(Translation of Tara Leaver’s article “Finding your own artistic style: A practical guide” –
Many of us find it difficult to find our own recognizable artistic style. And this applies not only to beginners in drawing, but also to experienced artists.
Perhaps you begin to doubt even before the brush touches the canvas, remembering the different criticisms of your teachers, or simply getting lost in the huge number of different possible ideas and inspirations received from different courses. Or maybe both at the same time!
It's no surprise that once you find your style, you'll feel amazing!
Today I see some easy ways to find and develop your own style.
Every person has it, you just need to help him express himself. We develop it through constant practice and exercises, but there is also an unconscious part, that which comes not through “hands”, but from the heart.
I know this idea seems obvious, but it is this combination that allows us to start working on developing our individual style. Received from the outside, this idea gives you the opportunity to more clearly imagine where it is better to start to know your work and find your style.
Everything you read below is not exhaustive information on this topic. These are just starting points for you to find your own path.
Take your latest work, put it where you can easily view it. Answer the questions in sequence, noting your reactions and observations along the way. You can make written notes if you like.
We're off to find treasure!
The main treasure is your own creativity.
Think about what you draw most often
- What themes and subjects attract you the most in drawing? If you are at a loss with an answer, look at your paintings and work folders in search of an answer.
Personally, I try to remember my preferences in plots, how often I work on a particular topic. And somewhere at home I also have a sheet from a notebook where I write down this information. So when I'm having trouble answering a question about my favorite subject in drawing, I look inside myself or this sheet.
So, I love drawing boats! And also fish, figures and trees.
The list of favorite topics does not need to be completely complete or exhaustive at this stage. It is enough to single out a few of them for yourself in order to have a starting point.
A selection of works with experiments and creative searches on the theme of trees. You can see the common features that connect the works - sinuous lines and contour drawing.
What colors do you like?
- Think about the color palette you use by default.
- What does your latest work have to say about repetitive color choices?
My work palette lately includes aqua, blue, Nepalese yellow, fluorescent pink and white, for which I use gesso acrylic primer. This gives me a nice range of darks, mids and highlights. I really enjoy playing with these colors, they fully meet my needs and requirements at the moment.
And what about you?
On the left is my photo, on the right is a drawing from it. I used colors from "my" palette and experimental technique.
What are your style features?
- What do you like more - graphic lines or working with large areas of color?
- Do you like to use unusual techniques when working with a brush?
- Or maybe you prefer not to use a spray toothbrush in your work?
- Do you like to create so-called patterns, patterns, or do you prefer to work with more imagination and scope?
The features of my style are contour lines, often uneven and blurry, sometimes “dirty” in color. I am inspired by the work of Egon Schiele. I also love the nervous color contrasts, the subtly flexible pattern.
Analyze which techniques you especially like and are close to, give a sense of satisfaction with your creativity. Develop them, stick to them in your future works.
Drawing of a fish in walnut ink. Experiment with lines.
What technique, art material do you like?
- Perhaps you have several. What do you like the most?
I love working with oil pastels. But most of all I like working with acrylic and using a medium in my work. This allows me to control the drying process of paints, to play with the result. It dries quickly and is just as easy to clean.
If you have one favorite technique, then this means that you can explore all its possibilities, improve your skills, and therefore your work in general.
I did not use references for this work. There are only two of my favorite media - acrylic and oil pastel.
What inspires you?
So, we have considered the main issues that you need to pay special attention to in search of your style. Now let's digress a little, look at the work of other artists and think about what we could borrow from them for ourselves.
I recommend doing this after you have answered the previous four questions. Before you start reviewing and evaluating the work of other artists, you first need to understand your own work.
If you are sure that you have identified for yourself the main features of your work, this makes it easier for you to find the work of other artists who are close to you in style and vision of the world. It will be easier for you to evaluate their work, and look for features that you would like to add to your work, your style.
It was created to collect and share visual information. There is a sea of various pictures, photographs and images. Set a few key queries, look at the result.
You can create your own personal board, on which you will collect (pin it - Pin it!) Everything that inspires and interests you, be it an interesting composition in one picture, a color palette in another, an artist's style in a third, or a plot in a fourth.
I don't collect paintings by other artists on my board. I don't do this because they don't inspire me. I just want to be free from what other artists painted at the moment when I start to create, to look for my own plots and solutions.
Reference photos (photo sources for drawing) will partially help you with this. They can serve you well, so keep them handy or save photos to your Pinterest board that inspire you.
In addition, by carefully looking at the photos you have collected, you will certainly see clues about what you are interested in at the moment and what to do next.
Yes, Pinterest is like a rabbit hole! If you can't tear yourself away from it, set a timer.
On the left is a photo from Pinterest, on the right is my work, which I was inspired by this photo.
Beginner artist mistakes
Styles and directions of paintingThe number of styles and trends is huge, if not endless. Styles in art do not have clear boundaries, they smoothly pass one into another and are in continuous development, mixing and opposition. Within the framework of one historical artistic style, a new one is always born, and that, in turn, passes into the next. Many styles coexist at the same time and therefore there are no “pure styles” at all.
Abstractionism (from Latin abstractio - removal, distraction) - an artistic direction in art that has abandoned the image of forms close to reality.
avant-garde, avant-garde (from French avant-garde - advanced detachment) - the general name of artistic trends in the art of the 20th century, which are characterized by the search for new forms and means of artistic display, underestimation or complete denial of traditions and absolutization of innovation.
Academicism (from French academisme) - a direction in European painting of the 16th-19th centuries. It was based on dogmatic adherence to the external forms of classical art. Followers characterized this style as a reflection on the art form of the ancient ancient world and the Renaissance. Academism replenished the traditions of ancient art, in which the image of nature was idealized, while compensating for the norm of beauty. Annibale, Agostino and Lodovico Carracci wrote in this style.
Actionism (from the English action art - the art of action) - happening, performance, event, process art, demonstration art and a number of other forms that arose in the avant-garde art of the 1960s. In accordance with the ideology of actionism, the artist must organize events and processes. Actionism seeks to blur the line between art and reality.
Empire (from the French empire - empire) - a style in architecture and decorative art that arose in France at the beginning of the 19th century, during the First Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte. Empire - the final development of classicism. For the embodiment of majesty, sophistication, luxury, power and military strength, the Empire is characterized by an appeal to ancient art: ancient Egyptian decorative forms (war trophies, winged sphinxes ...), Etruscan vases, Pompeian paintings, Greek and Roman decor, Renaissance frescoes and ornaments. The main representative of this style was J. L. David (paintings "The Oath of the Horatii" (1784), "Brutus" (1789))
underground (from the English underground - underground, dungeon) - a number of artistic trends in contemporary art that oppose mass culture, the mainstream. The underground rejects and violates the political, moral and ethical orientations and types of behavior accepted in society, introducing antisocial behavior into everyday life. In the Soviet period, due to the severity of the regime, almost any unofficial, i.e. not recognized by the authorities, art turned out to be underground.
