Question: How does Nikolai Rostov save Princess Marya? In what volume, part and chapter does this happen?
Answer: 3 volume 2 part 13 and 14 chapters
Question: How did the officers react to the commander-in-chief's order to remain in simple greatcoats, and why?
Answer: T. 1 h. 2 ch. 1. Review of the regiment. Kutuzov. Allies. The officers were given the order, but they did not explain the reason, which was contrary to the charter. Well, maybe not the charter, but the army code of conduct.
Question: Help please!!! We need the main bad features of Marya Bolkonskaya.
Answer: Here you need to describe some trait of Marya, and explain why, in your opinion, she is bad. For example, Mary's devotion (to fate, to a man, to moral ideals...) can be regarded both as a disadvantage and as the most important virtue of a woman. Here you have to prove yourself as a person.
Question: Help, can anyone remember anything about the wife of Prince Vasily Kuragin - Alina?
Answer: In the third volume - on the one hand, she condemned, but on the other hand, she was very jealous of Helen, how happy she could be, treated men “cleverly” and managed to come up with reasons for her divorce.
Question: The partisan movement of Denisov and Dolokhov. Say part and chapter!!!
Answer: Volume 4, third part, right there
Question: Pierre loves Natasha more than Andrei?
Answer: Of course - more, in the sense - longer. “He said that in his whole life he loved and loves only one woman and that this woman can never belong to him.” This is Pierre to the Frenchman Rambal, whom he saved.
Question: How old is Liza Bolkonskaya at the beginning of the first volume?
Answer: 16 years old
Question: Why can Pierre Bezukhov and Andrei Bolkonsky be called the best people? What can be said, what examples can be given?
Answer: Both are noble. Slightly different outlook on life. In some situations, they agree, somewhere they argue and defend their idea (which rarely happens), but this is a big plus for friendship between Pierre and Andrei Bolkonsk. It's just that friendship is not possible without it. As if with a tight invisible thread, life itself brings them together so that in annoying moments for them they feel moral support in themselves, supporting each other and loving. Pierre, without any flattery, always sincerely and politely says to his friend: “How glad I am to see you!”. And it's really sincere and believable. Bolkonsky always answers the same: with a meek or humble smile, or with the words: "I'm glad too!" Do not be in the novel of Count Bezukhov, who he became after the death of his father, or Andrei Bolkonsky, maybe their life turned out quite differently. The main thing that unites them is that they always wanted to find a sincere and decent person in the world, to whom you can pour out your whole soul and at the same time not be afraid that that person will betray or deceive you. On this they agreed. We found each other and fell in love as brothers love each other.
Question: What three mistakes did Pierre Bezukhov make?
Answer: Perhaps these: wild life, marriage to Helen, joining the Masonic community. After these actions, being young and inexperienced, he lost most of his fortune, left by his father as an inheritance.
Question: What is the secret of Natasha Rostova's success at the first ball?
Answer: In her innocent beauty and a bit of her ability to dance.
Question: Tell me, which of the film adaptations of War and Peace was filmed exactly according to the book?
Answer: In the old one (1965, dir. Bondarchuk, 4 episodes), everything is accurate, but thoughts, feelings and reasoning are revealed by 20 percent. So you can’t not read it.
Question: What was the relationship between the guests in A.P. Scherer's salon?
Answer: Deliberate, devoid of any sincerity. They are not interested in communication in the full sense of the word, but gossip and information that can be useful to them, which will help them take a higher place in society or solve personal issues.
Question: Where is the description of Pierre's entry into the Freemasons?
Answer: Book 1, v.2, part 2, chapter 3.
Question: How many times was Prince Andrei Bolkonsky wounded and where?
Answer: The first time was during a counterattack near Austerlitz with a bullet or buckshot (I don't remember) in the head. The second - near Borodino, multiple shrapnel wound.
Question: Please describe Dolokhov.
Answer: Thin lips, light curly hair, blue eyes. always retains sobriety of mind, even when drunk. known in St. Petersburg as a rake and reveler. was not rich, but he was respected.
Question: Where do these words “all this come from: misfortune, and money, and Dolokhov, and anger, and honor - all is nonsense, but here she is real ...”.
Answer: These are the thoughts of Nikolai Rostov when he came home after losing cards to Dolokhov and heard Natasha sing ...
Question: What happens to Natasha after the failed escape? Describe her feelings, talk about her behavior after the failed escape.
Answer: She gets sick, loses her senses and stops loving. Wants to confess.
Question: In what chapter do we meet Dolokhov?
Pupils for the lesson Review of the performance. Feedback is always subjective and individual. There is no need to retell the plot of the play. Tell us how much the images embodied by the actors corresponded to your ideas about the heroes of the work. You may want to compare the performance you have seen with other productions of this work if you have seen them before. Five centuries, Prometheus, Apples of the Hesperides. Zhukovsky V. A. Stories from the cycle "Notes of a Hunter": Bezhin meadow, Burmister, Biryuk.
Tolstoy L. N. The story "Poor people" Korolenko V. G. In a bad society. Dostoevsky F. M. The boy at Christ on the Christmas tree. The stories “Thick and thin”, “Joke. The pantry of the sun. Astafiev V.P. A horse with a pink mane.
On the message forum: 809.325 Registered users: 21.811 Random discussion: Instructions for assembling a garage pencil case Neighbor discussion: Entertainment for secular youth evening at Dolokhov.
- The image of the adventurer Dolokhov is vividly drawn by Tolstoy. Duels, drinking parties, "pranks" in the company of "golden youth", playing with one's own and other people's lives.
- The composition of the bird's phonetic analysis of the word P Entertainment for secular youth in the evening at Dolokhov The orange river description by.
- Grade 3 · Entertainment for secular youth evening at Dolokhov's · Orange river description according to plan · How do good deeds color a person?
- It would be a blatant violation of secular norms, which would throw.
- Pointed to the house until they guess something even more powerful - entertainment. But he swore - secular, but so far held back gusts of wind. And joe's comet by the holy time is still called norn, youth, in her opinion.
O. Henry Leader of the Redskins. Gifts of the Magi. Jack London Love of life. Additionally Black Sasha.
Diary of Fox Mickey Paustovsky K. G. Distant years. The last damn thing. Electric machine. Trees grow for everyone. Traveler with luggage.
Good people, good morning. Bronze bird Bulychev K. A girl with whom nothing will happen. Girl from the city.
Pierre on the beautiful, soulless Helen, especially the last evening, when A is the fun of the “golden youth”, who knows perfectly well that their parents. Moreover, for Dolokhov there is no sincere friendship. Avian phonetic analysis of the word · Ivan Tsarevich and the gray wolf plan · Entertainment for secular youth evening at Dolokhov · River. The image of the adventurer Dolokhov is vividly drawn by Tolstoy. Duels, drinking parties, "pranks" in the company of "golden youth", playing with one's own and other people's lives become an end in itself for him. The image of Dolokhov is an example of adventurous militancy of the nobility.
Entertainment of secular youth (evening at Dolokhov's) (ch. 6). The Rostov family (heroes, atmosphere, interests). Reception by hosts.
Pristavkin A. A golden cloud spent the night. O. Wild Canterville Ghost Jack London White Fang Riordan R. Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief. Assignment based on the story of N.V. Gogol. Witch collects stars.
The devil rejoices that Vakula decided to sell his soul out of love for Oksana. Journey on the line to St. Petersburg. The devil depicted in the portrait of Vakula.
Patsyuk. Episode: Vakula and Patsyuk. Russian language textbook - paragraph 9. Read chapters 1. Orally answer the question: . Reread chapters 1,3-1.
How to understand the words of Yeshua: “there are no evil people in the world”? Which passages from the Yershalaim chapters seem to you the most significant? What events in the Yershalaim chapters are evidence of Bulgakov's idea: good cannot be completely destroyed, is this the moral foundation on which any society should be built? Can Professor Preobrazhensky be called a positive hero? Is it possible to consider him an impeccable person? What did the professor mean when he said: “?
History of the creation of the poem. How many parts would you like? How do they relate to each other?
What do we see, what do we touch? Let's note the key words in the first part of the poem. Give examples. What role does the anaphora play in the first part of the poem? What lexicon accompanies this appearance? What sound recording techniques are used by the author?). How is the title character of the poem portrayed, has the author given her specific features?
Prove with examples from the text. Why, then, in this case, does not there arise a feeling of monotony, boring repetition, as is felt in the first part of the poem? What artistic means contribute to creating a sense of unreality? What does he mean? The lesson will focus on the role of Luke in the drama. What is the meaning of using the past tense in the self-characteristics of the characters?
Which character is opposed to the rest? How does Luke affect the overnight stays?
What does Luke say to each of the inhabitants of the rooming house? Bunin? 8. Why did it come only when the heroes parted? What torments the hero the most? What would change if the heroine told the lieutenant her first and last name?
Why, of the two definitions of what happened, given by the heroine (“sunstroke” and “eclipse”), was the first one chosen as the title of the story? Choose one of the statements below and write an essay based on the story of I. A. Bunin. Take a line from the statement as an epigraph or title. Also, the topic of the essay can be called like this:. Dostoevsky) Man, be a man, for, living insanely, you are an ox; indulging in fornication, you are a pig or a furious horse; living insidiously, you are a serpent and an asp; acting recklessly, you are an ass; when you're restless. But the Lord said before your being, man: “Let us make man in our image and after our likeness” (Gen.
St. John Chrysostom) My life is a quivering and joyful communion with the eternal and the temporal, near and far. Bunin) This short life is an eternal change.
I will tirelessly console myself, - This early sun, smoke over the village, In the fresh park of leaves with a slow fall. And you, familiar old bench. To future poets, unknown to me, God will leave a secret - the memory of me: I will become their dreams, I will become incorporeal, Inaccessible to Death, - a wonderful ghost. In this pink park, in this silence.
Bunin for his poem? How does this reflect the author's intent? What does the author achieve with this? What stanzas most clearly emphasize this? How do they reflect the main idea of the poem? What trope is present here and how does this characterize the lyrical hero?
Isolate the plot backbone of the story, indicating the exposition, the plot, the development of the action, the climax and the denouement. What elements of the depicted picture are not motivated by the plot, that is, they are not connected with it in any way?
Why is the main character without a name? How does the author describe it? How is society shown in the story? What images in the story are symbolic?
I. A. Bunin Stories "The Gentleman from San Francisco", "Clean Monday", "Easy Breath" A. I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet", "Olesya", "Duel"M.
Gorky's play "At the bottom". Yesenin's poem "Anna Snegina" V. Mayakovsky poem "A Cloud in Pants" A.
A. Akhmatova "Requiem" M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", "Dog's Heart"M. A. Sholokhov Roman-epic "Quiet Don", "Don stories" ("Birthmark", "Alien blood", "Food commissar") A.
P. Platonov "Return", "In a beautiful and furious world", "Secret man", "At the dawn of foggy youth"B. L. Pasternak. The novel "Doctor Zhivago"
T. Shalamov "Kolyma stories" A. I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", "Matryona Dvor", "The Gulag Archipelago"V. P. Astafiev "Lyudochka", "The Sad Detective" V. V. Bykov "Sotnikov" Kondratiev "Sashka" B. Vasiliev "Tomorrow there was a war" E.
Zamyatin "We" Yu. V. Trifonov "Exchange" V. M. Shukshin Stories "Freak", "Cut off", "Microscope", "Alyosha Beskonvoyny", "Letter", "Mil pardon, madam!" V. S. Rozov "Forever Alive"A. Vampilov "Elder Son" A.
Pristavkin "A golden cloud spent the night" Ch. Aitmatov "The block"Homework in literature for 3. Why did the meeting with P. Karataev return to Pierre a sense of the beauty of the world? The theme of the people's war (part. As the author explains the causes and significance of the guerrilla war.
What is the significance of the image of Tikhon Shcherbaty in the novel? The death of Petya Rostov (part. What words in the text help to clearly imagine the whole scene? What thoughts and feelings does the death of Petya give rise to in the reader? Individual tasks: 4. (To Prozorov L., Derevitskaya N.) Tolstoy about the war 1.
The personality of Kutuzov (part. What does the author see as the main significance of the Patriotic War 1. Kutuzov? 5. (Zykov Yu., Vasenin A.) Pierre after captivity (part. How did Pierre treat others after returning from captivity? Melnikov S., Putintsev I.) Pierre's meeting with Natasha (part. Determine the ideological and compositional significance of these chapters in the novel.
Why does Tolstoy's description of the battle begin with a description of its disposition? Why is the battle shown through Pierre's eyes? How did Pierre become convinced of the truth of the words of the old soldier:? Why Prince Andrei,? Are the words of Prince Andrei true that the French should be executed? Did Pierre find his place among the soldiers on Raevsky's battery? Is it easy to be Russian in combat?
Show this on the example of the regiment of Prince Andrei. Heroism and courage of the participants in the battle. How does the scene with the portrait of his son and the phrase characterize Napoleon? What is the mood in the French camp?
