. The purpose of the experiment: to consider how alcohol affects the embryos of plant seeds, the growth and development of the plant organism. Equipment: radish seeds, 3 beakers, filter paper, alcohol, water. Day 1 of the experiment Day 3 of the experiment Practical evidence of the influence of alcohol on living objects.
Day 5 of the experiment Day 7 of the experiment Conclusion of the experiment: alcohol kills the embryos of plant seeds and inhibits the development of plant organisms.
Purpose of the experiment: to consider the effect of ethyl alcohol on living organisms. Equipment: jar, hay, water, milk, natural dye, microscope, pipette, ethanol. 2. The effect of alcohol on living organisms.
Purpose of the experiment: to consider the effect of ethyl alcohol on protein. Equipment: test tube, egg white, ethanol. Conclusion of the experiment: alcohol denatures the protein, that is, it changes the structure of its molecules, which leads to a change in physical and chemical properties, and the loss of their biological function. 3. The effect of ethanol on the protein contained in animal products.
Purpose of the experiment: to consider the effect of acetaldehyde on proteins of animal origin. Equipment: protein, glass, acetaldehyde, microscope. Conclusion of the experiment: acetaldehyde is capable of denaturing proteins. 4. The effect of acetaldehyde on animal proteins.
Use of ethyl alcohol
Thank you for your attention!
TOPICS FOR VIEWING: 1. ABOUT SUBSTANCES WITH HYDROXYL GROUP. ABOUT SUBSTANCES WITH HYDROXYL GROUP. 2. HISTORY OF ORIGIN OF ETHYL ALCOHOL.HISTORY OF ORIGIN OF ETHYL ALCOHOL. 3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. 4. METHODS FOR PRODUCING ETHYL ALCOHOL. METHODS FOR PRODUCING ETHYL ALCOHOL. 5. APPLICATION OF ETHYL ALCOHOL.USE OF ETHYL ALCOHOL. 6. WITHOUT GUILT GUILTY (CONFESSION OF ETHYL ALCOHOL).WITHOUT GUILT GUILTY (CONFESSION OF ETHYL ALCOHOL). 7. INSTEAD OF CONCLUSION.INSTEAD OF CONCLUSION.
The most famous organic compounds with the hydroxyl group - OH - are alcohols. ALCOHOL ALCOHOL (FROM ARABIC alkohol – THIN POWDER) or “WATER OF LIFE” “WATER OF LIFE” (aqua vitae) – THE STRONGEST MEDICINE This is what ethyl alcohol was called in the Middle Ages. Later, the name alcohol was assigned to the entire class of alcohols. ETHANOL ETHANEDIOL PROPANETHRIOL -1,2,3
THE HISTORY OF ETHYL ALCOHOL IS LOST IN THE DEPTH OF CENTURIES. People learned about the intoxicating properties of alcoholic beverages no less than 8000 years BC - with the advent of ceramic dishes, which made it possible to produce alcoholic beverages from honey, fruit juices and wild grapes.
The famous traveler N.N. Miklouho-Maclay observed the Papuans of New Guinea, who did not yet know how to make fire, but already knew the techniques of preparing intoxicating drinks. The Arabs began to obtain pure alcohol in the 6th and 7th centuries and called it “alcogol,” which means “intoxicating.” The first bottle of vodka was made by the Arab Raghez in 860. In Western Europe, for the first time in Western Europe, “a miraculous elixir that makes an old man young, a tired man cheerful, a tired man cheerful, a yearning man cheerful,” a yearning man cheerful,” was received by an Italian monk, the alchemist Valentius. alchemist Valentius.
MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION – 96% RECTIFICATE SUCH ALCOHOL IS CALLED RECTIFICATE IT IS EASILY FLAMMABLE, BURNS IN LOW LIGHT" title="COLORLESS LIQUID CHARACTERISTIC ALCOHOL ODOR BOILING POINT SOLUTE IN WATER, GASOLINE, GASOLINE OLE HIGH HYGROSCOPICITY => MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION – 96% RECTIFICATE THIS ALCOHOL IS CALLED RECTIFICATE IS EASILY FLAMMABLE AND BURNS WITH A LOW LIGHT" class="link_thumb"> 7 !} COLORLESS LIQUID CHARACTERISTIC ALCOHOL ODOR BOILING POINT SOLUBLE IN WATER, GASOLINE, BENZENE HIGH HYGROSCOPICITY => MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION – 96% RECTIFICATE SUCH ALCOHOL IS CALLED RECTIFICATE EASILY FLAMMABLE, G ICU with low-luminous flame MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION – 96% RECTIFIED ALCOHOL IS CALLED RECTIFIED, EASILY FLAMMABLE, BURN IN LOW LIGHT "> MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION – 96% RECTIFIED, SUCH ALCOHOL IS CALLED RECTIFIED, EASILY FLAMMABLE, BURN WITH WITH A LOW-GLOWING FLAME"> MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION – 96% RECTIFIED, SUCH ALCOHOL IS CALLED RECTIFIED, EASILY FLAMMABLE, BURNS WITH LOW LIGHT " title="COLORLESS LIQUID CHARACTERISTIC ALCOHOL ODOR BOILING POINT SOLUBLE IN WATER, GASOLINE, BENZENE HIGH HYGROSCOPICITY => MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION – 96% RECTIFICATE SUCH ALCOHOL IS CALLED RECTIFICATE EASILY IN FLAMES, BURNING IN LOW LIGHT"> title="COLORLESS LIQUID CHARACTERISTIC ALCOHOL ODOR BOILING POINT SOLUBLE IN WATER, GASOLINE, BENZENE HIGH HYGROSCOPICITY => MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION – 96% RECTIFICATE SUCH ALCOHOL IS CALLED RECTIFICATE EASILY FLAMMABLE, G ICU BLOW-LIGHT"> !}
ETHYL ALCOHOL CAN BE PRODUCED BY VARIOUS WAYS. 1. FERMENTATION OF FOOD PRODUCTS CONTAINING SUGAR SUBSTANCES. CONTAINING SUGAR SUBSTANCES. GRAPES, FRUIT, BERRIES, CEREALS, POTATOES, BEET CEREALS, POTATOES, BEET ALCOHOL OBTAINED IN THIS METHOD IS CALLED FOOD ALCOHOL OR WINE ALCOHOL. CALLED FOOD OR WINE ALCOHOL. contain glucose
2. HYDROLYSIS OF CELLULOSE CONTAINED IN WOOD AND PAPER PRODUCTION WASTE. CELLULOSE GLUCOSE ALCOHOL This alcohol is called hydrolytic. THE METHOD IS VERY PROFITABLE! FROM 1t of WOOD YOU CAN GET 200 L OF ETHYL ALCOHOL. THIS CAN SAVE 1.5 tons of POTATOES OR 0.7 tons of GRAIN.
THE NEED FOR ALCOHOL IS NOT AMONG THE NATURAL LIFE NEEDS OF HUMAN BEINGS, SUCH AS THE NEED FOR OXYGEN OR FOOD, AND THEREFORE ALCOHOL ITSELF DOES NOT HAVE A DRIVING POWER FOR HUMAN BEINGS. THE NEED APPEARS BECAUSE THE SOCIETY PRODUCES THIS PRODUCT. THE SOCIETY “REPRODUCES” THE CUSTOMS, FORMS, HABITS AND PREJUDICES ASSOCIATED WITH ITS CONSUMPTION
THE REASONS FOR YOUR FIRST INTRODUCTION TO ALCOHOL ARE DIVERSE. THEIR CHARACTERISTIC CHANGES DEPENDING ON AGE ARE TRACKED. UP TO 11 YEARS OF AGE UNDER 11 YEARS OLD, THE FIRST ACQUISITION WITH ALCOHOL HAPPENS EITHER BY ACCIDENT, OR IT IS GIVEN “FOR APPETITE”, “TREATED” WITH WINE, OR THE CHILD HIMSELF TRYS ALCOHOL OUT OF CURIOSITY. AT AN OLDER AGE, THE MOTIVES BECOME: “HOLIDAY”, “FAMILY CELEBRATION”, “GUESTS”, ETC. OVER THE YEARS, REGIONS APPEAR: “IT WAS INCONVENIENT TO LEAVE AWAY FROM THE GUYS”, “FRIENDS PERSUADED”, “FOR COMPANY”, “FOR COURAGE”, TO GET RID OF BOREDOM”, “RELIEF OF TENSION”, “AFFIRMATION IN A GROUP OF COMrades” ETC.
