Who first came up with puzzles. Research work "puzzles

"Rebus is a student's friend"

Project Manager: Sobolevskaya Tatyana Semyonovna,

primary school teacher

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra, Langepas

Langepas City Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution

"Secondary school No. 1"

annotation

“It is terribly interesting all that is unknown”

Among entertaining tasks and puzzles, rebuses have long taken pride of place. The very word "rebus" has become a household word to refer to everything incomprehensible, mysterious, intricate.

Rebuses are a game in which words, phrases or whole statements are encrypted using drawings combined with letters, shapes and signs.

Hypothesis

Our working hypothesis was the assumption that the ability to solve puzzles will help us and our classmates expand the range of knowledge, learning skills, and prepare for various types of competitions, olympiads and quizzes.

Objective of the project

Project objectives

Conduct a study among students in grades 2-4 on the topic "What do you know about puzzles?"

Learn the history of the origin of puzzles.

Learn the rules for solving puzzles.

Learn how to solve puzzles.

Teach peers to solve puzzles.

Create an information booklet "Puzzles".

Present the results in the form of a presentation and share them with classmates.

Research methods:

The study of literature.

Working with Internet resources.

Sociological survey.

Practical work.

Research Plan

puzzles is a game in which words, phrases or entire statements are encrypted using drawings combined with letters, shapes and signs.

Rebuses are used in the study of letters and syllables, training in continuous reading, memorizing new words, spelling.

Rebus is a means of developing attention and memory. With the ability to independently compose puzzles, logical thinking and creativity develop.

Hypothesis

Our working hypothesis was the assumption that the ability to solve puzzles will help us and our classmates expand the circle of knowledge, learning skills, and prepare for various types of competitions, olympiads, and quizzes.

Objective of the project

Learn the history of the emergence of puzzles, learn yourself and teach others to solve puzzles.

Project objectives

1. Conduct a study among students in grade 2 on the topic "What do you know about puzzles?"

2. Learn the history of the origin of puzzles.

3. Learn the rules for solving puzzles.

4. Master ways to solve puzzles.

5. Teach peers to solve puzzles.

6. Create an information booklet "Puzzles".

7. Prepare the results in the form of a presentation and tell classmates about them.

During the work on the project, we got acquainted with the literature and other information sources on the chosen topic. In them, we found information about the history of the origin of puzzles, learned the rules for solving puzzles, and also found answers to many questions that arose.

Among the students of the 2nd grade, we conducted a survey "What do you know about puzzles?". For this, a questionnaire was drawn up.

Questionnaire

Do you know where and how the first puzzles appeared?

Do you know why people make puzzles?

Can you solve puzzles?

Do you want to learn how to solve puzzles?

Do you know where you can apply this knowledge?

Do you know what puzzles are?

(Annex 1)

The survey results are presented in the form of a diagram.

In the course of work for elementary school children who wanted to learn how to solve puzzles, we created memos with the rules for solving puzzles (Appendix 2).

For everyone who is interested in this topic, we have compiled an information booklet (Appendix 3).

The results of the work are presented in the form of a presentation and presented during the class hour. (Appendix 4).

Based on the identified results, we gained experience in working with scientific literature, Internet resources, experience with programs: Microsoft Office Word; Microsoft Office PowerPoint. We have collected information about the history of puzzles. The collected material was presented in the form of a presentation and a booklet.

Research Article

The history of the emergence of puzzles.

The first puzzles appeared in France in the 15th century. Then it was a farcical performance on the topic of the day. In an allegorical form, comedians ridiculed the vices and weaknesses of the powerful of this world, told "about the things that are happening." Over time, the nature of the rebus has changed. A rebus began to be called a pun built on a play on words.

Around the same time, the first drawn puzzles appeared. Initially, they literally illustrated well-known phraseological turns, later more complex variants appeared.

In the 16th century, drawn puzzles became known in England, Germany, and Italy.

Professional artists took part in their design. The first printed collection of puzzles appeared in France in 1582.

In Russia, they appeared later - in the middle of the 19th century. A special magazine "Rebus" began to appear.

Types of puzzles.

Puzzle puzzles.

Puzzle puzzles are a double task: having solved the puzzle, you will read the riddle, but the riddle needs to be solved.

Add and subtract puzzles.

Rebuses "add and subtract" differ from the usual ones in that the value of the image following the minus sign is not added to the combination of words already obtained, but subtracted from it.

Rebus jokes.

This is a comic riddle in verse.

Rebus proverbs.

Proverb rebuses are an encrypted proverb that needs to be unraveled and its meaning explained.

sound puzzle.

These are puzzle exercises that allow you to work out the skill of merging syllables.

Rebus story.

A rebus story consists of a large rebus that you need to solve and make up a story.

Rebus task.

This is a puzzle that needs to be solved and the problem solved. It consists of several puzzles.

Numerical puzzles.

These are puzzles that improve the ability to understand and comprehend the positional principle when writing numbers in the decimal system.

Materials and methods.

We interviewed 47 people. The study involved students of the 2nd grade.