How is the true heroism of the people revealed in one of the episodes of the Battle of Borodino - on the Raevsky battery? What is the meaning of Tolstoy's words about the moral victory of the Russian army? Image of the war 1. I part 2-3)1. Analysis of the scene of the review in Braunau (part. Uselessness and unpreparedness of the war. Kutuzov and the soldiers' attitude towards it. Tolstoy's attitude to the war.
His assertion of the senselessness and inhumanity of war. The storyline of Nikolai Rostov, her role (part Description of the Shengraben battle.
Tolstoy, the cowardice of Zherkov and the staff officer, the ostentatious courage of Dolokhov, the true heroism of Timokhin and Tushin (part Andrei, dreams about? What characters and in what sequence does Tolstoy introduce the reader to in the first chapters of the novel?
French and Russian in the description of Anna Pavlovna's salon. What are the details that reveal the spiritual closeness of Pierre Bezukhov and Andrei Bolkonsky. Reception by hosts. Her interests and behavior. A gift from Countess Mother Anna Drubetskaya. Attitude to the war of guests and hosts. Entertainment and customs at the Rostovs.
Bolkonsky (character, interests, occupations, relationships in the family, to the war). Raskolnikov's theory and its collapse. The fate of the humiliated and offended on the pages of the novel. The rebellion of Rodion Raskolnikov. What the novel by F. M. Dostoevsky made me think about.
The image of Raskolnikov in the novel. Meaning of the title of the novel. What is the punishment in the novel? Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov. Comparative characteristics.
The Christian concept of F. M. Dostoevsky and its humanism in the novel. How Raskolnikov's theory is debunked in the novel. Why was he torturing her? How are his relationships with others? Why is he separated from the world, who is to blame? What is worse for him than hard labor?
Why did he not repent of his crime? Why did the convicts love Sonya? What role did illness and the dream he had during his illness play in Raskolnikov's revival? What helped Raskolnikov to revive? How did Raskolnikov help Sonya? What role does the author of the Epilogue play in understanding the meaning of the whole novel?
When the reader first meets Sonya (p.
Open literature lesson held in group 1 "B"
Topic: “Secular aristocracy and advanced nobility. Contrast as the main artistic device in Leo Tolstoy's epic novel "War and Peace"
Organizing time
You have the right to determine your attitude to what will happen now. You can pretend to be present at the lesson, or you can take part, which I would like very much, to organize it. So, following our long tradition, I invite you to a dialogue:
- dialogue with me;
- dialogue with oneself;
- dialogue with each other
and to a dialogue with Lvov Nikolayevich Tolstoy and his heroes, which we will talk about in the lesson.
And now let me ask you a question that, at first glance, is not related to the topic. Is it hard to be human? Have you ever had moments in your life when you wanted to be someone, but not a person?
(Student answers)
And here is the opinion of one poet on this subject:(music Melody of autumn Chopin
)
Man does not want to be a flower
Even if the bright bee
From it with a skillful proboscis
Sweetness for the future took.
The spider magically pulls the thread,
The wolf hears all the rustles in the darkness
The man doesn't want to be
Only man on earth.
Asked for flowers and spiders
He asked the animals what they are:
Which of you living is ready
Get into our human skin.
Everyone shook their heads:
Say, it is better in a field or a hollow.
'Cause it's damn hard, they say
To be called a man on earth.
What is the difficulty of being human?
(Students' answers)
The novel "War and Peace" is a hymn to the Russian people, their valor and honor, their selfless steadfastness and devotion to the motherland. For the first time in literature, Tolstoy depicted thinking heroes, looking for an answer to the most difficult questions of human existence, with high intelligence.
goal setting
.
What do you think, what will be discussed in the lesson, based on the above thoughts, from the topic of the lesson? (answers)
Today in the lesson we will talk about human qualities, about how the writer characterizes the life of high society and the middle nobility, about the meaning of life, about the main artistic technique used by Tolstoy in the work - about contrast as the main thin. acceptance of the novel
Speech turns are written on the board, which will help in answering to express your opinion.: (print)
It seems to me, I think it is noticeable that, probably, from my point of view, I understand that….
Because...because...although...on the one hand...on the other hand...thus...
Have you ever been to a salon? L.N. Tolstoy invites us. Let's try to get to know the characters.
Quiz-quiz “Whose face is this?”
“She got up with the same unchanging smile ... with which she entered the living room.
(Helen)
“The face was hazy with idiocy and invariably expressed self-confident obnoxiousness.
(Hippolytus)
“With a grimace that spoiled his handsome face, he turned away ... "
(Prince Andrew)
“…bright expression of a flat face.
(Prince Vasily)
“The restrained smile that constantly played on his face…”
(Anna Pavlovna)
Do we have faces or masks? Prove it.
Before us are masks, since their expression does not change during the evening. L. Tolstoy conveys this with the help of the epithets “unchanging”, “invariably”, “constantly”.
You were divided into groups in advance, each member of the group had his own homework
1 group . Evening in the salon Scherer.
Card №1В social status
characters and their relationship to each other.
Card №1B topics of conversation: how interesting they are to the conversation
Watching the beginning of the movie.
We hear the characters, and they speak French. Doesn't it bother you that there is a war with Napoleon, and in St. Petersburg the highest nobility speaks French?
Why does L. Tolstoy introduce French speech?
So it was accepted. Knowledge of the French language was mandatory for a nobleman.
So, before us are educated people. It can be assumed that in French we will hear philosophical thoughts about life, witty remarks, interesting conversations
What is it about?
Role-playing dialogue reading (in Russian).
This is the birth of gossip about Ippolite the ladies' man, about his connection with Princess Bolkonskaya, about the unenviable position of the "officer" Prince Andrei.
- Prove that this is gossip (falsehood).
-Prince Andrei later characterizes his wife as a rare woman with whom you can be calm for your honor.
- She pulled away when Ippolit "forgot" to remove his hands, giving a shawl.
- She gets into the carriage, paying no attention to Hippolyte's cries .
Well, education, knowledge of foreign languages is not always a sign of intelligence, decency, internal culture. Perhaps L. Tolstoy introduces French speech in order to show that an inner emptiness is hidden behind the external gloss of some heroes.
Card No. 1A Pierre's behavior and the hostess's attitude towards him
Card No. 2A highlight the comparisons used by the author, what do they indicate?
We hardly see sincere, living people. The writer speaks about the lack of spirituality in most of the guests and in the hostess herself. This is the highest light. And what is the average advanced nobility?
Group 2: (also on cards) Pierre Bezukhov visiting Prince Andrei
Card No. 2b Andrey at the evening at Sherer's.Describe the portrait, manner of speaking and behaving in society. What features are expressed in his appearance?
Card No. 2B Liza Bolkonskaya at the evening at Scherer's
Card No. 3B Andrey and Pierre's relationship to each other(film excerpt)
Card No. 4A Andrei's monologue about Bonoparte. How did you understand it?
Group 3 Entertainment secular youth:
Dolokhov's behavior
Anatole Kuragin in the characterization of his father, in behavior at the evening
Fun with a bear and its consequences(film excerpt)
The attitude of Andrei Bolkonsky and Count Rostov to such a pastime
Would you like to continue communication with such representatives of the aristocracy as Vasily Kuragin, Dolokhov and others? No, why? Then we leave the salon.
4 group Name day at the Rostovs
The attitude of the Count and Countess Rostov to the guests and to each other
The behavior and interests of children in the Rostov house
The atmosphere during the birthday dinner (the topic of conversation, how interesting they are to the conversation, the general atmosphere)(film excerpt)
Group 5 Events in the house of Count Bezukhov
The behavior of Prince Vasily Kuragin, his interests
The behavior of Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskaya, its reasons
Boris Drubetskoy and Pierre Bezukhov in this situation
Group 6 Bolkonsky family in Bald Mountains
- old prince's past
- occupations and interests of the local nobleman
- Princess Marya Bolkonskaya
- relationship between father and children
Outcome: roman postriplets on contrasts. The episodes reviewed show the main strata of Russian society, outline the main storylines that reflect the complexity and diversity of life. High society is hypocritical and prim, the middle nobility is the exact opposite: hospitable and cordial, everything here is sincere and humane
Outcome (about morality in society)
Reflection:
something I thought about especially seriously while I was working on the episodes…
I was surprised...
It was especially important for me to understand...
Teacher: Yes, some answers may take a lifetime to find.
Homework.
1. Retelling of the lecture and textbook materials p. 240-245.
2. Select the topic of the essay on the novel "War and Peace":
a) Why can Pierre Bezukhov and Andrei Bolkonsky be called the best people of their time?
b) "The club of the people's war."
c) The real heroes of 1812
d) Court and military "drones".
e) Favorite heroine of L. Tolstoy.
f) In what way do Tolstoy's favorite characters see the meaning of life?
g) Spiritual evolution of Natasha Rostova.
h) The role of a portrait in creating an image - a character.
i) The character's speech as a means of characterizing him in the novel.
j) Landscape in the novel "War and Peace".
k) The theme of true and false patriotism in the novel.
l) Mastery of psychological analysis in the novel "War and Peace" (on the example of one of the characters).
3. Prepare for a conversation on vol. I, part 1.
a) Salon A.P. Scherer. What is the mistress and visitors of her salon (their relationship, interests, views on politics, demeanor, Tolstoy's attitude towards them)?
b) P. Bezukhov (ch. 2-6, 12-13, 18-25) and A. Bolkonsky 9th ch. 3-60 at the beginning of the journey and ideological searches.
c) Entertainment of secular youth (evening at Dolokhov's, ch. 6).
d) The Rostov family (heroes, atmosphere, interests), ch.7-11, 14-17.
e) Bald Mountains, the estate of General N. A. Bolkonsky (character, interests, occupations, family relationships, war), ch. 22-25.
f) Different and common in the behavior of people at the name day at the Rostovs and in the house in Lysy Gory in comparison with the Scherer salon?
"Family Thought" in the novel "War and Peace". Spiritual searches of Bolkonsky, Bezukhov. female characters in the novel.
Target: to show the tearing of all and all kinds of masks from high society; reveal the conflict between A. Bolkonsky and P. Bezukhov with this society; analyze scenes from the life of Moscow high society (the story of the struggle for the inheritance of Count Bezukhov).
Equipment: printed materials, cards, film "War and Peace" (fragments), can be used before or after the analysis of episodes.
During the classes
I. Verification work according to options with the involvement of printed material (for each student).
Leo Tolstoy devoted seven years (1863-1869) to the novel "War and Peace", in his own words, "continuous and exceptional labor, under the best living conditions." All the autographs of the novel have survived to this day almost completely. They make up more than five thousand sheets, most of which are filled out on both sides.
“I started a novel about 4 months ago, the hero of which should be the returning Decembrist. ... My Decembrist must be an enthusiast, a mystic, a Christian, returning to Russia in 1956 with his wife, son and daughter, and trying on his strict and somewhat ideal view of the new Russia.”
So, the main creative impulse, the result of which was "War and Peace", was the artist's thought about his own modernity. But in the novel about the Decembrist, only the first chapters were written. Tolstoy spoke about the further development of the original idea in one of the rough drafts of the preface to the novel War and Peace.
“In 1856, I began to write a story with a well-known direction, the hero of which should be a Decembrist returning with his family to Russia. Involuntarily, I moved from the present to 1825, the era of my hero's delusions and misfortunes, and left what I had begun. But even in 1825 my hero was already a mature family man. In order to understand him, I had to go back to his youth, and his youth coincided with the glorious for Russia era of 1812. Another time I abandoned what I had begun and began to write from the time of 1812, whose smell and sound are still audible and dear to us, but which now it is so far away from us that we can think about it calmly. But for the third time I left what I had begun, but not because I had to describe the first youth of my hero, on the contrary: between those semi-historical, semi-social, semi-fictional great characteristic faces of a great era, the personality of my hero receded into the background, but into the foreground. became, with equal interest to me, both young and old people, and men and women of that time. For the third time, I came back with a feeling that may seem strange to most readers, but which, I hope, will be understood by those whose opinion I value; I did it for a feeling that is similar to shyness and which I cannot define in one word. I was ashamed to write about our triumph in the struggle against Bonaparte France without describing our failures and our shame. Who has not experienced that hidden, but unpleasant feeling of shyness and distrust when reading patriotic works about the 12th year? If the reason for our triumph was not accidental, but lay in the essence of the character of the Russian people and troops, then this character should have been expressed even more clearly in an era of failures and defeats.
So, having returned from 1856 to 1805, from now on I intend to lead not one, but many of my heroines and heroes through the historical events of 1805, 1807, 1812, 1825 and 1856.
L. N. Tolstoy. Sketches for the preface to War and Peace, 1867.
“At the time of the birth of the “book of the past,” it was not by chance that Tolstoy was fascinated by Herder’s ideas that the ends and beginnings of human existence stretch far beyond the limits of one’s own earthly existence. For Tolstoy, it was not about the repetition of certain phenomena in the course of history, but about the living commonality between everything past and present, about the countlessness of their interweaving and mutual transitions. This is how the relationship between the beginning of the century and the time of the creation of the book developed in War and Peace.
Ya. S. Bilinkis. "War and Peace", 1986.
Exercise.
1. What issues of public life were relevant in the 60s (based on the works of this time by A. N. Ostrovsky, I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky) that you already know?