A SMALL CHILD CAN DIE FROM VODKA AN ADULT – AFTER A SINGLE USE OF 1-1.5 L ALCOHOL IS A DEADLY ENEMY OF THE WASHING GENERATION. ANY TOXIC FACTOR HAS A MOST INFLUENCE ON ORGANS AND SYSTEMS THAT ARE IN THE PROCESS OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT.
EASY DEGREE OF SIMPLE INtoxication – EUPHORIC. SIMPLE INJUNCTION – EUPHORIC. AFTER TAKING ALCOHOL, EXCITATION, GOOD MOOD, VIVIDITY, AND A FEELING OF WELL-BEING COMES. REAL REALITY, RELATIONS BETWEEN PEOPLE ARE INADQUARELY VALUED. EXPERIENCES ARE EASILY IGNORED. ANXIETY, FEAR, EXCITATION IS SUPPRESSED. Elevated mood and motor disinhibition are observed. THE COORDINATION OF MOVEMENTS AND ACCURACY OF ACTIONS OCCURS, AND THE PACE OF THINKING ACCELERATES. A PERSON TALKS A LOT, OVERESTIMATES HIS CAPABILITIES, BECOMES BRAGGY, AND COMMITS RUNNING ACTIONS.
EUPHORIA IS REPLACED BY ANCIENTITY, AGGRESSIVENESS, TEARNESS, THE FEELING OF SYMPATHY TURNS INTO ANTIPATHY. SECOND DEGREE OF INCORRECTION – DEGREE OF OPPRESSION OF BRAIN PARTS. THERE ARE GENERAL FLAWLESSNESS, REDUCED RATE OF THINKING, GAIT DISORDERS, AND LOSS OF CONTROL OVER ONE’S BEHAVIOR. THIRD DEGREE – THE HARDEST. MUSCULAR HYPOTENSION OFTEN OCCURS, THE TEMPERATURE DECREASES, AND REFLEX REACTIONS DECREASE. THE SKIN BECOMES PAL AND COLD. SEIZURES, INVOLUTIONARY DISCHARGE OF URINE AND FECES ARE POSSIBLE. DEATH CAN COMES FROM PARALYSIS OF NERVE CENTERS.