The study took place during the second quarter of the 2013-2014 academic year (November, December).

The students were given a questionnaire that included the following questions:

Table 1.

Question

Student responses

1. Do you know where and how the first puzzles appeared?

2. Do you know why people make puzzles?

3. Can you solve puzzles?

4. Do you want to learn how to solve puzzles?

5. Do you know where you can apply this knowledge?

6. Do you know what puzzles are?

Figure #1. Distribution of answers of students of the second grades.

www. Trizway.com/art/primary/38.html

Do you like to solve riddles? Then guess what it's about.

A riddle-joke in which a word or phrase is depicted in the form of drawings in combination with letters, numbers and other signs. Did you guess?

That's right, it's a puzzle. In our understanding, a rebus is a kind of riddle, where a word or even a phrase is presented in the form of pictures, symbols. It is believed that the word "rebus" itself was born from the Latin phrase "not with words, but with the help of things."

We meet in our life with puzzles often. Do you know the history of puzzles?

The history of puzzles began a very long time ago. In the 15th century in France, farcical performances were called a rebus. Later, in the 16th century, such fun was banned and a pun based on a play on words began to be called a rebus. Often it was a riddle, consisting of images of various objects, numbers or letters. And in this form, the puzzle has come down to us.

In 1783, the English artist and engraver Thomas Buick printed an unusual Bible for children in the London printing house of T. Hodgson. He retells the events of Holy Scripture in the form of rebuses. Such a Bible came to be called "hieroglyphic". In the text, some words are replaced by pictures. A few years later, in 1788, the American publisher Isaiah Thomas published a hieroglyphic Bible overseas. Such unusual hieroglyphic Bibles became very popular at the end of the 18th century, as they made it easier and more interesting to teach the Holy Scriptures to children.

The well-known author of "Alice in Wonderland" and "Through the Looking Glass" Lewis Carroll often used rebuses in his correspondence with young readers. In his letters, he often replaced some of the words with pictures or depicted letters in a mirror image. To read such mysterious letters, one needed ingenuity, which, of course, the children really liked.

In the second half of the 19th century, puzzles began to be widely used in society.

Interestingly, even during the war, puzzles were held in high esteem. During the Great Patriotic War, in 1942, the Moscow printing factory of the Moskvoretsky industrial trade publishes a collection of rebuses by A.A. Ryazanov "During Leisure Hours: Rebuses" (illustrations by I. Telyatnikov). They were intended for the adult population. In 1945, after the end of the war, a small brochure by the illustrator and illusionist Georgy Kelsievich Bedarev "Rebuses" was published.

In the post-war period, puzzles began to focus on a children's audience. Currently, puzzles are intended for both adults and children. It is difficult to find a children's magazine or a developmental manual that does not contain puzzles. Often children are given similar tasks at school and are even given the task to come up with puzzles.

Regardless of who the puzzles are intended for, the rules for guessing them are the same. In order to correctly guess the rebus, of course, you need to know these rules.

Try to solve a few puzzles, as well.

The mystery of puzzles.

Rebus (from Latin"rebus" - “with the help of things”), the representation of a word or syllable with the help of an image of an object, the name of which is consonant with the presented word or syllable. Simply put, this is a riddle in which the unraveled words or expressions in the form of drawings are combined with letters and some other signs.

Several puzzles can be combined in one drawing or as a sequence of drawings in order to make up a phrase or sentence. In literary puzzles, letters, numbers, musical notes, or specially arranged words are used to compose sentences. Compound puzzles include pictures and letters. Puzzles can convey the direct meaning of words, mainly to inform or instruct illiterate people, or deliberately hide their meaning in order to inform only the initiates, or when used as a riddle and entertainment.

An early form of the rebus is found in pictorial writing, in which abstract words that are difficult to depict were represented by images of objects whose names were pronounced in a similar way. Such puzzles are similar to the hieroglyphs of Egypt and the pictographs of early China. Images of rebuses were used to convey the names of cities on Greek and Roman coins, or to represent family names in the medieval age.

The history of puzzles :

The first puzzles appeared in France in XV century. Then it was a farcical performance on the topic of the day. In an allegorical form, comedians ridiculed the vices and weaknesses of the powerful of this world, told "about the things that are happening." Over time, the nature of the rebus has changed. A rebus began to be called a pun built on a play on words.

Around the same time, the first drawn puzzles appeared. Initially, they literally illustrated well-known phraseological turns, later more complex variants appeared.

IN XVI century, drawn puzzles become known in England, Germany, Italy, but in none of these countries have they been widely developed.

Professional artists took part in their design. The first printed collection of puzzles compiled by Etienne Tabouraud, appeared in France in 1582.

In Russia, puzzles appeared later - in the middle XIX century, the first puzzles appeared on the pages of the magazine "Illustration" in 1845. Puzzles drawn by the artist were very popular Volkov in the Niva magazine. In the future, a special magazine "Rebus" began to appear.