2. How did Tolstoy's idea change? Did the transfer of the action of the novel to the era of 1812 mean that the writer had left the present?
3. In the diary of the writer M. Prishvin there is such an entry: “The secret modernity of the story about non-modern things is, perhaps, the touchstone of true creativity.” Did you feel the secret modernity of the novel “War and Peace during independent reading? What is she in?
Option. The meaning of the title of the novel and its characters
"L. N. Tolstoy began to publish the novel "War and Peace" even before the completion of work on it. In 1865-1866. in the journal "Russian Messenger" appeared a version of the first volume under the title "1805". The title "War and Peace" appears, apparently, only at the end of 1866. The words in the title of the novel are ambiguous, and the title includes the entire set of their meanings.
Thus, the concept of "war" in Tolstoy's narrative means not only military clashes between warring armies. War is generally enmity, misunderstanding, selfish calculation, separation.
War exists not only in war. In the ordinary, everyday life of people separated by social and moral barriers, conflicts and clashes are inevitable. Fighting with Prince Vasily for the inheritance of the dying Count Bezukhov, Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskaya conducts downright military operations. Tolstoy deliberately emphasizes this: “She took off her gloves and, in a won position, settled herself in an armchair.” She wins the battle for the mosaic briefcase containing the old earl's will. Prince Vasily does not give up and continues the war - already for Pierre himself, along with all his inheritance. The case is being conducted by quite peaceful and even attractive means - the marriage of Pierre to the beautiful Helen. But the whole picture of the fatal "explanation" is somehow very reminiscent of military difficulties, and it is striking that the author talks about the love explanation in the same words as about the war. Just as in war there is a terrible line that separates life from death, his own from his enemies, so Pierre, alone with Helen, feels a certain line that he is afraid to cross, crosses and thereby makes his misfortune. This is followed by a direct war - a duel with Dolokhov, more terrible than hostilities, because the murder could have occurred in civilian life.
Just like "war", the concept of "peace" is revealed in the epic in a wide variety of meanings. Peace is the life of a people not in a state of war. The world is a peasant gathering that started a riot in Bogucharovo. The world is a “whirlpool”, “nonsense and confusion” of everyday interests, which, unlike abusive life, so prevent Nikolai Rostov from being a “wonderful person” and so annoy him when he comes on vacation and does not understand anything about this “stupid the world." The world is the whole people, without distinction of class, animated by a single feeling of pain for the desecrated fatherland. The world is the closest environment that a person always carries with him, wherever he is, in war or in civilian life, like Tushin’s special “world”, Natasha’s poetic love world, or Princess Marya’s sadly concentrated spiritual world. But the world is also the whole world, the Universe; Pierre speaks of him, proving to Prince Andrei the existence of the "kingdom of truth." The world is a brotherhood of people, regardless of national and class differences. The world is life.
Such simple words - war and peace - in the title indicate the epic breadth and comprehensiveness of the book.
L. D. Opulskaya. The epic novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", 1987.
Exercise.
Show, based on your impressions after reading the novel on your own, that the words “war” and “peace” in the title are not only key in the artistic content of the novel, but also images rich in many meanings.
Option. Genre and composition of the novel
“... What is War and Peace? This is not a novel, still less a poem, still less a historical chronicle. "War and Peace" is what the author wanted and could express in the form in which it was expressed. Such a statement about the author's disregard for the conventional forms of a prose work of art might seem presumptuous if it were intentional and if it had no examples. The history of Russian literature since the time of Pushka not only presents many examples of such a departure from the European form, but does not even give a single example of the contrary. From Gogol's "Dead Souls" to Dostoevsky's "House of the Dead", in the new period of Russian literature there is not a single artistic prose work that is a little out of mediocrity, which would fit perfectly into the form of a novel, poem or short story.
L. N. Tolstoy. A few words about the book "War and Peace". 1868.
“The essay now proposed comes closest to a novel or short story, but it is not a novel, because I can’t and can’t put certain boundaries on fictional persons of mine - such as marriage or death, after which the interest of the narrative would be destroyed. It involuntarily seemed to me that the death of one person only aroused interest in other persons, and marriage seemed for the most part the plot, and not the denouement of interest. I cannot call my work a story, because I do not know how and cannot force my faces to act only with the aim of proving or clarifying any one thought or series of thoughts.
L. N. Tolstoy. Sketches for the preface to "War and Peace". 1867.
"War and Peace" is one of the few books in world literature of the 19th century, to which the name of an epic novel is rightfully attached. Events of great historical scale. Common life (and not private life) is the basis of its content; it reveals the historical process, an unusually wide coverage of Russian life in all its layers has been achieved, and as a result, the number of actors, in particular characters from the people's environment, is so large; it shows the Russian national way of life.
L. D. Opulskaya. The epic novel by L. N. Tolstoy War and peace. 1987.
Exercise.
1. What is the difference between "War and Peace" and the novels of the 19th century known to you?
2. What are the main features of the epic, named in the above materials?
II. Questioning and testing knowledge of the text vol. I, parts 1-3:
Name the main events of vol. I, parts 1-3;
What did Marya Dmitrievna give Natasha Rostova for her birthday? ( pear-shaped pear earrings);
With whom (from adults) did Natasha Rostova dance at her birthday party? ( with Pierre);
From whom did M. Bolkonskaya first learn about Anatole Kuragin's upcoming matchmaking? ( from Julie's letter).
What caused the dissatisfaction of the regimental commander Bogdanovich Nikolai Rostov?
What wound did N. Rostov receive and in what battle? ( hand, Battle of Shengraben);
Why didn't Tushin retreat with his battery? ( Did not receive an order, Zherkov chickened out.)
Did Pierre propose to Helen to marry him? ( Prince Vasily blessed without an offer);
Why did M. Bolkonskaya not accept A. Kuragin's proposal to marry him? ( I saw a date between A. Kuragin and a companion in the garden).
How did the Battle of Austerlitz end for Prince Andrei ( with a banner leads a battalion into battle, wounded).
Similar information.
Library
materials
GBPOU ROSTOV REGION
SHAKHTINSKY PEDAGOGICAL COLLEGE
Describe without further ado...
War and peace, government of sovereigns,
Saints holy miracles,
Prophecies and signs from heaven...
A.S. Pushkin "Boris Godunov"
SYSTEM OF LESSONS ON THE NOVEL L.N. TOLSTOY
"WAR AND PEACE"
(to the anniversary of L.N. Tolstoy)
COMPILED BY: Prisyazhnyuk I.V.
MINES 2016
UDC 820. 89.0
BBC 83.3.
Reviewer: - Candidate of Philological Sciences Bogacheva E.V.
Compiler Prisyazhnyuk I.V.
The system of lessons based on the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (on the anniversary of Leo Tolstoy)/ Comp. I.V. Prisyazhnyuk; Shakhty Pedagogical College.- Shakhty, 2016.-56 p.
The writer's work is considered in the cultural and historical context of the era. Variable developments of lessons are presented, allowing you to refer to the topic under study in a general education school, in extracurricular classes. The manual is aimed at studying literature as the art of the word, at the thoughtful work of students with the text. An example of the analysis of the work is given in the unity of content and form. These guidelines will enable students to independently organize work on the study of the novel "War and Peace". Designed for students and teachers of the Russian language and literature
© Shakhty Pedagogical College, 2016
© Prisyazhnyuk I.V., 2016
Foreword……………………………………………………………..4
1. SECTION 1. Lesson notes ……………………………………….5
1.1. Lesson notes on the study of the novel "War and Peace" ...... .......... 5
1.2. Lessons from the Past (Leo Tolstoy's story "Hadji Murad")………23
2. SECTION 2 Lesson materials……………………………………31
2.1. Ways of searching for the meaning of life by A. Bolkonsky………………………31
2.2.Pir in captivity………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.3.The image of Natasha Rostova……………………………………………...40
2.4. “Honor thy father and thy mother” ………………………………......45
2.5.Features of portrait characteristics in the work of Tolstoy ... 47
3. Literature……………………………………………………………..59
FOREWORD
We call "War and Peace" a great multifaceted work, not only because it contains many characters with unique characters, speech manners, because it skillfully intertwines plots, situations, scenes, destinies, which makes the story fascinating. This novel is great, first of all, for the historical, moral and social content of the conflicts that plastically unfold before the reader.
This is a grandiose canvas, which depicts the most difficult period of Russian history from 1805 to 1820. Imbued with a high patriotic feeling, it is incomparable in its high artistic skill.
The novel "War and Peace" is also a hymn to the Russian people, their valor and honor, their selfless steadfastness and devotion to the motherland. For the first time in literature, Tolstoy depicted thinking heroes with high intelligence, looking for an answer to the most complex problems of the movement of history, human existence, outlined their personal lives in conjunction with historical processes. The novel "War and Peace" is fraught with inexhaustible opportunities for research, study, and discovery.
Our goal is to help a novice teacher of literature in studying the most difficult work of L.N. Tolstoy. Many, especially novice teachers, find it difficult to solve the most pressing pedagogical tasks: to clearly and clearly formulate the topic and goals of the lesson, to determine the tasks of moral and aesthetic education in literature lessons.
Drawing up a summary of the lesson with the designation of all its elements is undoubtedly an individual matter of the teacher; he must approach the educational material creatively and write a summary of the lesson, guided by the relevant methodological and didactic rules.
SECTION 1
LESSON SUMMARY
STUDY LESSONS
NOVNA "WAR AND PEACE"
LESSONS 1-4 devoted to the study of volume 1 of the novel "War and Peace".
Lessons 1 and 2 - group laboratory work.
TOPIC: “A critical image of high society. High society and middle nobility. Contrast as the main artistic technique. The sympathies and dislikes of Tolstoy.
The class is divided into seven groups.
1 group. Evening in the salon Scherer:
The social status of the characters and their relationship to each other;
Topics of conversation: how interesting they are to the interviewers;
Highlight the comparisons used by the author, what do they indicate?
Pierre's behavior and the hostess's attitude towards him;
Consider the illustrations of the artist Nikolaev. Do they illustrate the episode well, in your opinion?
2 group.Pierre Bezukhov visiting Prince Andrei:
Andrei at the evening at Sherer's;
Liza Bolkonskaya at the evening at Sherer's;
The attitude of Andrei and Pierre to each other;
Andrey's monologue about Bonoparte. How did you understand it?
3 group.Entertainment secular youth:
Dolokhov's behavior;
Anatole Kuragin in the characterization of his father, in behavior at the evening;
Fun with a bear and its consequences;
The attitude of Andrei Bolkonsky and Count Rostov to such a pastime.
4 group.Name day at the Rostovs:
The attitude of the Count and Countess Rostov to the guests and to each other;
Behavior and interests of children in the Rostovs' house;
The atmosphere during the birthday dinner (the topic of conversation; how interesting they are to the talkers, the general atmosphere);
The attitude of the Count and Countess Rostov to the servants;
Consider the illustrations by the artist Nikolaev, to what extent they, in your opinion, correspond to the pages of the novel.
5 group.Events in the house of Count Bezukhov:
The behavior of Prince Vasily Kuragin, his interests;
The behavior of Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskaya, its causes;
Boris Drubetskoy and Pierre Bezukhov in this situation;
Unction: consider an illustration by the artist Nikolaev. What does he emphasize in this rite?
6 group.The Bolkonsky family in Lysy Gory:
The past of the old prince;
Occupations and interests of the local nobleman;
Princess Marya Bolkonskaya;
Relationship between father and children.
7 group.Andrey's arrival in Bald Mountains:
Andrei's thoughts and feelings before his father wakes up;
Topics of conversation between father and son: do they understand each other?
Andrey's farewell to Marya;
Consider the illustrations of the artist Nikolaev: what does he emphasize in the characters?
During the discussion of the topic, questions can be asked:
1. How does Tolstoy depict a secular evening at Anna Pavlovna Sherer's?
2. Why was Prince Vasily the first to appear in the salon? What can be said (and what does the author himself say) about the manner of speech of Vasily Kuragin and the hostess of the salon?
3. What is the purpose of A.M.'s visit? Drubetskaya for the evening to Scherer? Is it typical?
4. Hosts and guests at Sherer and Rostovs. What literary device does the writer use as the main one?
5. What and how do Scherer, Rostovs and Bolkonskys talk about? How does Tolstoy feel about his characters?
6. In what and how does Tolstoy expose the nobility of the capital?
7. What is the compositional significance of Scherer's evening scene? Why does the novel begin with this scene?
8. How does the story about the entertainment of secular youth characterize the life of high society?
9. What is the similarity of all Rostovs? How does the writer feel about them?
10. In the story "Childhood" L.N. Tolstoy wrote: “... In one smile lies what is called the beauty of the face: if a smile adds charm to the face, then the face is beautiful; if she does not change him, then usually; if it spoils it, then it is bad. How is this portrait detail used to characterize the characters?
11. What is the Bolkonsky family? How do you rate the members of this family?
12. How does the artist reveal the originality of the characters through the appearance (for example, the father, son and daughter of the Bolkonsky; members of the Rostov family, etc.)?
13. How does the behavior of the Kuragins in the Bald Mountains characterize the representatives of high society? How do they differ from the Bolkonskys?