Art Nouveau (from French art nouveau, literally - new art) - the name of the Art Nouveau style common in many countries (Belgium, France, England, USA, etc.). The most famous artist of this direction of painting: Alphonse Mucha.
Art Deco (from French art deco, abbreviated from decoratif) - a trend in art in the middle of the 20th century, which marked the synthesis of avant-garde and neoclassicism, replaced constructivism. Distinctive features of this direction: fatigue, geometric lines, luxury, chic, expensive materials (ivory, crocodile skin). The most famous artist of this trend is Tamara de Lempicka (1898-1980).
Baroque (from Italian barocco - strange, bizarre or from port. perola barroca - an irregularly shaped pearl, there are other assumptions about the origin of this word) - an artistic style in the art of the late Renaissance. Distinctive features of this style: exaggeration of size, broken lines, an abundance of decorative details, heaviness and colossality.
Revival, or Renaissance (from French renaissance, Italian rinascimento) is an era in the history of European culture that replaced the culture of the Middle Ages and preceded the culture of modern times. Approximate chronological framework of the era - XIV-XVI centuries. A distinctive feature of the Renaissance is the secular nature of culture and its anthropocentrism (that is, interest, first of all, in a person and his activities). There is an interest in ancient culture, there is, as it were, its “revival” - and this is how the term appeared. Drawing pictures of traditional religious themes, the artists began to use new artistic techniques: building a three-dimensional composition, using a landscape in the background, which allowed them to make the images more realistic and lively. This sharply distinguished their work from the previous iconographic tradition, replete with conventions in the image. The most famous artists of this period: Sandro Botticelli (1447-1515), Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Raphael Santi (1483-1520), Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564), Titian (1477-1576), Antonio Correggio (1489 -1534), Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516), Albrecht Durer (1471-1528).
Woodland (from English - forest land) - a style in art, originating in the symbolism of rock art, myths and legends of North American Indians.
Gothic (from Italian gotico - unusual, barbaric) - a period in the development of medieval art, covering almost all areas of culture and developing in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe from the 12th to the 15th century. Gothic completed the development of European medieval art, having arisen on the basis of the achievements of the Romanesque culture, and during the Renaissance, the art of the Middle Ages was considered "barbaric". Gothic art was cult in purpose and religious in subject matter. It appealed to the highest divine powers, eternity, the Christian worldview. Gothic in its development is divided into Early Gothic, Heyday, Late Gothic.
Impressionism (from French impression - impression) is a trend in European painting that originated in France in the middle of the 19th century, the main purpose of which was to convey fleeting, changeable impressions.
Kitsch, kitsch (from German kitsch - bad taste) is a term denoting one of the most odious phenomena of mass culture, a synonym for pseudo-art, in which the main attention is paid to the extravagance of appearance, the loudness of its elements. In fact, kitsch is a kind of postmodernism. Kitsch is mass art for the elite. A work belonging to kitsch must be made at a high artistic level, it must have a fascinating plot, but this is not a real work of art in a high sense, but a skillful fake for it. There may be deep psychological conflicts in kitsch, but there are no genuine artistic discoveries and revelations.
Classicism (from Latin classicus - exemplary) is an artistic style in art, the basis of which was the appeal, as an ideal aesthetic standard, to the images and forms of ancient art and the Renaissance, requiring strict adherence to a number of rules and canons.
Cosmism (from the Greek kosmos - organized world, kosma - decoration) is an artistic and philosophical worldview, which is based on knowledge of the Cosmos and the idea of a person as a citizen of the World, as well as a microcosm similar to the Macrocosm. Cosmism is associated with astronomical knowledge about the universe.
Cubism (from French cube - cube) is a modernist trend in art, depicting objects of reality decomposed into simple geometric shapes.
Lettrism (from the English letter - letter, message) is a direction in modernism based on the use of images similar to a font, unreadable text, as well as compositions based on letters and text.
Metarealism, metaphysical realism (from the Greek. meta - between and healis - material, real) is a direction in art, the main idea of which is to express the superconsciousness, the superphysical nature of things.
Minimalism (derived from the English minimal art - minimal art) is an artistic movement that comes from the minimal transformation of the materials used in the creative process, simplicity and uniformity of forms, monochrome, creative self-restraint of the artist. Minimalism is characterized by the rejection of subjectivity, representation, illusionism. Rejecting classical techniques and traditional art materials, minimalists use industrial and natural materials of simple geometric shapes and neutral colors (black, gray), small volumes, use serial, conveyor methods of industrial production.
Modern (derived from the French moderne - the latest, modern) is an artistic style in art, in which the features of the art of different epochs are rethought and stylized with the help of artistic techniques based on the principles of asymmetry, ornamentation and detail.
Neoplasticism is one of the earliest varieties of abstract art. Created by 1917 by the Dutch painter P. Mondrian and other artists who were part of the "Style" association. Neoplasticism is characterized, according to its creators, by the desire for "universal harmony", expressed in strictly balanced combinations of large rectangular figures, clearly separated by perpendicular black lines and painted in local colors of the main spectrum (with the addition of white and gray tones).
Primitivism, naive art, naive - a style of painting in which the picture is deliberately simplified, its forms are made primitive, like folk art, the work of a child or a primitive person.
Op art (from the English optical art - optical art) is a neo-avant-garde trend in the visual arts, in which the effects of spatial movement, merging and "floating" of forms are achieved by introducing sharp color and tonal contrasts, rhythmic repetitions, crossing spiral and lattice configurations, wriggling lines.
Orientalism (from Latin oriens - east) - a direction in European art that uses the themes, symbols and motifs of the East and Indochina
Orphism (from French orphisme, from Orp?ee - Orpheus) - a direction in French painting of the 1910s. The name was given in 1912 by the French poet Apollinaire to painting artist Robert Delaunay. Orphism is associated with cubism, futurism and expressionism. The main features of this style of painting are aestheticism, plasticity, rhythm, elegance of silhouettes and lines.
Masters of Orphism: Robert Delaunay, Sonia Turk-Delaunay, Frantisek Kupka, Francis Picabia, Vladimir Baranov-Rossine, Fernand Léger, Morgan Russell.
pop art
Postmodernism (from French postmodernisme - after modernism) is a new artistic style that differs from modernism in its return to the beauty of secondary reality, narrative, appeal to the plot, melody, and harmony of secondary forms. Postmodernism is characterized by the unification within the framework of one work of styles, figurative motifs and artistic techniques borrowed from different eras, regions and subcultures.