THIS IS THE CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL, INCURRED BY THE CONSTANT INTERNAL NEED OF A PERSON FOR ALCOHOL. THE CAUSE OF ALCOHOLISM (DISEASE) IS DRUNKENNESS ASSOCIATED WITH PROBUSINESS, IMMORAL, ANTI-SOCIAL LIFE. DRINKING IS A SITUATIONAL CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL, WHICH IS DETERMINED BY EXTERNAL REASONS AND CIRCUMSTANCES. TO UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOLISM, YOU NEED TO KNOW THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
ALCOHOL FROM THE STOMACH ENTERS THE BLOOD 2 MINUTES AFTER CONSUMPTION. FIRST, THE CELLS OF THE LARGER HEMISPHERES OF THE BRAIN SUFFER: THE CONDITIONAL-REFLEX ACTIVITY OF THE HUMAN IS WORSE; THE CONDITIONAL-REFLEX ACTIVITY OF THE HUMAN IS WORSE; THE FORMATION OF COMPLEX MOVEMENTS IS SLOWED DOWN FORM THE RATIO OF COMPLEX MOVEMENTS CHANGES THE RATIO OF THE PROCESSES OF EXCITATION AND INHIBITION THE RATIO OF THE PROCESSES OF EXCITATION AND INHIBITION CHANGES
DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONCENTRATION OF ALCOHOL IN THE HUMAN BLOOD. AMOUNT OF ALCOHOL IN THE BLOOD: 0.04 - 0.05% 0.1% The cerebral cortex turns off. A person loses control over himself, loses the ability to reason rationally. The deep parts of the brain that control movements are inhibited. The movements are accompanied by causeless joy, animation, and fussiness. 0.2% The areas of the brain that control a person’s emotional behavior are inhibited. Base instincts awaken, sudden aggressiveness appears. 0.3% Although a person is conscious, he does not understand what he sees and hears. This is alcoholic stupor. 0.4% Loss of consciousness. The person falls asleep, breathing is uneven, and the bladder empties involuntarily. There is no sensitivity. 0.6 – 0.7% Death may occur.
SEVERE CHRONIC DISEASE, IN MOST CASES DIFFICULT TO TREAT. IT DEVELOPES ON THE BASIS OF REGULAR AND PROLONGED CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL. IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY A SPECIAL PATHOLOGICAL CONDITION OF THE ORGANISM: UNCONSTIBLE CRAVING FOR ALCOHOL CHANGES IN THE DEGREE OF ALCOHOL TOLERANCE PERSONALITY DEGRADATION ALCOHOLISM IS NOT A HABIT, BUT A DISEASE. A HABIT IS CONTROLLED BY THE CONSCIOUSNESS, AND YOU CAN GET RID OF IT. ADDICTION TO ALCOHOL IS MORE DIFFICULT TO OVERCOME DUE TO POISONING IN THE BODY. ABOUT 10% OF PEOPLE WHO DRINK ALCOHOL BECOME ALCOHOLICS.
ANY CHEMICAL IN THE BODY IS SUBJECT TO TRANSFORMATIONS, AS A RESULT OF WHICH ITS TOXICITY IS REDUCED AND METABOLITES ARE RELEASED. A FEW SECONDS AFTER TAKING ALCOHOL, IT ENDS IN THE STOMACH, WHERE A SMALL PART OF IT IS ABSORBED BY THE MUCOUS MASTER, AND THE REST IS QUICKLY DILUTED BY STOMACH JUICE. THROUGH THE WALLS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE, ALCOHOL IS ABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD IN AN UNCHANGED FORM AND FURTHER WITH THE BLOOD PASSES TO ALL ORGANS AND TISSUE. ALCOHOL DOES NOT AFFECT ONLY BONES AND ADITY TISSUE (THEY HAVE A LOW WATER CONTENT).
ALCOHOL CIRCULATES WITH THE BLOOD THROUGHOUT THE BODY, SLOWLY DISSOLVED IN THE LIVER, PART OF THE METABOLITES IS REMOVED THROUGH THE KIDNEYS AND LUNGS, A SMALL PART THROUGH THE SKIN WITH SWEAT. ALCOHOL DAMAGES THE STRUCTURE OF LIVER CELLS, LEADING TO DEBIRTH OF ITS TISSUE. WITH SYSTEMATICAL CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL BEVERAGES, FATTY CHANGES IN THE LIVER CELLS LEAD TO THE DEADNESS OF THE LIVER TISSUE - LIVER CIRRHOSIS DEVELOPES. DAMAGE TO LIVER CELLS LEADS TO DISRUPTIONS IN PROTEIN AND CARBON METABOLISM, SYNTHESIS OF VITAMINS AND ENZYMES.