14. Can the word "world" in the title of the epic be attributed to the scenes of part 1 of volume 1? Why?
LESSON 3. SUBJECT: “War in the image of Tolstoy. Man at war. The essence of courage.
Working on this topic, pay attention to the fact that Tolstoy shows two periods of the Russian war with Napoleon: the war of 1805-1807 and the Patriotic War of 1812. Tolstoy, comparing the two wars, emphasizes that in the first "we had no reason to fight," the incompetence of the allies, confusion in the troops, the soldiers' misunderstanding of the goals and objectives of the war - hence the defeat of the Russian troops and the retreat of the allies near Austerlitz. At the same time, the writer contrasts the behavior of Tushin and his batterymen with the behavior of Bolkonsky and other adjutants, and poses the problem of the goal of heroic behavior. Pay attention to how courage, heroism, a sense of responsibility for one's actions, a sense of duty, loyalty to the oath of soldiers and the best Russian officers are manifested in this war: a) the state of the Russian army and the cheerfulness of Russian soldiers in the picture of the review in Branau; b) the good mood of Russian soldiers in the heroic battle near Shengraben; c) the fortitude and courage of Russian soldiers in the heroic battle near Shengraben; d) modest, inconspicuous heroes Timokhin and Tushin; e) the interest of Prince Andrei in the general course of military affairs (his reprimand to Zherkov), courage, adherence to principles (behavior in the battle of Austerlitz); f) Dolokhov's courage; g) the heroism of Bagration; h) Kutuzov's behavior (his love for Russian soldiers, confidence that the battle will be lost); i) careerism, selfishness, cowardice of staff officers.
QUESTIONS PROPOSED IN THE ANALYSIS OF PART 2, VOLUME 1:
1. What did the episode of the Battle of Shengraben reveal to you? Has he captured you? How?
2. How do they relate to the war of 1805 and how do its participants behave - officers and soldiers?
3. The behavior of Captain Tushin on the eve and during the battle of Shengraben. How does Tolstoy convey his attitude towards him? Why does the author emphasize the non-military, even plain appearance of Tushin?
4. With what dreams did Prince Andrei go to the army and what did he understand after two battles?
5. Analyze the attitude of Prince Andrei towards Napoleon before and after Austerlitz.
6. How should a real person behave in a war, from Tolstoy's point of view?
7. Did Andrei Bolkonsky manage to accomplish a feat in the battle of Austerlitz? Justify your answer.
8. Analyze the behavior of Zherkov and Dolokhov in battle. How do you evaluate these heroes of the work?
9. Why was the Russian army defeated near Austerlitz? How does Tolstoy answer this question?
10. What, in your opinion, concludes the defeat of Pierre Bezukhov?
LESSON 4. THEME: « The search for truth by the heroes of Tolstoy»
Exercise : prepare monologue answers on the topics:
« The image of Andrei Bolkonsky and his life quest»
PLAN.
1. Origin (the son of Prince Bolkonsky, his father, after the death of Catherine 11, fell into disgrace, lives on his estate, is engaged in housekeeping and raising children);
2. Appearance;
3. Personal qualities:
a) the naturalness of behavior, the absence of lies and falsehood (hence the hatred of the world, a contemptuous, bored expression on social events, but it completely changes when he talks with Pierre, his sister, people he likes);
b) mind, sober outlook on life (“lack of dreamy philosophizing”);
c) pride, dignity (behavior with the father, while serving at the headquarters);
d) efficiency, ardent, honest attitude to service and business;
e) patriotism (the answer to his friends-adjutants, Zherkov and Nesvitsky, that they are not serfs who do not care about the affairs of their masters, but Russian officers);
f) ambition (dreams of "one's own Toulon", and glory and fame);
4. The search for the meaning of life (Andrey's life path is a constant search for the meaning of life: light, marriage, disappointment in society and family life, leaving for the army, thoughts about personal glory, contempt for the lower in rank (“This is a crowd of bastards, not an army ”), courage, heroic behavior under Shengraben, acquaintance with Tushin and sympathy for him, pain for Russian soldiers, desire for glory before Austerlitz (“honored his own interest in the course of a common cause”); wound (“high sky of Austerlitz”).
« The image of Pierre Bezukhov and his life quest.
PLAN
1. Origin (the illegitimate son of Catherine's nobleman, from the age of ten he was brought up abroad, before his father's death he was adopted by him and, by will, becomes the heir to a huge fortune);
2. Appearance.
3. Personal qualities:
a) simplicity and naturalness of behavior (A.P. Scherer is always afraid for his behavior at the evening, since Pierre is sincere, does not know how to pretend - “he did not know how to enter the salon and even less knew how to leave it”);
b) innocence, naivety (believes that Vasily Kuragin cares about his interests, that Helen loves him, says what she thinks);
c) lack of willpower (does not know how to resist the proposals of Prince Vasily, Anatole);
d) kindness (“golden heart”, likes to help friends, relatives, acquaintances);
e) search for the meaning of life: the life of the "golden youth", the death of a father, an attempt to choose a service according to one's heart, marriage to Helen, social life, faith in the love of others, gullibility, the search for happiness in the family, a duel, disappointment in family life, a break with his wife , a trip to St. Petersburg.
LESSONS 5-8 are devoted to volume 2.
LESSONS 5-6. THEME “Rostovs and Bolkonskys. Life of mind and heart.
Natasha Rostova on the way to happiness
1. Acquaintance with Natasha (vol. 1, part 1, ch. 8,10, 16-17, part 3, ch. 6. Volume 2, part 1, ch. 10-12, 15).
2. Fullness of life, poetry of nature, heightened sensitivity, attentiveness. (volume 2, part 3, ch. 12-17, 19). What feelings does Natasha overflow with at her first ball? Why did Prince Andrei immediately like Natasha?
What is the main thing in Natasha: reason or feeling?
3. National, folk traits in the development of Natasha's character:
Consider the episode of the hunt (chapters 3-7, part 4, volume 2).
How do the young Rostovs feel with their uncle? Why does Natasha, returning from her uncle, say: “I know that I will never be as happy, calm as now”?
What property of Natasha manifested itself in her dance?
How is this scene linked to the whole episode of the hunt?
4. Expensive test cost. (Vol. 2, part 4, ch. 9-10, 13; part 5, ch. 6-22.).
QUESTIONS proposed in the analysis of the topic: "Rostov and Bolkonsky".
1. What is the expression of Tolstoy the philosopher's thoughts about the family?
2. How is the family thought reflected in Tolstoy the writer in the novel "War and Peace"?
3. What characteristic features make the Rostov family attractive?
4. What is the essence of the Rostovs' complacency?
5. Father and children Bolkonsky.
In which family would you like to live and be brought up: with the Bolkonskys or the Rostovs?
How are the Bolkonskys' house and the Rostovs' house similar?
Going to war and saying goodbye to his father, Andrei Bolkonsky asks: “If they kill me and if I have a son, don’t let him go away from you ... so that he grows up with you ... please.”
Like Prince Andrei, who will entrust his unborn child to his father?
Why is the personality of the old man Bolkonsky interesting to Tolstoy and to us, readers?
Why is the old man Bolkonsky demanding of his daughter to the point of despotism?
Tell us about the life of Princess Mary. How do you rate it? When and how will paternal pride manifest itself in Princess Marya?
How is the Bolkonsky breed manifested in Prince Andrei?
6. What makes Tolstoy's favorite heroes beautiful?
7. How does Tolstoy the writer prove his idea: there is no moral core in parents - it will not be in children either?
7. What are the goals and ideals of Berg's life? Compare it with the comedy hero A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit".
LESSON 7 TOPIC: "The eternal search for truth and self-satisfied mediocrity (Pierre, Andrey - Drubetskoy, Nikolai Rostov).
Image of Pierre: meeting in Torzhok with the freemason Bazdeev, joining "freemasonry", the desire to believe and obey the "Charter"; a trip to the southern estates in order to do good deeds", the "arrangement" of the peasants, faith in one's own favor, donation, reconciliation with his wife, gradual disappointment in Freemasonry, especially after Boris Drubetskoy entered there.
Andrew's image: after being wounded, the death of his wife, the birth of a son, softening, housework, retirement, raising a son, a desire to live for himself, Andrey's views on the peasant question are of a class-noble nature (the abolition of serfdom is necessary only because serfdom is a source of moral torment for peasants ), reforms on the estate in 1808. A conversation with Pierre on the ferry, life is "a particle in the general universe." First meeting with the oak, visiting Otradnoye, Natasha, second meeting with the oak, "life for others", hopes for a draft of a new military charter, an audience with Arakcheev, light, Petersburg, social activities, work in the Speransky commission in order to change the norms of the situation of the peasants, disappointment in Speransky, love for Natasha, thoughts of happiness, travel abroad, break with Natasha.
Analyze the relationship between Dolokhov and Nikolai Rostov.
Analyze the episode of the duel between Pierre and Dolokhov.
Why did Pierre join the Masons?
Analyze Pierre's attempt to improve the position of his serfs. How is this episode related to the life of the writer himself?
Analyze the impressions and feelings of Nikolai Rostov in the hospital in Tilsit.
Analyze the episode of Prince Andrei's trip to the Ryazan estates.
How is Prince Andrei characterized by his activities in the countryside?
How does Tolstoy prove his thesis about "real life" by depicting Andrei Bolkonsky's studies in St. Petersburg?
What rules did Boris Drubetskoy follow in his life? What has he become?
Analyze the episode of Boris Drubetskoy's marriage. How is the Russian nobility characterized here?
Why is Pierre moving away from the Freemasons? What result does he come to?
LESSON 8. TOPIC: “Philosophical theses and artistic narration. What is real life - social activity, love? What is true beauty? Human and nature. What is happiness - personal happiness or selflessness?
When I read Tolstoy, I think: this happened to me too; and when Dostoevsky - it's good that this didn't happen to me. Have you ever experienced this?
Tolstoy writes the rules, Dostoyevsky writes the exceptions. But both explore the soul. But where is the soul revealed more, in the rules or exceptions?
What place does love take in the life of Tolstoy's heroes? How is this related to the writer's philosophical reasoning about "real life"?
What is real life, according to Tolstoy?
How does nature influence Tolstoy's heroes? How is Tolstoy's worldview reflected here?
L. Tolstoy's favorite thought: “In order to live honestly, one must tear, get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again, and quit again, and always struggle and lose. And peace is spiritual meanness "
How do you understand these words? To what extent do the heroes of L. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" reflect this motto of the writer himself? In what way in your life did this manifest itself most clearly?
Do you agree with the words of Pierre Bezukhov:
“If all vicious people are interconnected and constitute a force, then honest people should do the same. It's so easy…”
Is it simple? Where and on what occasion were these words spoken?
Define the following moral categories: selflessness, fidelity to duty, pride, humanity, dignity, responsibility, patriotism, modesty, conscience, comradeship, honor, courage, love, mercy, posturing, rivalry, individualism, hatred, cowardice, vanity, hypocrisy, ambition , selfishness, arrogance, careerism, false patriotism, hypocrisy.
Task: choose one of the moral categories and, using the example of any episode (scene) in the novel, show how this moral quality is manifested in the actions and deeds of the character (or characters).
LESSONS 9-11 are devoted to volume 3 of the novel.
LESSON 9. TOPIC: "Tolstoy's views on history and the role of the individual in it."
1. Tolstoy argues that it is impossible to explain the development of historical events by the will, desires, deeds of individual great people - "historical figures". History, Tolstoy argues, is the result of the coincidence of interests and actions of many people who make up the mass of the people.
However, the actions of the masses, he says, are carried out as if unconsciously, spontaneously, but in fact they are subordinate to a supernatural, mysterious force - providence, fate, fate. According to Tolstoy, "fatalism in history is inevitable" (vol. 3, part 1, ch. 1), history is "the unconscious, common, swarming life of mankind." (Ibid.).
If the historical life of peoples is governed by "fate", then what can a great personality do? - She remains only the role of an obedient executor of the will of the mysterious fate, fate.
Do you share this point of view?
2.Reread ch. 1 part one, ch. 1 of the second part and chapter 1 of the third part of the third volume of the novel, focusing on the following questions: how does Tolstoy characterize the war that began in 1812?
Why, he thinks, is it impossible to find its cause?
Is it possible for a person to know the laws of history at all, or is fatalism inevitable in history?
What, according to Tolstoy, is the main mistake of historians?
What two aspects of human life does Tolstoy speak of?
To what extent is a person free?
Why "the king is a slave of history"?
3. L. Tolstoy's views on history were embodied in the artistic descriptions of the novel "War and Peace".
Is it possible to say that the novel establishes a truly democratic, truly humane view of history? What is it?
Was Tolstoy a fatalist in understanding history?
Remember how Kutuzov is depicted in the episode of the Battle of Borodino. Is it possible to speak of Tolstoy's complete denial of the role and significance of the individual in history?
What, according to Tolstoy, is the meaning of human activity? In which of the heroes of the novel Tolstoy's understanding of activity is embodied to the greatest extent?