Realism (from lat. gealis - material, real) is a trend in art characterized by the depiction of social, psychological and other phenomena that is as close to reality as possible.
Rococo (derived from the French rococo, rocaille) is a style in art and architecture that originated in France in the early 18th century. He was distinguished by grace, lightness, intimate-flirtatious character. Having replaced the ponderous baroque, rococo was both the logical result of its development and its artistic antipode. With the Baroque style, Rococo is united by the desire for completeness of forms, but if Baroque gravitates towards monumental solemnity, then Rococo prefers elegance and lightness.
Symbolism (from French symbolisme - a sign, an identifying sign) is an artistic direction in art, based on the embodiment of the main ideas of the work through the many-valued and many-sided associative aesthetics of symbols.
Socialist realism, socialist realism is an artistic trend in art, which is an aesthetic expression of a socialist conscious concept of the world and man, due to the era of socialist society.
Hyperrealism, superrealism, photorealism (from the English hyperrealism - over realism) is a direction in art based on an accurate photographic reproduction of reality.
Surrealism (from French surrealisme - over + realism) is one of the directions of modernism, the main idea of which is to express the subconscious (to combine dream and reality).
Transavant-garde (from Latin trans - through, through and French avantgarde - avant-garde) is one of the modern trends of postmodernism that arose as a reaction to conceptualism and pop art. Transavant-garde covers the mixing and transformation of styles born in the avant-garde, such as cubism, fauvism, futurism, expressionism, etc.
Expressionism (derived from the French expression - expressiveness) is a modernist trend in art that considers the image of the outside world only as a means for expressing the subjective states of the author.
In the 17th century, the division of genres of painting into "high" and "low" was introduced. The first included historical, battle and mythological genres. The second included mundane genres of painting from everyday life, for example, everyday genre, still life, animalistics, portrait, nude, landscape.
historical genre
The historical genre in painting depicts not a specific object or person, but a certain moment or event that took place in the history of past eras. It is included in the main painting genres in art. Portrait, battle, everyday and mythological genres are often closely intertwined with the historical.
"Conquest of Siberia by Yermak" (1891-1895)
Vasily Surikov
Artists Nicolas Poussin, Tintoretto, Eugene Delacroix, Peter Rubens, Vasily Ivanovich Surikov, Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev and many others painted their paintings in the historical genre.
mythological genre
Legends, ancient legends and myths, folklore - the image of these plots, heroes and events has found its place in the mythological genre of painting. Perhaps, it can be distinguished in the painting of any nation, because the history of each ethnic group is full of legends and traditions. For example, such a plot of Greek mythology as a secret romance of the god of war Ares and the goddess of beauty Aphrodite depicts the painting "Parnassus" by an Italian artist named Andrea Mantegna.
"Parnassus" (1497)
Andrea Mantegna
Mythology in painting was finally formed in the Renaissance. Representatives of this genre, in addition to Andrea Mantegna, are Rafael Santi, Giorgione, Lucas Cranach, Sandro Botticelli, Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov and others.
Battle genre
Battle painting describes scenes from military life. Most often, various military campaigns are illustrated, as well as sea and land battles. And since these battles are often taken from real history, the battle and historical genres find their intersection point here.
Fragment of the panorama "Battle of Borodino" (1912)
Franz Roubaud
Battle painting took shape during the Italian Renaissance in the work of artists Michelangelo Buonarroti, Leonardo da Vinci, and then Theodore Gericault, Francisco Goya, Franz Alekseevich Roubaud, Mitrofan Borisovich Grekov and many other painters.
household genre
Scenes from the everyday, public or private life of ordinary people, whether it be urban or peasant life, depicts the everyday genre in painting. Like many others painting genres, everyday paintings are rarely found in their own form, becoming part of the portrait or landscape genre.
"Seller of Musical Instruments" (1652)
Karel Fabricius
The origin of everyday painting took place in the 10th century in the East, and it passed to Europe and Russia only in the 17th-18th centuries. Jan Vermeer, Karel Fabricius and Gabriel Metsu, Mikhail Shibanov and Ivan Alekseevich Ermenev are the most famous artists of everyday paintings of that period.
Animal genre
The main objects of the animalistic genre are animals and birds, both wild and domestic, and in general all representatives of the animal world. Initially, animalistics was part of the genres of Chinese painting, since it first appeared in China in the 8th century. In Europe, animalism was formed only in the Renaissance - animals at that time were depicted as the embodiment of the vices and virtues of man.
"Horses in the Meadow" (1649)
Paulus Potter
Antonio Pisanello, Paulus Potter, Albrecht Durer, Frans Snyders, Albert Cuyp are the main representatives of animalistics in the visual arts.
Still life
In the still life genre, objects that surround a person in life are depicted. These are inanimate objects grouped together. Such objects may belong to the same genus (for example, only fruits are depicted in the picture), or they may be heterogeneous (fruits, utensils, musical instruments, flowers, etc.).
"Flowers in a Basket, Butterfly and Dragonfly" (1614)
Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder
Still life as an independent genre took shape in the 17th century. Particularly distinguished are the Flemish and Dutch schools of still life. Representatives of a variety of styles painted their paintings in this genre, from realism to cubism. Some of the most famous still lifes were painted by the painters Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder, Albertus Jonah Brandt, Paul Cezanne, Vincent van Gogh, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Willem Claes Heda.
Portrait
Portrait - a genre of painting, which is one of the most common in the visual arts. The purpose of a portrait in painting is to portray a person, but not just his appearance, but also to convey the inner feelings and mood of the person being portrayed.
Portraits are single, pair, group, as well as a self-portrait, which is sometimes distinguished as a separate genre. And the most famous portrait of all time, perhaps, is the painting by Leonardo da Vinci called "Portrait of Mrs. Lisa del Giocondo", known to everyone as "Mona Lisa".
"Mona Lisa" (1503-1506)
Leonardo da Vinci
The first portraits appeared millennia ago in ancient Egypt - they were images of the pharaohs. Since then, most artists of all time have dabbled in this genre in one way or another. The portrait and historical genres of painting can also intersect: the image of a great historical figure will be considered a work of the historical genre, although it will convey the appearance and character of this person as a portrait.
nude
The purpose of the nude genre is to depict the naked body of a person. The Renaissance period is considered the moment of the emergence and development of this type of painting, and the main object of painting then most often became the female body, which embodied the beauty of the era.
"Country Concert" (1510)
Titian
Titian, Amedeo Modigliani, Antonio da Correggio, Giorgione, Pablo Picasso are the most famous artists who painted in the nude genre.
Scenery
The main theme of the landscape genre is nature, the environment is the city, rural or wilderness. The first landscapes appeared in ancient times when painting palaces and temples, creating miniatures and icons. As an independent genre, the landscape takes shape as early as the 16th century and has since become one of the most popular painting genres.