IN 1 HOUR, ON AVERAGE, 0.1 g OF ALCOHOL IS DESTROYED PER 1 kg OF PERSON’S WEIGHT. ACETALDEHYDE IS THE MAIN PRODUCT OF ETHANOL DECOMPOSITION. THIS SUBSTANCE IS A TOXIC COMPOUND, AS IT REACTS WITH MANY BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES. FURTHER DECOMPOSITION LEADS TO THE FORMATION OF ACETIC ACID, WHICH IS FURTHER DESTROYED IN ALL CELLS OF THE BODY, FORMING WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE. ALL ALCOHOL DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS ARE TOXIC!
UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF SYSTEMATICAL ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, SIGNIFICANT DISTURBANCES OCCUR IN THE BRAIN CORTEX. ATHEROSCLEROTIC PROCESSES SHARPLY INCREASE, WHICH CAN LEAD TO THROMBOSIS OR STROKE. DAMAGE TO VESSELS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCLEROSIS IN THEM: THE ELASTIC TISSUE OF THEIR WALLS IS REPLACED BY ROUGH CONNECTIVE TISSUE, AND CHOLESTEROL IS DEPOSITED IN THE WALLS. MANY VESSELS, AND FIRSTLY SMALL VEINS, DILADATE. THEREFORE, IN ALCOHOL ABUSES, THE FACE IS OFTEN RED, AND SOMETIMES BLUE, DUE TO PERSISTENT DILASIS OF THE VEINS OF THE NOSE AND CHEEKS.
LONG-TERM CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL RESULTS IN DETERMINATION OF THE HEART MUSCLE DUE TO METABOLISM DISORDERS. MUSCLE FIBERS ARE PARTIALLY REPLACED BY ADITY AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE REDUCED HEART CONTRACTILITY PALACE PALATION, SHORTHENE, WEAKNESS CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS IN ALCOHOLISM SO GREAT THAT COULD NO CAUSE OF DEATH.
True happiness has two sides. The first is the happiness of human communication, the happiness of mutual understanding. The second is the happiness of creative work, in which the individual asserts himself. Unfortunately, not being able to express themselves creatively, but wanting to assert themselves in any way, many teenagers (and adults too) resort to the “help” of alcohol. How to learn to be happy? How to believe in yourself, in your dream?
To diagnose moral priorities, I propose a questionnaire: 1. What do you like to do most in your free time? a) read books e) listen to music b) watch TV f) go to theaters and cinema c) watch videos g) other d) meet with friends 2. What films do you prefer to watch? a) action films e) musicals b) thrillers g) melodramas c) detective stories h) disaster films d) erotica i) cinema classics e) comedies 3. What programs interest you most? a) political reviews e) erotic shows b) sports programs g) movies c) music programs h) game shows d) television series e) fashion shows
4. What do you usually read in your free time (besides the school curriculum)? a) poetry g) erotic literature b) popular science literature h) newspapers c) detective stories i) magazines d) science fiction j) I read a little e) novels k) I don’t read at all f) adventure literature 5. What is, in your opinion, healthy lifestyle? (choose the main thing) a) don’t drink e) don’t do drugs b) don’t smoke f) live a full spiritual life c) play sports g) other d) eat well and properly 6. Do you consider it necessary for yourself to adhere to the principles of a healthy lifestyle? a) yes d) this problem does not concern me yet b) no d) other c) partially
7. What profession (occupation) do you think is the most prestigious and worthy? a) scientist e) engineer b) teacher g) farmer c) military man h) businessman d) doctor i) worker e) service worker j) lawyer l) economist 8. Do you think the school sufficiently prepares you for future independence? life? a) enough b) not enough c) something will come in handy in the future d) our education lags significantly behind the rapidly changing life e) school, in principle, is unable to prepare for life, everyone should learn this art themselves 9. What or who is your support and support in difficult times? a) friends e) religion b) parents f) other c) pets d) nature
Discuss the answers with your friends, try to hear everyone and be heard yourself. Everyone think about your peak, about your dream, about the path to achieving it!