LESSONS 10-11. TOPIC: “Tolstoy on the justice of the war of 1812 on the part of the Russians. The Battle of Borodino is the compositional center of the novel. The national character of the war. The true greatness of the people and commander. False greatness. The theme of achievement.
Group work.
1 group. Topic: "The fire of Smolensk and the behavior of its inhabitants y".
The situation in Smolensk.
Analyze the behavior of the merchant Ferapontov.
The attitude of Andrei Bolkonsky to what is happening in Smolensk.
Berg's reaction to what is happening.
The impact of the Smolensk fire and the behavior of its inhabitants on Bolkonsky.
2 group. Topic: “Battle of Borodino. Raevsky battery».
Pierre's impression on the way from Mozhaisk.
The impression made on Pierre by the batteries.
The attitude of artillerymen to Pierre. Causes.
The state of the battery during the entire course of the Battle of Borodino.
The result that Pierre comes to on the Raevsky barrow.
3 group. Topic: "The Regiment of Prince Andrei in reserve».
The behavior of Bolkonsky's soldiers. Remember the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Borodino", comparing with the description made by Tolstoy.
Thoughts and feelings of Bolkonsky during the battle.
Andrei's behavior at the moment of danger.
Description of the field infirmary.
4 group. Topic: “Kutuzov during the Battle of Borodino».
The conversation between Prince Andrei and Kutuzov and the feelings of Bolkonsky.
Kutuzov during a prayer service before the battle.
Kutuzov's behavior during the battle.
Kutuzov's behavior at the council in Fili. Remember him at the military council in front of Austerlitz. Compare.
Does Kutuzov's behavior correspond to Tolstoy's views on the role of the individual in history.
5 group. Theme: "Napoleon during Borodino."
Napoleon's behavior before the battle, his interests.
View of the French emperor on the upcoming battle.
Follow the change in Napoleon's mood from the beginning of the battle to its end.
What, according to Tolstoy, is the outcome of the battle and its causes.
Does Napoleon's behavior correspond to Tolstoy's views on the role of the individual in history.
6 group. Topic: "Pierre's meeting with the soldiers at the fire».
The state of mind in which Pierre was on the way to Mozhaisk.
The attitude of resting soldiers towards him.
Pierre's feelings, his inner struggle.
The meaning of the landscape in this episode.
LESSON 12. THEME: “The idea of universal brotherhood and love. Fire of Moscow.
Questions that may be asked during the lessons (10-12).
1. How did the French army treat their emperor? Why?
2. Did the Russians wait for wars and how did Tsar Alexander prepare for it? In what artistic manner does Tolstoy depict the emperor?
3. Analyze the behavior of the inhabitants of Smolensk.
4. Follow the change in the mood of Prince Andrei from the beginning of the war to the Battle of Borodino.
5. What is the meaning of the riot episode in Bogucharovo?
6. Analyze the behavior of Nikolai Rostov in the episode of "rescuing" Princess Mary.
7. How did the events of the war affect the life of high society? What is Tolstoy's position in assessing the nobility of the capital?
8. How is the Battle of Borodino perceived by Pierre Bezukhov? Why is it through his perception that the author draws the battle?
9. Analyze the behavior of Prince Andrei during the Battle of Borodino. What is the writer's attitude towards this hero?
10. Analyze the council scene in Fili. How does the writer feel about Kutuzov and how does he convey his attitude?
11. Analyze the episode of preparations for the Rostovs' departure from Moscow. Compare their behavior with the behavior of the merchant Ferapontov in Smolensk. Draw your own conclusions.
12. Tell us about Pierre's meeting with the soldiers at the fire. What significance did she have for Pierre? How is Tolstoy's worldview reflected here?
13. Compare the behavior in Moscow of Berg and Natasha Rostova.
14. Why did Pierre stay in Moscow? Did he fulfill his intention?
15. Why L.N. Tolstoy considers Borodino a moral victory for the Russians?
16. Compare the attitude towards the war of Princess Mary, Natasha Rostova and Julie Karagina-Drubetskaya. To what conclusion does Tolstoy lead us?
LESSONS 13-15 are devoted to volume 4 and the epilogue.
LESSON 13. THEME: “Pierre and Platon Karataev. The idea of universal love
LESSON 14. TOPIC: “The role of the people in the war of 1812. guerrilla war».
LESSON 15
QUESTIONS.
1. Who is Platon Karataev? What influence did he have on Pierre?
2. The role of the people in the war of 1812 on the example of the actions of the detachments of Denisov and Dolokhov.
3. What truth was revealed to the dying Prince Andrei? How does Tolstoy's worldview manifest itself here?
4. How did the events of the war affect St. Petersburg society?
5. What place does love take in the life of Tolstoy's hero? Why did Nikolai Rostov fall in love with Princess Mary and not Sonya?
6. How did the appearance of Pierre change in captivity? Where does he see his happiness now? What is your take on this idea?
7. What was Kutuzov's goal after the expulsion of the French from Moscow? How does this characterize the commander?
8. What was, according to Tolstoy, the historical role of the partisans? How does the writer portray partisans?
9. Petya Rostov in Denisov's detachment. your attitude towards him.
10. Petya Rostov's dream. What is the meaning of this dream?
11. How was Kutuzov treated at the top and at court? How does the upper world characterize this?
12. Attitude of Kutuzov and Russian soldiers to the defeated enemies. What idea is expressed here by Tolstoy?
13. What kind of owner did Nikolai Rostov become? What did he consider the most important thing in the economy? How is Tolstoy's worldview reflected here?
14. What was Natasha Rostova like? How does Tolstoy solve the problem of the social role of women?
15. What does Pierre say about the political situation in Russia and what does he propose?
16. Analyze the dispute between Pierre and Nikolai about a secret society.
17. How does Nikolenka Bolkonsky perceive the conversation about a secret society? What is the meaning of this image in the novel?
18. What is the fate of Marya Bolkonskaya? How does Tolstoy solve the problem of female happiness in this way?
19. What is the fate of Helen Kuragina?
20. What does it mean for Tolstoy's heroes to "live honestly"?
21. The role of each volume in the composition of the novel, in revealing the meaning of the title "War and Peace".
LESSON 16. CONTROL WORK. PLANNING BY THEMES (individually).
1. Problems that Tolstoy solves with female images in the novel.
2. The theme of achievement in the novel.
3. Russian army and people in the war of 1812.
4. Tolstoy's skill in the novel.
5. What enriches the novel "War and Peace" of our contemporary.
6. Nature in Tolstoy's novel.
7. The theme of art in the novel.
8. Andrey Bolkonsky and Anatole Kuragin.
9. Natasha Rostova is Tolstoy's favorite heroine.
10. Contrast as the main artistic device in the novel.
11. Kutuzov and Napoleon.
12.Patriotism in Tolstoy's novel.
13. The problem solved by the images of the Rostov and Bolkonsky families.
14. Pierre Bezukhov and Platon Karataev.
15. Moral ideals of Tolstoy.
16. War in the image of Tolstoy.
17. Russian national character in the image of Tolstoy.
18. Platon Karataev and Tikhon Shcherbaty.
19. Questions of life and death in the novel.
NOVEL CONTROL QUESTIONS
L.N. TOLSTOY "WAR AND PEACE"
1. Tell us about the history of the creation of the novel "War and Peace".
2. What caused the appearance of Tolstoy's preface "A few words about the book" War and Peace ".
4. What are the features of the epic novel and family chronicle genres? Which of these genres, in your opinion, can be attributed to "War and Peace"?
5. What are the main historical events reflected in "War and Peace"?
6. What is the meaning of the title of the novel?
7. How is the principle of opposition expressed in the artistic structure of the novel?
8. What is Tolstoy's view of the role of a historical figure in the fate of the people?
9. What is the peculiarity of the image of a historical figure in Tolstoy?
10. How is Tolstoy's view of the personality of Kutuzov and Napoleon expressed in the novel?
11. What, in your opinion, is the main difference between these generals?
12. What is the difference between "crowd" and "people" in the novel?
13. Why is Napoleon the henchman of the "crowd", and Kutuzov - the people?
14. How does Kutuzov’s military activity correspond to Tolstoy’s formula “and there is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth”?
15. What did Tolstoy put into the concept of "people's war"?
16. In what, in your opinion, is the “folk thought” expressed in the novel?
17. How is the “family thought” embodied?
18. Tell us about the Bolkonsky, Rostov, Kuragin families. What do you see as their similarities and differences?
19. How do the historical fate of the people and the fate of an individual correlate in the novel?
20. What is the impact of historical events on the personal lives of the characters?
21. Determine the place of the images of Timokhin and Tushin in the novel and describe them.
22. How did the events of the Battle of Borodino affect the fate of the heroes of the work?
23. What are the features of Tolstoy's psychologism. Give examples.
24. What is the “dialectics of the soul”?
25. What is the way of searching for Pierre Bezukhov?
26. What role does Platon Karataev play in Pierre's fate?
27. How does Karataev's love for life differ from the love of Prince Andrei
28. Is the death of A. Bolkonsky inevitable?
29. How close and how far are Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov from each other?
30. How does the character of Prince Andrei change from Austerlitz to the Battle of Borodino?
31. Why is Natasha's love for Prince Andrei tragically doomed?
32. Is it by chance that Prince Andrei dies in 1812, and Pierre is brought to life by war?
33. How did you find the images of Nikolai Rostov, Fedor Dolokhov, Vasily Denisov, Anatoly Kuragin?
34.. What is the meaning of the image of Natasha Rostova.
35. What moral ideals did Tolstoy embody in the image of Maria Bolkonskaya?
36. Give a comparative description of Natalia and Helen.
37. Describe the Petersburg and Moscow societies.
38. What distinguishes Natasha Rostova from the intellectual heroes of the epic novel? What are its advantages and disadvantages?
39. What is the meaning of the epilogue in the novel War and Peace?
LESSONS FROM THE PAST
(Leo Tolstoy's story "Hadji Murad")
And with secret and heartfelt sadness
I thought: "Poor man,
What does he want!.. the sky is clear,
Under the sky there is a lot of space for everyone,
But incessantly and in vain
He alone is at enmity - why?
M.Yu. Lermontov
Teacher's word.
The last work of L.N. Tolstoy will be the story "Hadji Murad". There are 23 beginnings of the story, 10 editions of works, 25 times Tolstoy worked or, as he said, “fought” over the chapter on Nicholas 1, 2152 draft pages of the story have been preserved, while in its final form it takes only 250 written pages. But the story never came out during the life of the writer.
The history of the creation of the work shows what great importance Tolstoy attached to this work. Let's try today to comprehend the story "Hadji Murad", reflect on the problems raised in this work, think about what the writer warns us about, because the topic of the lesson is defined that way.
In the center of the narrative are the events of the Caucasian war, the year 1851 (the author accurately indicated); historical figures act in the work. Let's not forget that Tolstoy had his own view on the development of history, on the role of the individual in history. But what was really happening then in the Caucasus?
Student's speech about the history of the war in the Caucasus.
Many Russian writers and poets addressed the topic of the Caucasus. How does the Caucasus appear in the works of A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov? Let's try to comprehend: what new things Leo Tolstoy brought to this topic.
To understand what worried Tolstoy, why he refers to these events, it is necessary to turn to the history of the work. Listening to the history of the work, try to understand: why Tolstoy did not publish it during his lifetime.
Student's presentation about the history of the creation of the work.
(Written in the 74th year of his life, this story is the result of 5 years of creative experience and therefore one of the most perfect works. The fate of the story is unusual. Before writing it, Tolstoy decided not to publish the story during his lifetime. None of his works in advance on In addition, he studied Hadji Murat, as he himself said, “in between times”, “in moments of leisure”, “for himself”, calling it “a trifle”, “pampering.” Despite this, Tolstoy worked extremely hard on the story, achieving its perfection.
The scene of the story is the Caucasus “with its majestic and tender nature”, which Tolstoy loved very much from his youth. The story "Khadji Murat" is to some extent a memoir of the writer about the best time of his life spent in the Caucasus. One of the versions of the story is named by him: “Memoirs of an old military man” and is written in autobiographical form.
For the first time Tolstoy heard about Hadji-Murat at the age of twenty-three in the Caucasus, in 1851, in the very year that was, as the historian of the Caucasian war V.A. Potto, "the year of the greatest glory of Hadji Murad." Also in 1851, there are lines about Hadji Murad, a participant in the Caucasian War, V.A. Poltoratsky: “What miracles are trumpeted about this Avar grip! If you believe half of what they sing about his insane courage and incredible audacity, then even then you have to wonder how Allah saved his extravagant head. The military glory of Hadji Murad meets no one with rivalry and his popularity thunders from the Caspian to the Black Sea. Subsequently, in one of the versions of his story, Tolstoy also spoke of this popularity of Hadji Murad. “It is difficult for people who were not in the Caucasus during our war with Shamil to imagine the significance that Hadji Murad had at that time in the eyes of all Caucasians.” Nevertheless, the young Tolstoy does not mention the name of Hadji Murat either in his letters or in his diary for the first months of his stay in the Caucasus.