It is present in the work of many painters, starting with Peter Rubens, Alexei Kondratievich Savrasov, Edouard Manet, continuing with Isaac Ilyich Levitan, Piet Mondrian, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and ending with many contemporary artists of the XXI century.
"Golden Autumn" (1895)
Isaac Levitan
Among landscape painting, one can single out such genres as sea and city landscapes.
Veduta
Veduta is a landscape, the purpose of which is to depict the appearance of an urban area and convey its beauty and color. Later, with the development of industry, the urban landscape turns into an industrial landscape.
"Saint Mark's Square" (1730)
Canaletto
You can appreciate urban landscapes by getting acquainted with the works of Canaletto, Pieter Brueghel, Fyodor Yakovlevich Alekseev, Sylvester Feodosievich Shchedrin.
Marina
Seascape, or marina depicts the nature of the sea element, its greatness. Perhaps the most famous marine painter in the world is Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky, whose painting The Ninth Wave can be called a masterpiece of Russian painting. The heyday of the marina occurred simultaneously with the development of the landscape as such.
"Sailboat in a Storm" (1886)
James Buttersworth
Katsushika Hokusai, James Edward Buttersworth, Alexei Petrovich Bogolyubov, Lev Feliksovich Lagorio and Rafael Montleon Torres are also known for their seascapes.
If you want to learn even more about how the genres of painting in art arose and developed, watch the following video:
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Painting is perhaps the most ancient form of art. Even in the primitive era, our ancestors made images of people and animals on the walls of caves. These are the first examples of painting. Since then, this type of art has always remained a companion of human life. Examples of painting today are numerous and varied. We will try to cover this type of art as much as possible, to talk about the main genres, styles, directions and techniques in it.
painting techniques
Consider first the basic techniques of painting. One of the most common is oil. This is a technique in which oil-based paints are used. These paints are applied in strokes. With the help of them, you can create a variety of different shades, as well as convey the necessary images with maximum realism.
Tempera is another popular technique. We are talking about it when emulsion paints are used. The binder in these paints is egg or water.
Gouache- a technique widely used in graphics. Gouache paint is made on an adhesive basis. It can be used to work on cardboard, paper, bone or silk. The image is durable, and the lines are clear. Pastel- This is a drawing technique with dry pencils, while the surface must be rough. And, of course, it is worth mentioning about watercolors. This paint is usually diluted with water. A soft and thin layer of paint is obtained using this technique. Particularly popular Of course, we have listed only the main techniques that are used in painting most often. There are others.
What are the paintings usually painted on? The most popular painting on canvas. It is stretched on a frame or glued to cardboard. Note that in the past, wooden boards were used quite often. Today, not only painting on canvas is popular, but any other flat materials can be used to create an image.
Painting types
There are 2 main types of it: easel and monumental painting. The latter is related to architecture. This type includes paintings on the ceilings and walls of buildings, decorating them with images made of mosaics or other materials, stained-glass windows, and so on. Easel painting is not associated with a specific building. It can be moved from place to place. In easel painting, there are many varieties (otherwise they are called genres). Let's dwell on them in more detail.
Genres of painting
The word "genre" is French in origin. It translates as "genus", "species". That is, under the name of the genre there is a content of some kind, and, pronouncing its name, we understand what the picture is about, what we will find in it: a person, nature, an animal, objects, etc.
Portrait
The most ancient genre of painting is the portrait. This is an image of a person who looks only like himself and no one else. In other words, a portrait is an image in painting of an individual appearance, since each of us has an individual face. This genre of painting has its own varieties. A portrait can be full-length, chest-length, or only one person is painted. Note that not every image of a person is a portrait, since an artist can create, for example, "a person in general" without writing him off from anyone. However, when he depicts a specific representative of the human race, he is working on a portrait. Needless to say, there are numerous examples of painting in this genre. But the portrait below is known to almost every resident of our country. We are talking about the image of A. S. Pushkin, created in 1827 by Kiprensky.
Self-portrait can also be added to this genre. In this case, the artist depicts himself. There is a paired portrait, when in the picture there are people in a pair; and a group portrait, when a group of people is depicted. One can also note the ceremonial portrait, a variety of which is equestrian, one of the most solemn. It was very popular in the past, but such works are rare now. However, the next genre that we will talk about is relevant at any time. What is it about? This can be guessed by sorting through the genres that we have not yet named, characterizing painting. Still life is one of them. It is about him that we will now talk, continuing to consider painting.
Still life
This word also has a French origin, it means "dead nature", although the meaning would be more accurate "inanimate nature". Still life - the image of inanimate objects. They are of great variety. Note that still lifes can also depict "living nature": butterflies subsided on the petals, beautiful flowers, birds, and sometimes a person can be seen among the gifts of nature. However, it will still be a still life, since the image of the living is not the most important thing for the artist in this case.
Scenery
Landscape is another French word meaning "view of the country" in translation. It is analogous to the German concept of "landscape". Landscape is a depiction of nature in its diversity. The following varieties join this genre: the architectural landscape and the very popular seascape, which is often called the single word "marina", and the artists working in it are called marine painters. Numerous examples of painting in the seascape genre can be found in the work of I. K. Aivazovsky. One of them is "Rainbow" of 1873.
This picture is painted in oil and is difficult to perform. But it’s not difficult to create watercolor landscapes, so at school, in drawing lessons, this task was given to each of us.
Animal genre
The next genre is animalistic. Everything is simple here - this is an image of birds and animals in nature, in a natural environment.
household genre
The everyday genre is a depiction of scenes from life, everyday life, funny "incidents", home life and stories of ordinary people in an ordinary environment. And you can do without stories - just capture everyday activities and affairs. Such paintings are sometimes referred to as genre painting. As an example, consider the above work by Van Gogh (1885).
historical genre
The themes of painting are diverse, but the historical genre stands out separately. This is an image of historical heroes and events. The battle genre adjoins it, it presents episodes of war, battle.
Religious and mythological genre
In the mythological genre, paintings are written on the themes of ancient and ancient legends about gods and heroes. It should be noted that the image is of a secular nature, and in this it differs from the images of the deities represented on the icon. By the way, religious painting is not only icons. It brings together various works written on religious subjects.
Clash of genres
The richer the content of the genre, the more its "companions" appear. Genres can merge, so there is a painting that cannot be put into the framework of any of them at all. In art, there is both a general (techniques, genres, styles) and an individual (a particular work taken separately). A separate picture carries something in common. Therefore, many artists may have one genre, but the paintings painted in it are never alike. Such features have the culture of painting.
Style
Style in is an aspect of the visual perception of paintings. It can combine the work of one artist or the work of artists of a certain period, direction, school, area.