On November 15, 1851, in the newspaper "Kavkaz", in Tiflis, where Tolstoy was in those days, a message was printed about "an important discord between Shamil and Hadji Murad", and on December 11, 1851 it was reported that as a result of this discord Hadji Murad fled from Shamil and went over to the Russians. After going over to the Russians, Hadji Murad arrived in Tiflis. He was received here “with great triumph, caressed ... entertained with balls and lezginkas ...” Hadji Murad often appeared on the streets, and “everyone was used to seeing him,” “everyone wanted to look at this finally resigned monster.” But Tolstoy did not see Hadji Murad then (he was ill). In addition, he had a negative attitude towards Hadji Murad, about which he wrote to his brother Sergei Nikolaevich on December 23, 1851: “If you want to flaunt news from the Caucasus, you can tell that the second person after Shamil, a certain Hadji Murad, recently handed over to the Russian government . It was the first reckless and well done in all of Chechnya, but he did meanness.
They do not give grounds for the assumption of Tolstoy's meeting with Hadji Murad and his words in the prologue to the story: “I remembered one long-standing Caucasian story, part of which I saw ...” Of course, this is not about Hadji Murad, but about a number of episodes of the Caucasian War , witnessed by Tolstoy, and some characters in the story, such as Vorontsov, Poltoratsky, Kozlovsky, Baryatinsky and others, whom Tolstoy met in his youth in the Caucasus.
Undoubtedly, the most captivating thing in Hadji Murad for Tolstoy was his will to fight, inflexibility, invincibility, fearlessness in the fight - “alone, not surrendering”)
Express your impressions after reading the story of L.N. Tolstoy "Hadji Murat"
Let's turn to the problems of the work. After all, this is a sphere in which the author's concept of the world and man is manifested, where the thoughts and experiences of the writer are captured, where the topic is considered from a certain angle. At the level of problems, the reader is, as it were, offered a dialogue, questions are posed. The problem can be called the central part of the artistic content, because, as a rule, it contains what we turn to the work for - the unique author's view of the world.
Let us single out the main problems of works of Russian literature.
What key problems can be identified in L.N. Tolstoy?
National-historical (the problem of the essence of the national character, the image of turning points in the history of the people)
The problem of the relationship between power and man
Ideological and moral problems.
(Problems of the relationship between man and power and the problems of war, what makes a person fight?)
Let's try, by analyzing these problems, to find out the author's vision of these problems: what does Tolstoy warn us about?
In the center of the story is the image of the protagonist Hadji Murad. (Working with an epigraph).
How does Hadji-Murat appear in the story? What drives him in his actions?
(The desire for power. Tolstoy understands that everything is not so simple in the character of Hadji Murat, in his moods, goals. The hero’s decision to go over to the Russian side in order to go to Shamil, capture him and thereby take revenge on him is frankly selfish , for which "the Russian Tsar will reward him, and he will again rule not only Avaria, but all of Chechnya, which will submit to him."
Hadji Murad is a warrior merciless towards his enemies. This is what the soldiers are talking about: "How many souls have ruined, damned ...".
But the tragedy of the hero of Tolstoy is that he, as it were, fell into a crevice between two despotic worlds and their rulers - Nikolai and Shamil).
Let us turn to the analysis of these images. Tolstoy devotes almost the same number of pages to each of them.
The writer “fought” over the image of Nikolai, asked for books about him, read everything in a row. Why didn't the image of Nikolai work?
(Tolstoy later wrote: "He was needed as an illustration of my understanding of power")
What was this understanding?
(Power for Tolstoy has always been a stranger to man, whether he spoke of Napoleon, Nikolai, Chernyshov, Vorontsov. Nikolai especially came out caricatured:
“The fact that the debauchery of a married man was not good did not occur to him, and he would be very surprised if someone condemned him for this ... He began to think about what always reassured him: about how he great person".
Find in the text the key words that most clearly reveal the despotism of Nicholas 1, his narcissism
What is important to emphasize in the portrait of Nicholas 1?
Both Shamil and Hadji Murad were the opposite of Nikolai and Vorontsov, as an Asiatic branch of the same despotism. But they were written brighter, more courageous, more direct, and, perhaps, against the will of the artist, aroused the sympathy of the reader.
What makes Shamil and Nicholas 1 related. As it is emphasized in the description of the portrait of the hero.
(None of them thinks about peace on earth, about human brotherhood, on the contrary, in an unstoppable desire to usurp power, they follow the blood of their own and other people. Both of them are driven by the manic idea of the greatness of power. Shamil kindles a fratricidal war. The king orders the destruction of the village of Makhket .)
What does L.N. warn us about? Tolstoy, drawing images of Nicholas 1 and Shamil?
(Any cruelty breeds cruelty. People who take responsibility for the fate of an entire nation must bear this responsibility).
Unlimited power, despotism gives rise to such a terrible phenomenon as war. We know Tolstoy's attitude to war as an event unnatural to the human race. What key episodes of the story especially clearly emphasize Tolstoy's rejection of the war.
(g.7, 8, Avdeev's attitude towards the Chechens, Marya Dmitrievna's words about Hadji Murad, the burned village, the Avdeev family)
What does the writer warn about, drawing terrible pictures of the war?
( People can and should be united in their striving for good. Love and goodness can withstand hate and death. That is why the kind childish smile continues to shine on Hadji Murad's dead face. Therefore, there is no excuse for what separates people, turning them into monsters. "War! cried Marya Dmitrievna. - What kind of war? Live cutters, that's all ... ")
It helps to understand the concept of the relationship between man and the world in the story story composition. What is unusual? And how has it helped us to make sense of the issues we are discussing?
(Koltsevaya, a story within a story, elements of composition: a letter, a fairy tale, reports, a song).
Summing up, we can say that the essence of the story "Hadji Murat" is not only in the denial of evil, violence, cruelty, not only in affirming all the best in a person, but also in warning everyone living today.
LITERATURE FOR THE LESSON
1. Vashchenko V.Ya., Polyakova T.M. Writer's warning. L.N. Tolstoy. "Hadji Murat" Russian language and literature in secondary educational institutions of the Ukrainian SSR //. - 1990. - No. 3.
2. Kurbatov V. The ABC of Truth. "Prisoner of the Caucasus" and "Hadji Murat" by L. Tolstoy // Literature at school. - 1999. - No. 7.
APPLICATION
You can offer work with draft manuscripts. Task: compare the draft version and the final one, answer the question: how the meaning of the phrase has changed, thanks to the author's careful work on the word.
WORKING WITH DRAFT MANUSCRIPTS
First phrase:
It was an early autumn morning.
It was a November cold but quiet evening.
It was a clear November evening.
It was a November light, cold, clear, quiet evening without snow.
On a cold, clear November evening.
Second phrase
On a steep stone road ... Hadji Murad drove up with a young Avar, Safedin.
Hadji Murad and Safedin rode exhausted horses into the village along a steep rocky road.
Hadji Murad was driving into the village with Safedin. The road went up a steep rocky slope.
Hadji Murad drove into the non-peaceful Chechen village of Makhket, which was smoking fragrant dung smoke.
“Marya Dmitrievna persuaded her husband to give Hadji - Murat a golden, non-working watch” - “non-working” is thrown out.
“Here she is,” said Kamenev, taking out a human head with both hands, pressing it by the ears, “the words: “with two hands, pressing it by the ears” are thrown out.
SECTION 2
MATERIALS FOR LESSONS
2.1. WAYS OF SEARCH FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE A. BOLKONSKII
The author of the novel "War and Peace" always depicts thinking heroes, looking for an answer to the most difficult questions of human existence. But the fundamental difference between the artistic method of Tolstoy and the artistic method of Dostoevsky is that the former does not seek the truth with his heroes, he knows it from the very beginning. The pathos of Lev Nikolayevich's novel lies in the clash of the author's knowledge and the painful search for heroes, because, probably, only from the standpoint of higher knowledge can the author explore the psychology of characters infinitely deeply, analyze and explain to the reader the dialectics of the human soul. And the more complex this dialectic, the deeper the personality of the hero, the more confusing, painful his path and the more valuable the final victory of truth over lies. All Tolstoy's favorite heroes make terrible, tragic mistakes, but it is important for the author how they atone for their guilt, how they judge themselves for these mistakes. Let's try together with Andrei Bolkonsky to go along the road of life in search of the truth, to which he so strives.
Let us recall how Prince Andrei appears in the novel: “At this time, a new person entered the living room. The new face was the young Prince Andrei Bolkonsky ... He was short, a very handsome young man with definite and dry features ... Of all the faces that bored him, the face of his pretty wife seemed to bother him the most. With a grimace that spoiled his handsome face, he turned away from her. The portrait of the prince is deeply psychological, the author is interested in the character of the hero. Each line of his appearance testifies to the complexity of the soul, the inconsistency of thoughts: where is it - the true thing ... "Dry features", "grimace" - these key words emphasize Andrei's aristocracy, pride, coldness.
The prince frankly dreams of a career and fame; bowing to Napoleon, he himself carries some of his traits - arrogance, a thirst for worship to him and power over others. Bolkonsky goes to the war of 1805 because he is tired of secular idle talk, but not only for this reason. It is there, on the battlefields, that he will be able to become like his idol, to find "his Toulon". For Tolstoy, war is only blood and dirt, pain and forced murder. He leads his hero to this truth, freeing him from lies and illusions; through disappointment in the generals - on the field of Austerlitz.
In the revival of the prince, nature plays the main role: the sky of Austerlitz, meetings with oak, night in Otradnoe. Intruding into Andrei's life, she opens the way for him to the knowledge of the moral meaning of life. The sky of Austerlitz is shown in the novel as a symbol of a just and good beginning. It took a severe wound for Bolkonsky to recognize this high and distant sky, that is, to understand the insignificance of his ambitious, ultimately petty dreams of glory, of power over people, the insignificance of his idol Napoleon Bonaparte: “How could I not have seen this high sky before ..? Yes! Everything is empty, everything is a lie, except for this endless sky ... ”The hero is happy that he finally felt liberation from the consciousness of his exclusivity. Bolkonsky, as it were, is reborn, surrendering to the “strict and majestic order” of thought, to what was now happening between his soul and this high, endless sky with clouds running across it. Together with Andrei, who lies half-forgotten and at the same time in a state of perfect spiritual clarity, we come to know what is truly great for man and in history. He will turn his gaze to his heavenly savior more than once: “... leaving the ferry, he looked at the sky that Pierre pointed to him, and for the first time, after Austerlitz, he saw that high, eternal sky that he saw while lying on the field of Austerlitz, and something better that was in him suddenly woke up joyfully and young in his soul. The sky becomes for the hero a symbol of faith in life harmony, the rinsing of the waves convinced him to believe in the moral value of life.
The path of the moral and spiritual formation of Prince Andrei is complex and thorny. Before Borodin, these are losses, unfulfilled hopes, a rejection of one's ideals and beliefs. Disappointment in the activities of Speransky is no less powerful than the realization of the imaginary greatness of the universal idol. Love for Natasha is like a high truth, like the sky of Austerlitz: it made Andrei rethink and reevaluate everything again: Speransky seemed to him false with his “white, tender hands”, which “Prince Andrei involuntarily looked at, as they usually look at the hands of people, those with power... Love for Natasha will also turn out to be a deceit, as if opening the possibility of happiness and harmonious existence to Prince Andrei. And it is no coincidence that in none of the sketches for the novel, nor in its original versions, Tolstoy connects the fates of Prince Andrei and Natasha. This would be contrary to the artistic idea of the novel: only after everything experienced will peace and love come to him.
The war of 1812 finds Prince Andrei at the moment of the highest spiritual crisis, but it is the nationwide misfortune that has befallen Russia that brings him out of this state. Participation in the Patriotic War of 1812 was for Bolkonsky the true form of being, to which he walked so long and hard. In the war, for the first time, he realizes the influence of ordinary soldiers on military operations, the outcome of which is decided by their spirit, behavior and mood: “Success has never depended and will not depend either on position, or on weapons, or even on numbers ... And on what? From the feeling that is in me ... in every soldier ... ". Therefore, having forever abandoned the career of a courtier, not wanting to be a staff officer, he goes to the regiment, where, according to his current concepts, only one can benefit his homeland. The prince understands that a real feat is accomplished without thinking about one's own glory, about oneself, but in the name of "others", simply, modestly, like the feat of Captain Tushin. And Prince Andrei on the Borodino field with all the strength of his soul wants one thing: the victory of the Russians over the French. But even at a very important moment in events, he remains not only himself, but also the son of his father - a man with a heightened sense of honor. He gets a mortal wound because he remembers all the time: they are looking at him, which means that his behavior must be impeccable. During the wound in the soul of the prince, a struggle takes place between duty and the thirst for life that has finally awakened. The main thing is not glory, not revenge, but the earthly world: “I can’t, I don’t want to die, I love life, I love this grass, earth, air ...”
Yes, he had to survive the invasion of Napoleon, the death of his father, get mortally wounded, see Anatole Kuragin bleeding, in order to fully understand not only his own, but also the feelings of other people. Only now is the meaning of love, and therefore forgiveness, revealed to him. Waking up after the operation and seeing Anatole Kuragin on the next table, whose leg had just been taken away, Prince Andrei “remembered everything, and enthusiastic pity and love for this man filled his happy heart. Prince Andrei could no longer hold back and wept tender, loving tears over people, over himself and over their and his own delusions. And just as the old prince, dying in the house, in the face of misfortune and death, for the first time says tender words to his daughter: “Thank you ... daughter ... for everything, forgive me for everything ... And tears flowed from his eyes ...”, so did Prince Andrei in a minute the highest spiritual tension, realizing that his life ends when Natasha comes to him at night in Mytishchi, says to her such words that he could never have said before: “I love you more, better than before ...”
He leaves us for the natural world, having found the truth, with which it is probably impossible to live here. Nothing in nature disappears without a trace, and Prince Andrei will find its continuation in Pierre and his son. The path of Andrei Bolkonsky reflects the writer’s favorite thought: “In order to live honestly, one must tear, get confused, fight, make mistakes ... And peace is spiritual meanness.”
2.2. PIERRE IN CAPTIVITY
In captivity, in a booth, Pierre learned not with his mind,
but with all your being, life,
that man was created for happiness,
for happiness in himself ...
L. Tolstoy
The life path of the main characters of "War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy is a painful search, together with Russia, for a way out of personal and social discord to "peace", to a reasonable and harmonious common life of people. Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Bezukhov, Natasha Rostova will definitely make mistakes, but they will not stop in search of the truth: “What is wrong? What well? What should you love, what should you hate? Why live and what am I?
My favorite hero, Pierre Bezukhov, will walk the paths of searching for the meaning of life. Let's try to follow him through the pages of the novel. Episode after episode reveals to us the character of one of the central characters of the epic. Nothing can be accidental in a work, each fragment of the plot helps to understand the process of the moral development of the hero. All elements of the narrative are connected by a common philosophical concept. Thus, each individual link of the work is a milestone in the life of the hero. Therefore, Tolstoy's novel can be understood only by comprehending the role of each individual episode. "Pierre in Captivity" is one of the most important among them for the development of the author's thoughts and plot.
Pierre's first tragic mistake will be marriage to Helen. But already here he will win his first victory: he will blame himself. The second most serious test will be a duel for the count, after which he will be very dissatisfied with himself and wish to build his life on new, good principles. Pierre's appeal to the Freemasons is understandable: Bazdeev offers him the opportunity to start life "from scratch", to be reborn in a new, purified state. Bezukhov will stay in Moscow to kill Napoleon and save the girl, and awaken Davout in the real killer - a man. And, finally, in captivity, deprived of freedom, he will find the way to inner freedom, partake of the people's truth and people's morality. The meeting with Platon Karataev is an era in Pierre's life. Like Bazdeev, Karataev will enter his life as a spiritual teacher. However, the whole inner energy of the personality of Peter Kirillovich, the whole structure of his soul is such that, happily accepting the offered experience and the life concept of his teachers, he does not obey them, but, enriched, goes further - his own way. Thus, we can conclude that the episode that tells about Pierre's captivity is the key to understanding our hero's search for the meaning of life. From captivity, Pierre returns a different, renewed person. What contributed to this renewal and revival?
Let us recall the main moments of his stay in French captivity. The first days spent under arrest were painful for him not so much physically as spiritually. "Pierre sadly heard ridicule over himself." In captivity, the soldiers are surprised at his “incomprehensible ability for them to sit still and, doing nothing, think.” It is he who declares: “Nicholas says we must not think. Yes, I can’t. ”He felt like a stranger among the arrested, who, having learned that he was a gentleman, immediately began to alienate him. Pierre was interrogated by a whole commission, and he felt that the purpose of the commission was the same: to accuse him. And he seems to himself an insignificant sliver that has fallen into the wheel of a well-oiled machine.
Then he appeared before Marshal Davout. “Davout for Pierre was not just a French general; for Pierre Davout was a man known for his cruelty. And Tolstoy is not trying to portray Pierre as a fearless hero. What saves Pyotr Kirillovich is not his noble name, not evidence of his innocence, which could be confirmed by the French officer Rambal, but something completely different. What? "Davout raised his eyes and looked intently at Pierre ... This look saved Pierre." Perhaps Davout saw in Pierre's eyes not only fear, but also the spiritual strength that developed in him as a result of the intense life of his soul, mind and conscience, and therefore was forced to spare him?
In captivity, Pierre had to experience a lot of hardship. For the first time in his life, he suffers hardships, suffers from hunger, but also gains a sense of the true value and meaning of being, inner freedom and harmony with himself. He will know the joy of satisfying the most ordinary desires. “... Pierre fully appreciated the pleasure of food when he was thirsty, sleep when he was sleepy, warmth when it was cold ...” Before, when he lived in luxury and idleness, where “an excess of the comforts of life destroys all the happiness of satisfying needs,” it was not available. Tolstoy puts Pierre in unusual conditions of existence, bringing him closer to the people. Captivity - Pierre's familiarization with the life of the people, with his psychology, worldview. Pierre Bezukhov is greatly influenced by the spiritual strength, naturalness and wisdom of Russian soldiers, their stamina, modesty and courage, which he witnesses. This awakens in his soul the deepest interest in the people, pushing him towards rapprochement with them.
Everything collapses in Bezukhov’s soul, “faith in the improvement of the world, and in the human, and in his soul, and in God is destroyed ... The world collapsed in his eyes, and only meaningless ruins remained. He felt that it was not in his power to return to faith in life. But the simple soldier saves the hero as an indestructible embodiment of "everything Russian, kind, round." Pierre feels something pleasant and reassuring in his measured “round” movements, in his thorough peasant housekeeping, in his ability to build a nest for himself under any circumstances of life. But the main thing that captivates Pierre in Karataev is a loving attitude towards the world: “Have you seen much need, master? A? said the little man suddenly. And such an expression of affection and simplicity was in the melodious voice of a man that Pierre wanted to answer, but his jaw trembled, and he felt tears. The count, for the first time placed in the same conditions of life with a peasant, suddenly discovers his kindness and mental health, his vitality and responsiveness - that is, all those qualities that Tolstoy himself so admired in a Russian peasant. And it is no coincidence that Platon Karataev appears in the novel at the very moment when Pierre needs to lean on something in order to regain his faith in goodness and truth, which he lost after the execution by the French of Russians accused of setting fire to Moscow. Thanks to Plato, writes Tolstoy, "the previously destroyed world now with new beauty, on some new and unshakable foundations, was erected in his soul."
The writer does not hide his sympathy for the common man and conveys his attitude to Pierre. Plato knows how to do everything "not very well, but not badly either." Lives without thinking about anything, like a bird. He rejoices in everything, in everything he knows how to find the bright side. Karataev is a symbolic embodiment of the peaceful, protective properties of the indigenous peasant character, "an incomprehensible, round and eternal personification of the spirit of simplicity, goodness and truth." This is a person who can withstand any test and not break down, not lose faith in life. It triumphs in the life-loving peasant religiosity, based on a disinterested and all-consuming love for the earthly world, which does not require any rewards. Plato "loved and lived lovingly with everything that life brought him, and especially with a person - not with some famous person, but with those people who were before his eyes." And “his life, as he himself looked at it, had no meaning as a separate life. It made sense only as a part of the whole, which he constantly felt. His very attitude to the world is expressed in a single word - love: "He loved his mongrel, loved his comrades, the French, loved Pierre ...". This is a special love - not for some qualities and merits, not for the kinship of souls, not for the closeness of interests. Love for the very world of God, for every creature of God. Christian, orthodox love. This attitude to the world, this all-encompassing love is the main mystery for Tolstoy.
The narrative in "War and Peace" goes so that the description of the last days of the life and death of Prince Andrei echoes the spiritual turning point in Pierre, with the life-loving essence of Platon Karataev. Bolkonsky feels a sense of connection with everyone only when he renounces life. Rejecting the personal, Andrey ceases to live. And vice versa, as soon as a feeling of personal love for Natasha awakens in him, drawing him into earthly life, the feeling of connection with everyone instantly disappears from the prince. It cannot be a part of the whole. Karataev lives in complete harmony with everything earthly. He is a drop of the ocean of life, not of death. Complete agreement with life brings peace to Pierre's soul. Thanks to Plato, a new worldview is born in his soul, designed not to deny earthly life, but to illuminate and spiritualize it. “He learned another new, comforting truth - he learned that there is nothing terrible in the world ...” The Christianity of Karataev and Count Bezukhov illuminates the joyful smiles of life, the poetry of family feelings. When Natasha asks Pierre if Platon Karataev would approve of his deeds, she hears in response: “No, I wouldn’t approve ... What would he approve of, this family life of ours ... He so wanted to see goodness, happiness, tranquility in everything, and I I would proudly show him us." There is no God's man, but he has dissolved in life and has always remained near. Like Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, describing his beloved hero, calls on the reader to fall in love with life in living immediacy, before understanding its meaning. Let us recall the aphorism of Alyosha Karamazov: "You are already half saved if you love this life." Thus, thanks to Platon Karataev, Pierre learns the true values of life, and the writer, together with a simple soldier, tries to build a model of an ideal world order, dropping faith, hope, love into the souls of the reader.
The episode "Pierre in Captivity", in my opinion, highlighted all the best that is in the soul of the hero, showing what inner forces lurk in Bezukhov. In addition, thanks to this fragment of the plot, we came to understand the writer of the meaning of human existence. It also was not only an important link in the storyline, but also a vivid expression of the author's idea: you need to live in harmony with yourself and with the world. Even the first months after returning from captivity, Pierre still continues to feel internally free, valuing, above all, the natural values \u200b\u200bof everyday existence, without high demands and interests. "…Nothing. I will live. Oh, how nice! Pierre says.
2.3. IMAGE OF NATASHA ROSTOVA
There is probably no girl in the world, a woman who, after reading War and Peace, would not dream of becoming at least a little like Natasha Rostova!
Here she is, thirteen years old, choking with laughter, quickly running into the living room, breaking the prim conversation between her mother and the guest, “black-eyed, with a big mouth, ugly, but lively girl, with her childish open shoulders ... with her black curls knocked back, thin bare arms ... " This is how Natasha appears on the pages of the novel - the embodiment of love of life, striving for goodness, happiness, fidelity and love.
Each writer creates his own, unique artistic world in his work. A man in Tolstoy does not stop for a minute, and at every moment he is different. The narrator always followed and most of all looked at this incessant course of the running moods of the characters. Chernyshevsky defined this property of Tolstoy's psychological drawing, calling it "the dialectic of the soul." All the works of the author represent a "story of the soul" for a certain period of time. And in order to more fully reveal the secrets of the human character, the writer resorts to special methods of showing the inner life of his characters. Let's try to get into the creative workshop of Leo Tolstoy.
The dynamics of character development, its inconsistency is reflected in the portrait characteristics of Natasha Rostova. Through a description of her appearance, her gestures, facial expressions, voice, eye expressions, smiles, Tolstoy reveals the psychology of the heroine. The writer does not paint the portrait as a whole, but throughout the novel he gives individual portrait details, which helps us understand how the image develops.
Describing in detail the appearance of Natasha at her first appearance, the author thereby immediately distinguishes her from other Rostov children. About the rest, it is simply said: “A student with a crimson collar appeared at the door at that very moment ... a guards officer, a fifteen-year-old girl ...”
The portrait is a means of showing, according to Tolstoy, the "fluidity" of a person. Natasha, seeing Sonya crying, begins to cry herself: “opening her big mouth and becoming completely ugly, she roared like a child, not knowing the reason and only because Sonya was crying.” At this moment, when the heroine becomes outwardly ugly, her responsiveness and sensitivity to someone else's grief manifests itself.
Tolstoy has always been characterized by the technique of contrast. Rostova is opposed to Helen. Her mobile young body, movements, ennobled by excitement, win against the background of the stone beauty of Countess Bezukhova. “Natasha's bare neck and arms were thin and ugly in comparison with Helen's shoulders. Her shoulders were thin, her chest indefinite, her arms thin; but on Helen it was already like varnish from all the thousands of glances that glided over her body, ”and this makes it seem vulgar. This impression is intensified when we remember that the “Queen of Petersburg” is soulless and empty, that a stone soul lives in her body, as if carved from marble, without a single movement of feeling. The contrast of the description of appearance once again emphasizes the exclusivity of Natasha.
Tolstoy's gesture and smile have many-sided significance. Natasha's smile at the ball expresses her happiness, her pride in success: "she was tired and out of breath and, apparently, thought of refusing, but immediately again cheerfully raised her hand on the gentleman's shoulder and smiled at Prince Andrei." The key word of the episode is the word "smile". But Natasha survived the Patriotic War, the death of loved ones; sorrow lay in her heart. The author psychologically convincingly conveys this state of mind of the heroine, drawing a smile, facial expression: “a face with attentive eyes with difficulty, with an effort, like a rusty door opens, smiled.” A very capacious comparison indicates to us the instantaneous internal movement of the hero. This example once again proves that Tolstoy as a portrait painter is interested not so much in the external features of the character's face as in the reflection of the inner world, state of mind in these features. I think that I am close to Tolstoy in the portrait method of the Goncharovs: through the portrait, an analysis of the nature of the characters is given. But the latter's portrait is static, from the first time there is a certain impression of the hero, which is not in Tolstoy's novels.