Academic painting and realism
Academic painting is a special direction, the formation of which is associated with the activities of the academies of arts in Europe. It appeared in the 16th century at the Bologna Academy, the natives of which sought to imitate the masters of the Renaissance. Since the 16th century, methods of teaching painting began to be based on strict observance of rules and norms, following formal patterns. art in Paris was considered one of the most influential in Europe. She promoted the aesthetics of classicism that dominated France in the 17th century. Parisian academy? contributing to the systematization of education, gradually turned the rules of the classical direction into a dogma. So academic painting has become a special direction. In the 19th century, one of the most prominent manifestations of academicism was the work of J. L. Gerome, Alexandre Cabannel, J. Ingres. Classical canons were replaced by realistic ones only at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. It was realism that at the beginning of the 20th century became the basic method of teaching in academies, turning into a dogmatic system.
Baroque
Baroque is a style and era of art, which is characterized by aristocracy, contrast, dynamism of images, simple details when depicting abundance, tension, drama, luxury, a fusion of reality and illusion. This style appeared in Italy in 1600 and spread throughout Europe. Caravaggio and Rubens are its most prominent representatives. Baroque is often compared with expressionism, however, unlike the latter, it does not have too repulsive effects. Paintings of this style today are characterized by the complexity of lines and an abundance of ornaments.
Cubism
Cubism is an avant-garde art movement that originated in the 20th century. Its creator is Pablo Picasso. Cubism made a real revolution in the sculpture and painting of Europe, inspiring the creation of similar trends in architecture, literature, and music. Artistic painting in this style is characterized by recombined, broken objects that have an abstract form. When depicting them, many points of view are used.
Expressionism
Expressionism is another important trend in contemporary art that appeared in Germany in the first half of the 20th century. At first it covered only poetry and painting, and then spread to other areas of art.
Expressionists depict the world subjectively, distorting reality to create a greater emotional effect. Their goal is to make the viewer think. Expression in expressionism prevails over the image. It can be noted that many works are characterized by motifs of torment, pain, suffering, screaming (the work of Edvard Munch, presented above, is called "The Scream"). Expressionist artists are not at all interested in material reality, their paintings are filled with deep meaning and emotional experiences.
Impressionism
Impressionism - a direction of painting, aimed mainly at working in the open air (open air), and not in the studio. It owes its name to the painting "Impression, Sunrise" by Claude Monet, which is shown in the photo below.
The word "impression" in English is impression. Impressionistic paintings convey primarily the light sensation of the artist. The main features of painting in this style are as follows: barely visible, thin strokes; change in lighting, accurately conveyed (attention is often focused on the effect of the passage of time); open composition; a simple common goal; movement as a key element of human experience and perception. The most prominent representatives of such a trend as impressionism are Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Pierre Renoir.
Modernism
The next direction is modernism, which originated as a set of trends in various fields of art in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Parisian "Salon of the Rejected" was opened in 1863. Artists whose paintings were not allowed in the official salon were exhibited here. This date can be considered the date of the emergence of modernism as a separate direction in art. Otherwise, modernism is sometimes called "another art". His goal is to create unique paintings that are not like others. The main feature of the works is a special vision of the world by the author.
Artists in their work rebelled against the values of realism. Self-awareness is a striking characteristic of this direction. This often leads to experimentation with form as well as a penchant for abstraction. Representatives of modernism pay special attention to the materials used and the work process. One of its most prominent representatives are Henry Matisse (his work "The Red Room" of 1908 is presented above) and Pablo Picasso.
Neoclassicism
Neoclassicism is the main direction of painting in Northern Europe from the middle of the 18th century until the end of the 19th. It is characterized by a return to the features of the ancient Renaissance and even the times of classicism. In architectural, artistic and cultural terms, neoclassicism emerged as a response to Rococo, which was perceived as a shallow and artsy style of art. Neoclassical artists, thanks to their good knowledge of church laws, tried to introduce canons into their work. However, they avoided simply reproducing classical motifs and themes. Neoclassical artists tried to place their painting within the framework of tradition and thus demonstrate mastery of the genre. Neoclassicism in this respect is directly opposed to modernism, where improvisation and self-expression are considered virtues. Its most famous representatives include Nicolas Poussin, Raphael.
Pop Art
The last direction that we will consider is pop art. He appeared in Britain in the mid-50s of the last century, and in the late 50s - in America. Pop art is believed to have originated as a reaction to the ideas of abstract expressionism that dominated at the time. Speaking about this direction, it is impossible not to mention In 2009, "Eight Elvis", one of his paintings, was sold for 100 million dollars.
This article contains a brief description of the main art styles of the 20th century. It will be useful to know both artists and designers.
Modernism (from French moderne modern)
in art, the cumulative name of artistic trends that established themselves in the second half of the 19th century in the form of new forms of creativity, where not so much adherence to the spirit of nature and tradition prevailed, but the free view of the master, free to change the visible world at his discretion, following personal impression, inner idea or mystical dream (these trends largely continued the line of romanticism). Impressionism, symbolism, and modernism were its most significant, often actively interacting, directions. In Soviet criticism, the concept of “modernism” was anti-historically applied to all art movements of the 20th century that did not correspond to the canons of socialist realism.
Abstractionism(art under the sign of "zero forms", non-objective art) - an artistic direction that was formed in the art of the first half of the 20th century, completely refusing to reproduce the forms of the real visible world. The founders of abstractionism are considered to be V. Kandinsky, P. Mondrian and K. Malevich. W. Kandinsky created his own type of abstract painting, freeing the impressionist and "wild" spots from any signs of objectivity. Piet Mondrian came to his pointlessness through the geometric stylization of nature, begun by Cezanne and the Cubists. The modernist trends of the 20th century, focused on abstractionism, completely depart from traditional principles, denying realism, but at the same time remain within the framework of art. The history of art with the advent of abstractionism experienced a revolution. But this revolution arose not by chance, but quite naturally, and was predicted by Plato! In his later work Philebus, he wrote about the beauty of lines, surfaces and spatial forms in themselves, independent of any imitation of visible objects, of any mimesis. This kind of geometric beauty, in contrast to the beauty of natural “irregular” forms, according to Plato, is not relative, but unconditional, absolute.
Futurism- literary and artistic trend in the art of the 1910s. Oтвoдя ceбe poль пpooбpaзa иcкyccтвa бyдyщeгo, фyтypизм в кaчecтвe ocнoвнoй пpoгpaммы выдвигaл идeю paзpyшeния кyльтypныx cтepeoтипoв и пpeдлaгaл взaмeн aпoлoгию тexники и ypбaнизмa кaк глaвныx пpизнaкoв нacтoящeгo и гpядyщeгo. An important artistic idea of futurism was the search for a plastic expression of the swiftness of movement as the main sign of the pace of modern life. The Russian version of futurism was called kybofuturism and was based on a combination of the plastic principles of French cubism and European general aesthetic installations of futurism. Using intersections, shifts, collisions and influxes of forms, the artists tried to express the crushing plurality of impressions of a contemporary person, a city dweller.
Cubism- "the most complete and radical artistic revolution since the Renaissance" (J. Golding). Artists: Picasso Pablo, Georges Braque, Fernand Léger Robert Delaunay, Juan Gris, Gleizes Metzinger. Cubism - (French cubisme, from cube - cube) a direction in the art of the first quarter of the 20th century. The plastic language of cubism was based on the deformation and decomposition of objects into geometric planes, the plastic shift of form. Many Russian artists have gone through a fascination with Cubism, often combining its principles with the techniques of other modern artistic trends - futurism and primitivism. Cubo-futurism became a specific variant of the interpretation of cubism on Russian soil.
Purism- (French purisme, from Latin purus - clean) a trend in French painting of the late 1910s and 20s. The main representatives are the artist A. Ozanfan and architect C. E. Jeanneret (Le Corbusier). Rejecting the decorative tendencies of cubism and other avant-garde movements of the 1910s, the deformation of nature they adopted, the purists strove for a rationalistically ordered transfer of stable and concise object forms, as if “cleared” of details, to the image of “primary” elements. The works of purists are characterized by flatness, smooth rhythm of light silhouettes and contours of objects of the same type (jugs, glasses, etc.). Having not received development in easel forms, the essentially rethought artistic principles of purism were partially reflected in modern architecture, mainly in the buildings of Le Corbusier.
Serrealism- a cosmopolitan movement in literature, painting and cinema that arose in 1924 in France and officially ended its existence in 1969. It greatly contributed to the formation of the consciousness of modern man. The main figures of the movement Andre Breton- writer, leader and ideological inspirer of the movement, Louis Aragon- one of the founders of surrealism, who in a bizarre way later transformed into a singer of communism, Salvador Dali- artist, theorist, poet, screenwriter, who defined the essence of the movement with the words: "Surrealism is me!", a highly surrealist cinematographer Luis Buñuel, artist Juan Miro- "the most beautiful feather on the hat of surrealism", as Breton called it, and many other artists around the world.
Fauvism(from French les fauves - wild (animals)) Local direction in painting early. 20th century The name F. was given in mockery to a group of young Parisian artists ( A. Matisse, A. Derain, M. Vlaminck, A. Marquet, E.O. Friesz, J. Braque, A.Sh. Mangen, K. van Dongen), who jointly participated in a number of exhibitions in 1905-1907, after their first exhibition in 1905. The name was adopted by the group itself and firmly established itself behind it. The direction did not have a clearly formulated program, manifesto or its own theory and did not last long, leaving, however, a noticeable mark in the history of art. Its participants were united in those years by the desire to create artistic images exclusively with the help of an extremely bright open color. Developing the artistic achievements of the Post-Impressionists ( Cezanne, Gauguin, Van Gogh), relying on some formal techniques of medieval art (stained glass, Romanesque art) and Japanese engraving, popular in the artistic circles of France since the time of the Impressionists, the Fauvists sought to maximize the use of the coloristic possibilities of painting.
Expressionism(from French expression - expressiveness) - a modernist trend in Western European art, mainly in Germany, the first third of the 20th century, which developed in a certain historical period - on the eve of the First World War. The ideological basis of expressionism was an individualistic protest against the ugly world, the growing alienation of man from the world, feelings of homelessness, collapse, and disintegration of those principles on which European culture seemed to rest so firmly. Expressionists tend to gravitate towards mysticism and pessimism. Artistic techniques characteristic of expressionism: the rejection of illusory space, the desire for a planar interpretation of objects, the deformation of objects, love for sharp colorful dissonances, a special color that embodies apocalyptic drama. Artists perceived creativity as a way to express emotions.
Suprematism(from lat. supremus - highest, highest; first; last, extreme, apparently, through the Polish supremacja - superiority, supremacy) The direction of avant-garde art of the first third of the 20th century, the creator, main representative and theorist of which was a Russian artist Kazimir Malevich. The term itself does not reflect the essence of Suprematism. In fact, in the understanding of Malevich, this is an estimated characteristic. Suprematism is the highest stage in the development of art on the path of liberation from everything non-artistic, on the path to the ultimate revelation of the non-objective as the essence of any art. In this sense, Malevich also considered primitive ornamental art to be Suprematist (or “supreme-like”). He first applied this term to a large group of his paintings (39 or more) depicting geometric abstractions, including the famous "Black Square" on a white background, "Black Cross", etc., exhibited at the Petrograd Futurist exhibition "zero-ten" in 1915 It was behind these and similar geometric abstractions that the name Suprematism was attached, although Malevich himself referred to it many of his works of the 20s, which outwardly contained some forms of concrete objects, especially figures of people, but retained the “Suprematist spirit”. And in fact, the later theoretical developments of Malevich do not give grounds to reduce Suprematism (at least Malevich himself) only to geometric abstractions, although they, of course, constitute its core, essence, and even (black and white and white and white Suprematism) bring painting to the limit of its existence in general as a form of art, i.e., to the pictorial zero, beyond which there is no longer painting proper. This path in the second half of the century was continued by numerous directions in art activities that abandoned brushes, paints, and canvas.
Russian avant-garde The 1910s presents a rather complex picture. It is characterized by a rapid change in styles and trends, an abundance of groups and associations of artists, each of which proclaimed its own concept of creativity. Something similar happened in European painting at the beginning of the century. However, the mixing of styles, the "mess" of currents and directions were unknown to the West, where the movement towards new forms was more consistent. Many masters of the younger generation with extraordinary swiftness moved from style to style, from stage to stage, from impressionism to modernity, then to primitivism, cubism or expressionism, going through many steps, which was completely atypical for the masters of French or German painting. The situation that developed in Russian painting was largely due to the pre-revolutionary atmosphere in the country. She exacerbated many of the contradictions that were inherent in all European art as a whole, because. Russian artists studied on European models, were well acquainted with various schools and pictorial trends. A kind of Russian "explosion" in artistic life thus played a historical role. By 1913, it was Russian art that reached new frontiers and horizons. A completely new phenomenon of non-objectivity appeared - a line beyond which the French Cubists did not dare to cross. One by one they cross this line: Kandinsky V.V., Larionov M.F., Malevich K.S., Filonov P.N., Tatlin V.E.