A significant role in depicting the spiritual world of Tolstoy's heroes belongs to internal monologues. As a creative device, inner speech was also used by Lev Nikolayevich's predecessors. For example, A.S. Pushkin in the work “Dubrovsky”, revealing the true motives of the hero, gives an internal monologue: “So, it’s all over, in the morning I had a corner and a piece of bread ...” The reflections of Gogol’s hero Chichikov perform the function of the author’s assessment of the characters. Almost all authors (including Turgenev and Dostoevsky) write monologues that are correct, consistent, drawn out in a thread, consistent. But did the heroes think so, left alone with themselves? Not at all! Hence, Tolstoy's monologues are distinguished by the incorrect construction of sentences, reticence, and emotionality. The narrator, by means of an internal monologue, reveals the changes in the views of the heroine, helps her to understand herself and the world, to find the true content of life.
The course of Natasha's thoughts during and after the meeting with Anatole shows how the heroine suffers and worries, how she tries to find the truth in the situation in which she finds herself. “Natasha undoubtedly knew that he admired her. And she was pleased, but for some reason she felt cramped and heavy from his presence. The inconsistency of the state is precisely defined with the help of the words "cramped and heavy." Further, Tolstoy explains this “for some reason”, finding the reason for the state that is incomprehensible to the heroine: “Looking into his eyes, she felt with fear that between him and her there was not at all that barrier of shame that she always felt between herself and other men” . Here is the reason for the "tight and heavy" feeling: Natasha intuitively felt the immorality of the situation and her own desires. “For a long time she sat, covering her flushed face with her hands, trying to give herself a clear account of what had happened to her, and she could not ... Everything seemed dark, scary, unclear to her.” The emotional and moral meaning of experiences is clarified with the help of synonyms. In the soul of the heroine there is a confrontation between good and evil. And here, in her inner reflections, the girl is looking for moral peace: “Did I die for the love of Prince Andrei, or not? she asked herself. - Oh, my God, my God! Why isn't he here! The writer guides the heroine in search of truth, showing the beauty and poetry of feelings.
Pictures of nature are organically included in the sphere of the hero's psychological state. The communication of the hero with nature, as a rule, is associated with turning points, peak moments of the spiritual evolution of the main characters. Turgenev's landscapes are more emotional than Tolstoy's, they serve as a means of characterizing the social conditions of life, a source of the writer's philosophical reasoning, and a form of psychological characterization. Tolstoy's pictures of nature are more epic, devoid of reticence and mystery. The writer's favorite heroine is shown in communion with nature: the description of the moonlit night in Otradnoye, which enchanted young Natasha, the hunting scene conveys the poetry of country estate life. It is this girl who has the highest degree of feeling of closeness to her native nature.
Recall the famous scene in Otradnoye:
No, look at the moon!..Oh, what a charm! Darling, dove, come here.
All right, you're going to fall.
Sonya's indifference to the beauty of the moonlit night and Natasha's delight show not at all that Natasha is "good" and Sonya is "bad", but that one of them is endowed with a sense of beauty, is poetic and her life should be brighter, more expressive, happier - beyond depending on how fate unfolds. After all, one of the reasons, I think, for which a human being, for which he can feel like “not a stranger in the world” is the ability to see the beauty of the world around him. With the absence of this instinct, a certain inferiority, spiritual dryness of a person is associated.
Tolstoy was a master of the speech characterization of characters. Natasha Rostova feels poetic and sometimes speaks like a poet: in words fresh and subtly precise in meaning. Behind the words and speeches of the heroine, you feel not the mind, but the wisdom of the heart, the generous spiritual life. In a conversation with her mother, to the latter’s reproach that she was flirting with Pierre, Natasha replies: “No, he is a freemason, I found out. It is glorious, dark blue with red, how do you interpret it. ”If you interpret these words of Natasha literally, you will have to admit that they make little sense. And here Freemason? And how is Pierre's belonging to the Masons connected with the fact that he is "dark blue with red" and "glorious"? Natasha always has her own uniquely individual laws of the use and connection of words, since they are most often subordinated not to rational logic, but to the logic of spiritual movements, the truth of feelings.
So, using any element of a literary work, Tolstoy sought to show that his heroine is in constant search of life. Of course, in one essay it is impossible to dwell in detail on the features of the writer's skill. Dozens of literary works are devoted to this issue (Bocharov S.G., Gromov P.P., Skaftymov A.P., Khrapchenko M.B. and others).
2.4. "Honor thy father and thy mother"
(based on the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace")
L.N. Tolstoy there are cycles of stories, short stories and fairy tales, where the gospel truths are revealed in the thickness of everyday, rapidly flowing everyday life: “If you let the fire go, you won’t put it out”, “The Death of Ivan Ilyich”, “Kreutzer Sonata”, “Father Sergius” and others. Sometimes the author puts the relevant texts of Scripture at the beginning of the work. The ideological and plot-forming significance of the Gospel in the novel Resurrection is obvious: everything that happens to Nekhlyudov and Katyusha Maslova is correlated with the gospel precepts, and the evolution of the characters is a transformation in the light of these precepts, which is predicted by the title of the novel. Going through in his memory everything that is familiar to the reader from what Tolstoy wrote, one can be convinced that a look at life through the prism of the Gospel never leaves him and is most of all reflected in the dynamics of the narrative: in the course of events, in the fates of the characters. Reading the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", you constantly remember one of the commandments of God: "Honor your father and your mother, may it be good ..."
Each family is a whole world. Special, unlike anything, full of complex relationships, where their joys and sorrows, their anxieties and hopes. Tolstoy's ideal is a patriarchal family with its sacred care of the elders for the younger and the younger for the elders, with the ability of everyone in the family to give more than to take; with relationships built on "good and truth". Two families, two houses form the basis of the “family thought” of L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace": Rostovs and Bolkonskys. These families do not duplicate each other, but in many ways oppose: it is no coincidence that the older Rostovs are alien to Prince Andrei, Nikolai is unpleasant; it is no coincidence that Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky will not accept Natasha, he will so oppose the marriage of his son.
The houses of the Rostovs and Bolkonskys differ primarily in their internal atmosphere. They openly rejoice and openly cry in the Rostov family, openly fall in love, and all together experience the love dramas of each. Their hospitality is famous throughout Moscow, they are ready to accept and caress anyone: in the family, apart from four own children, Sonya and Boris Drubetskoy are brought up. The family never condemns or reproaches each other, even when an act committed by any of its members deserves condemnation, whether it be Nikolai, who lost a huge amount of money to Dolokhov and threatened ruin, or Natasha, who tried to run away with Kuragin. Here they are always ready to rush to help and at any moment to stand up for a loved one. Everything is different in the estate in Bald Mountains. There reigns a spirit of isolation, Spartan restraint; it is not customary to be frank there: only in the decisive moments of life, the Bolkonsky words of love are sparingly and carefully pronounced, opening the soul. The Bolkonskys love each other, but this love is a source of irritation for them (the old prince), and fear (Princess Marya), and compassion (Prince Andrei), and, often, suffering. The Rostovs, in contrast to the Bolkonskys, do not boast of their generosity and wealth, they accept everyone indiscriminately. Here, both the poor relative Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskaya and the noble Shinshin are treated equally, regardless of their position in society. But it's not just a difference in lifestyle, these families live in different systems of moral values. And, going out into the world, each hero carries not only the usual family way of life, but also the morality adopted in his house, the attitude towards himself and the world brought up by his parents.
The hospitable and generous house of the Rostovs cannot but charm the reader. Tolstoy tenderly describes the count and countess: they are elderly people who have lived their lives together tenderly, reverently love each other; they have wonderful children; in their house it is comfortable for friends and foes: “The count met and saw off guests, inviting them to dinner.
I am very, very grateful to you (he spoke to everyone without exception, without the slightest nuance, both above and below his standing people) for himself and for dear birthday girls. And we are ready to ignore a few dissonant notes in this family harmony: the coldness of all despising Vera: Sonya's passionate desire to sacrifice herself to benefactors. Nikolai surprises: sincere, kind, brave, honest and sensitive - but not interesting, colorless! He absolutely does not know how to think, he is afraid to think: this is revealed in the case of Denisov, when loyal enthusiasm completely obscures from Nikolai Rostov the thoughts about the broken fate of an unjustly condemned friend. And in how, without reasoning, obeying only physical attraction, Natasha rushes to Anatoly - this Rostov desire to “live with feelings” will also manifest itself, this liberation of oneself from the obligation to think and be responsible for one's actions.
Not at all like the Bolkonskys. Let us recall how Prince Andrei was escorted to war by his father:
Remember one thing, Prince Andrei: if they kill you, it will hurt me, an old man ... - He suddenly fell silent and suddenly continued in a loud voice: - And if I find out that you did not behave like the son of Nikolai Bolkonsky, I will be ... ashamed! he screeched.
You could not tell me this, father, - the son said smiling.
These are the moral foundations in the Bolkonsky family, where they first of all think about the soul, about honor, and then about life and well-being. The old prince loves his son infinitely, but prefers to see him dead than dishonored, sullied his name. And therefore, Prince Andrei may be mistaken, he may succumb to the hypnosis of Napoleonic ideas, but he cannot afford to chicken out, sit out in the bushes - as Nikolai Rostov allowed himself to do in the first battle. He thought, hiding from the bullets: “Who are they? Why are they running? Really to me? Are they running towards me? And for what? Kill me? Me, whom everyone loves so much? the thoughts of young Rostov are natural - for the feeling of self-preservation is natural. It was at this moment that the immorality of the blind love of the old countess manifested itself in him.
First of all, moral principles in a person are brought up by the family. The old prince Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky is not ideal. He is proud, and not always fair, and stern: “with the people around him, from his daughter to servants, the prince was harsh and invariably demanding, and therefore, without being cruel, he aroused fear and reverence in himself ...”, and his character is difficult this man. Even Princess Mary, who adores her father, sometimes, hating herself for it, awaits his death as a deliverance. The hero cannot insure his children from life's mistakes, completely protect them from the influence of the environment, from the penetration of the Napoleonic idea into their minds and souls, but he gives them a powerful weapon: the desire for absolute honesty with oneself, unconditional respect for the moral precepts of mankind, a dominant sense of duty, responsibility for every step and every thought.
And in the epilogue of the novel, we see two wonderful families - Natasha and Pierre and Marya and Nikolai. Almost all of Tolstoy's favorite heroes are at the origins of a new - third - generation. We see the peaceful flow of life - beautiful, full of pure joys and creative labors. But for the author, only one family is ideal - the Bezukhov family. She is absolutely harmonious, having overcome all temptations, having defeated low instincts in herself, having made terrible mistakes and atoning for them, Natasha and Pierre enter a new phase of life. Each of them so severely condemned himself for the crimes committed against morality and his own soul, as no one could condemn them. And this - the only - way to overcome delusions led them to the true light. In the Bezukhov family, Pierre is the head, the intellectual center, the spiritual support of the family, its foundation is Natasha. the birth and upbringing of children, caring for her husband for the heroine is her life, her only and most important work. The human equivalence of Pierre and Natasha is the basis of the harmony of the Bezukhov family, the new Rostov family, the family of Nikolai and Marya, is deprived of this. The novel "War and Peace" is a reflection of the versatility of the personality and the breadth of the author's worldview. Therefore, we find so many similarities with Tolstoy's favorite heroes, the constant work of the soul unites Pierre, Natasha, Andrey, Marya, Nikolai, makes them related, makes the relationship between them friendly, "family".
2.5. PORTRAIT FEATURES
IN TOLSTOY'S WORKS
Everything is possible, and everything succeeds, but the main thing is to sow souls in people.
A. Platonov.
There are artists whose life and work is a constant and intense internal movement, development, search. These are the artists of the path, and the most prominent of them is Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy.
The concept of "path" implies both changeability and unity at the same time. This is a mobile unity, when the beginning of the path in the most important way presupposes subsequent development, and between its stages, sometimes a hidden, sometimes an obvious connection, interdependence is found. Thomas Mann noted that Tolstoy's spiritual evolution "amazes with its iron regularity, the psychological predetermination of the facts of later facts by the original ones." The writer himself wrote in his diary on September 24, 1906: "The secret is that every minute I am different and still the same."
The path of an outstanding classic is not only a biography of a person and an artist, but alsohistory in its personal expression. This is a big story - the history of the country and the world,reflected in the fate of the brilliant artist. The success of the works of the Russian classic is largely due to the new method of psychological analysis, which was called Chernyshevsky "dialectics of the soul". INarticle "Childhood and adolescence, Op. gr. L. Tolstoy" he wrote: "The attention of Count Tolmost of all, it is directed to how some feelings and thoughts develop from others; ... one feeling passes into another and again returns to the former initialpoint, and again wanders, changing in the whole chain of memories. Psychological analysis can take various directions, but the main thing remains the mentality itself.process, its forms, laws, the dialectics of the soul, to put itterm." This property of psychologism will forever remain “definebody" feature of the creations of the master of the word. The author conveys the "dialectics of the soul" of hisheroes, their attitude to the environment with weighty details of the portrait, accompanying them