cubofuturism Local trend in the Russian avant-garde (in painting and poetry) of the early 20th century. In the visual arts, cubo-futurism arose on the basis of a rethinking of pictorial finds, cubism, futurism, and Russian neo-primitivism. The main works were created in the period 1911-1915. The most characteristic paintings of cubo-futurism came out from under the brush of K. Malevich, and were also written by Burliuk, Puni, Goncharova, Rozanova, Popova, Udaltsova, Exter. The first cubo-futuristic works by Malevich were exhibited at the famous exhibition of 1913. "Target", on which Larionov's Luchism also debuted. In appearance, the cubo-futuristic works have something in common with the compositions created at the same time by F. Leger and are semi-objective compositions made up of cylinder-, cone-, flask-, shell-shaped hollow volumetric colored forms, often with a metallic sheen. Already in the first such works by Malevich, there is a noticeable tendency to move from natural rhythm to purely mechanical rhythms of the machine world (Plotnik, 1912, Grinder, 1912, Portrait of Klyun, 1913).
neoplasticism- one of the earliest varieties of abstract art. It was created by 1917 by the Dutch painter P. Mondrian and other artists who were part of the Style association. Neoplasticism is characterized, according to its creators, by the desire for "universal harmony", expressed in strictly balanced combinations of large rectangular figures, clearly separated by perpendicular black lines and painted in local colors of the main spectrum (with the addition of white and gray tones). Neo-plasticisme (Nouvelle plastique) This term appeared in Holland in the 20th century. Piet Mondrian he defined his plastic concepts, systematized and defended by the group and the magazine "Style" ("De Stiji") founded in Leiden in 1917. The main feature of neoplasticism was the strict use of expressive means. Neoplasticism allows only horizontal and vertical lines to build form. Crossing lines at right angles is the first principle. Around 1920, a second one was added to it, which, removing the stroke and emphasizing the plane, limits the colors to red, blue and yellow, i.e. three pure primary colors to which only white and black can be added. With the help of this rigor, neoplasticism intended to go beyond individuality in order to achieve universalism and thus create a new picture of the world.
Official "baptism" orphism happened at the Salon des Indépendants in 1913. So the critic Roger Allard wrote in his report on the Salon: "... we note for future historians that in 1913 a new school of Orphism was born ..." ("La Cote" Paris March 19, 1913). He was echoed by another critic Andre Varno: "The Salon of 1913 was marked by the birth of a new school of the Orphic school" ("Comoedia" Paris March 18, 1913). Finally Guillaume Apollinaire reinforced this statement by exclaiming, not without pride: “This is Orphism. Here, for the first time, this trend, which I predicted, appeared” (“Montjoie!” Paris Supplement to March 18, 1913). Indeed, the term was invented Apollinaire(Orphism as a cult of Orpheus) and was first publicly announced during a lecture on modern painting and read in October 1912. What did he mean? He doesn't seem to know it himself. Moreover, he did not know how to define the boundaries of this new direction. In fact, the confusion prevailing to this day was due to the fact that Apollinaire unconsciously confused two problems that are interconnected, of course, but before trying to connect them, he should have emphasized their differences. On the one hand, the creation Delaunay pictorial expressive means entirely based on color and, on the other hand, the expansion of cubism through the emergence of several different directions. After a break with Marie Laurencin at the end of the summer of 1912, Apollinaire sought shelter from the Delaunay family, who received him with friendly understanding in their workshop on the Rue Grand-Augustin. Just this summer, Robert Delaunay and his wife experienced a profound aesthetic evolution leading to what he later called the "destructive period" of painting based solely on the constructive and spatio-temporal qualities of color contrasts.
Postmodernism (postmodern, postavant-garde) -
(from Lat. post "after" and modernism), the collective name for artistic trends that became especially clear in the 1960s and are characterized by a radical revision of the position of modernism and the avant-garde.
abstract expressionism post-war (late 40s - 50s of the XX century) stage in the development of abstract art. The term itself was introduced in the 1920s by a German art critic E. von Sydow (E. von Sydow) to refer to certain aspects of Expressionist art. In 1929, the American Barr used it to characterize the early works of Kandinsky, and in 1947 he called the works "abstract-expressionist" Willem de Kooning And Pollock. Since then, the concept of abstract expressionism has been consolidated behind a fairly wide, stylistically and technically variegated field of abstract painting (and later sculpture), which developed rapidly in the 50s. in the USA, in Europe, and then all over the world. The direct ancestors of abstract expressionism are considered to be the early Kandinsky, expressionists, orphists, partly dadaists and surrealists with their principle of mental automatism. The philosophical and aesthetic basis of abstract expressionism was largely the philosophy of existentialism, popular in the post-war period.
Readymade(English ready-made - ready) The term was first introduced into the art history lexicon by the artist Marcel Duchamp to designate their works, which are objects of utilitarian use, removed from the environment of their normal functioning and exhibited without any changes at an art exhibition as works of art. Ready-Made claimed a new look at the thing and thingness. An object that ceased to fulfill its utilitarian functions and was included in the context of the space of art, that is, became an object of non-utilitarian contemplation, began to reveal some new meanings and associative moves, unknown either to traditional art or to the everyday-utilitarian sphere of being. The problem of the relativity of the aesthetic and the utilitarian emerged sharply. First Ready-Made Duchamp exhibited in New York in 1913. The most infamous of his Ready-Made. steel "Wheel from a bicycle" (1913), "Bottle dryer" (1914), "Fountain" (1917) - this is how an ordinary urinal was designated.
Pop Art. After the Second World War, a large social stratum of people formed in America who earned enough money to buy goods that were not particularly important to them. For example, the consumption of goods: Coca cola or Levi's jeans become an important attribute of this society. A person using this or that product shows his belonging to a certain social stratum. Current mass culture was formed. Things became symbols, stereotypes. Pop art necessarily uses stereotypes and symbols. pop art(Pop Art) embodied the creative quest of the new Americans, which relied on the creative principles of Duchamp. This: Jasper Johns, K. Oldenburg, Andy Warhol, and others. Pop art is taking on the importance of mass culture, so it's not surprising that it took shape and became an art movement in America. Their allies: Hamelton R, Ton China chosen as the authority Kurt Schwieters. Pop art is characterized by a work - an illusion of a game that explains the essence of the object. Example: pie K. Oldenburg depicted in various ways. An artist may not depict a cake, but dispel illusions, show that a person sees for real. R. Rauschenberg is also original: he pasted various photographs to the canvas, outlined them and attached some stuffed animal to the work. One of his famous works is a stuffed hedgehog. Also well known is his painting, where he used photographs of Kenedy.
Primitivism (Naive Art). This concept is used in several senses and is in fact identical to the concept "primitive art". In different languages and by different scientists, these concepts are used most often to refer to the same range of phenomena in artistic culture. In Russian (as well as in some others), the term "primitive" has a somewhat negative meaning. Therefore, it is more appropriate to focus on the concept naive art. In the broadest sense, this refers to fine art, which is distinguished by simplicity (or simplification), clarity and formal immediacy of the pictorial and expressive language, with the help of which a special vision of the world not burdened by civilizational conventions is expressed. The concept appeared in the new European culture of the last centuries, therefore it reflects the professional positions and ideas of this culture, which considered itself the highest stage of development. From these positions, naïve art also means the archaic art of ancient peoples (pre-Egyptian or pre-Greek civilizations), for example, primitive art; the art of peoples who were delayed in their cultural and civilizational development (the indigenous population of Africa, Oceania, the Indians of America); amateur and non-professional art on the widest scale (for example, the famous medieval frescoes of Catalonia or the non-professional art of the first American immigrants from Europe); many works of the so-called "international Gothic"; folk art; and finally, the art of talented primitivist artists of the 20th century, who did not receive a professional art education, but felt the gift of artistic creativity in themselves and devoted themselves to its independent realization in art. Some of them (French A. Russo, K. Bombois, Georgian N. Pirosmanishvili, Croatian I. Generalich, American A.M. Robertson and others) have created true artistic masterpieces that have become part of the treasury of world art. Naive art, in terms of its vision of the world and the methods of its artistic presentation, is somewhat close to the art of children, on the one hand, and to the work of the mentally ill, on the other. However, in essence it differs from both. The closest thing in terms of worldview to children's art is the Naive art of the archaic peoples and natives of Oceania and Africa. Its fundamental difference from children's art lies in its deep sacredness, traditionalism and canonicity.
no art(Net Art - from the English net - network, art - art) The newest form of art, modern art practices, developing in computer networks, in particular, on the Internet. Its researchers in Russia, contributing to its development, O. Lyalina, A. Shulgin, believe that the essence of Net-art comes down to the creation of communication and creative spaces on the Web, providing complete freedom of network being to everyone. Therefore, the essence of Net-art. not representation, but communication, and its original art unit is an electronic message. There are at least three stages in the development of Net-art, which arose in the 80s and 90s. 20th century The first was when aspiring web artists created pictures from letters and icons found on a computer keyboard. The second one began when underground artists and just everyone who wanted to show something from their work came to the Internet.
OP-ART(eng. Op-art - an abbreviated version of optical art - optical art) - an artistic movement of the second half of the 20th century, using various visual illusions based on the features of the perception of flat and spatial figures. The current continues the rationalistic line of technicism (modernism). It goes back to the so-called "geometric" abstractionism, whose representative was V. Vasarely(from 1930 to 1997 he worked in France) - the founder of op art. The possibilities of Op-art have found some application in industrial graphics, posters, and design art. The direction of op art (optical art) originated in the 50s within abstractionism, although this time it was of a different variety - geometric abstraction. Its distribution as a current dates back to the 60s. 20th century
Graffiti(graffiti - in archeology, any drawings or letters scratched on any surface, from Italian graffiare - scratch) This is the designation of subculture works, which are mainly large-format images on the walls of public buildings, structures, transport, made using various kinds of spray guns, aerosol paint cans. Hence the other name "spray art" - Spray-art. Its origin is associated with the mass appearance of graffiti. in the 70s. on New York subway cars, and then on the walls of public buildings, store blinds. The first authors of graffiti. there were mostly young unemployed artists of ethnic minorities, primarily Puerto Ricans, therefore, in the first Graffiti, some stylistic features of Latin American folk art appeared, and the very fact of their appearance on surfaces not intended for this, their authors protested against their powerless position. By the beginning of the 80s. a whole trend of almost professional masters G. was formed. Their real names, previously hidden under pseudonyms, became known ( CRASH, NOC 167, FUTURA 2000, LEE, SEEN, DAZE). Some of them transferred their technique to canvas and began to exhibit in galleries in New York, and soon graffiti appeared in Europe.
HYPERREALISM(hyperrealism - English), or photorealism (photorealism - English) - artist. movement in painting and sculpture, based on photography, reproduction of reality. Both in its practice and in its aesthetic orientations towards naturalism and pragmatism, hyperrealism is close to pop art. they are primarily united by a return to figurativeness. It acts as an antithesis to conceptualism, which not only broke with representation, but also called into question the very principle of the material realization of art. concept.
land art(from the English land art - earthen art), a direction in the art of the last thirdXXcentury, based on the use of a real landscape as the main artistic material and object. Artists dig trenches, create bizarre heaps of stones, paint rocks, choosing for their actions usually deserted places - pristine and wild landscapes, thereby, as it were, striving to return art to nature. Thanks to his<первобытному>In appearance, many actions and objects of this kind are close to archeology, as well as to photo art, since the majority of the public can contemplate them only in series of photographs. It looks like we will have to come to terms with yet another barbarism in the Russian language. I don't know if it's a coincidence that the term<лэнд-арт>appeared at the end 60s at a time when in developed societies the rebellious spirit of the student body directed its forces to overthrow established values.
MINIMALISM(minimal art - English: minimal art) - artist. flow emanating from the minimal transformation of the materials used in the process of creativity, simplicity and uniformity of forms, monochrome, creative. artist's self-restraint. Minimalism is characterized by the rejection of subjectivity, representation, illusionism. Rejecting the classic creativity and tradition. artistic materials, minimalists use industrial and natural materials of simple geometric. shapes and neutral colors (black, gray), small volumes, serial, conveyor methods of industrial production are used. An artifact in the minimalist concept of creativity is a predetermined result of the process of its production. Having received the most complete development in painting and sculpture, minimalism, interpreted in a broad sense as the economy of the artist. funds, found application in other forms of art, primarily theater and cinema.
Minimalism originated in the United States in the trans. floor. 60s Its origins are in constructivism, suprematism, dadaism, abstractionism, formalistic Amer. painting of the 1950s, pop art. Direct precursor to minimalism. is an Amer. artist F. Stella, who presented in 1959-60 a series of "Black Paintings", where orderly straight lines prevailed. The first minimalist works appear in 1962-63 The term "minimalism." belongs to R. Walheim, who introduces it in relation to the analysis of creativity M. Duchamp and pop artists, minimizing the artist's intervention in the environment. Its synonyms are "cool art", "ABC art", "serial art", "primary structures", "art as a process", "systematic art". painting". Among the most representative minimalists are − C. Andre, M. Bochner, W. De Maria, D. Flavin. S. Le Witt, R. Mangold, B. Marden, R. Morris, R. Ryman. They are united by the desire to fit the artifact into the environment, to beat the natural texture of materials. D. Jade defines it as "specific. object”, different from the classical one. plastic works. arts. Independent, lighting plays a role as a way to create minimalist art. situations, original spatial solutions; computer methods of creation of works are used.