About the benefits of solving puzzles :

“We know a lot of serious people,” one of the magazines wrote, who gladly devote hours of leisure to solving puzzles and especially recommend this activity to young people as a distinctive gymnastics for the mind ... ". It also hones ingenuity, develops the ability to bring the work begun to the end, and contributes to the activation of people's communication.

Riddles for children have many positive aspects:

Contribute to the development of thinking.
They train intelligence, logic, intuition, ingenuity.
Help the child to broaden his horizons, memorize new words, objects.
They train visual memory, spelling Unlike the usual riddle, which uses only a verbal description in poetry or prose, rebuses combine several methods of perception at once, both verbal and visual.

Types of puzzles .

Puzzle puzzles represent a double task: having solved the rebus, you will read the riddle, but the riddle must be solved.
Puzzles "add and subtract" differ from the usual ones in that the value of the image following the minus sign is not added to the already received combination of words, but is subtracted from it.
Rebus jokes- This is a comic riddle in verse.
Rebus proverbs are an encrypted proverb that needs to be unraveled and its meaning explained.
sound puzzle- these are puzzle exercises that allow you to work out the skill of merging syllables.
Rebus story consists of a big puzzle that you need to solve and make up a story.
Rebus problem- This is a puzzle that you need to solve and solve the problem. It consists of several puzzles.
Numerical puzzles- these are puzzles that improve the ability to understand and comprehend the positional principle when writing numbers in the decimal system.

Rules for solving puzzles :

a word or sentence is divided into such parts that can be depicted in the form of a picture
the names of all the objects shown in the figure should be read only in the nominative case;
if the object in the picture is turned upside down, its name is read from right to left;
if there are commas (one or more) to the left of the figure, then the first letters of the word are not read. If commas are after the figure, to the right of it, the last letters are not read;
if a crossed-out letter is shown above the figure, it must be excluded from the name of the subject;
if there are numbers above the figure, the letters should be read in the indicated order;
if another letter is written next to the crossed out letter, it should be read instead of the crossed out one. Sometimes in this case an equal sign is placed between the letters;
if part of the word is pronounced as a numeral, in the rebus it is depicted by numbers and numbers (O5 - again; 100G - haystack);
if the drawing does not have any additional characters, only the first letter of the name of the depicted object should be taken into account;
many parts of encrypted words are indicated by the corresponding arrangement of letters and drawings. Words that have a combination of letters on, under, over, behind, can be depicted by placing letters or objects one above the other or behind the other. The letters C and B can become prepositions. If the letter is made up of other letters, the preposition from is used when reading.

Rules for compiling puzzles :

1. The names of all the items depicted in the rebus, are read only in the nominative case And singular. Sometimes the desired object in the picture is indicated by an arrow.

2. Very often, the object depicted in the rebus may have not one, but two or more names, for example, “eye” and “eye”, “leg” and “paw”, etc. Or it may have one general and one specific name, such as "tree" and "oak", "note" and "re", etc. You need to choose the one that makes the most sense.

The ability to identify and correctly name the object depicted in the figure is one of the main difficulties in deciphering puzzles. In addition to knowing the rules, you will need ingenuity and logic.

3. Sometimes the name of any subject cannot be used in its entirety - it is necessary drop one or two letters at the beginning or end of a word. In these cases, a conventional sign is used - a comma. If a comma is to the left of the figure, then this means that the first letter must be discarded from its name, if to the right of the figure, then the last. If there are two commas, then two letters are discarded accordingly, and so on. For example, a “collar” is drawn, only “whirlpool” needs to be read, “sail” is drawn, only “steam” needs to be read.

4. If any two objects or two letters are drawn one into the other, then their names are read with adding the preposition "in". For example: "v-o-yes", or "not-v-a, or" v-o-seven":

In this and the following five examples, various readings are possible, for example, instead of"Eight" can be read "SEVEN", and instead of "water" - "DAVO" . But there are no such words! This is where you should come to the rescue. ingenuity and logic.

5. If any letter consists of another letter, then read from adding "from". For example: “from-b-a” or “vn-from-y” or “f-from-ik”:

6. If there is another letter or object behind any letter or object, then you need to read with adding "for".
For example: “Ka-za-n”, “za-ya-ts”.

7. If one figure or letter is drawn under another, then you need to read from adding "on", "above" or "under"- choose a sentence that makes sense. For example: “for-on-ri” or “under-at-shka”:

The phrase: "Tit found a horseshoe and gave it to Nastya" - can be depicted as follows:

8. If another letter is written for any letter, then they read from adding "by". For example: “by-r-t”, “by-l-e”, “by-i-s”:

9. If one letter lies next to another, leaning against it, then they read with adding "y". For example: "L-u-k", "d-u-b":

10. If in the rebus there is an image of an object drawn upside down, then its name is needed read from the end. For example, a “cat” is drawn, you need to read “current”, a “nose” is drawn, you need to read “dream”.

11. If an object is drawn, and a letter is written next to it, and then a letter is crossed out, then this means that this letter is necessary discard from received word. If there is another one above the crossed out letter, then this means that you need it replace the crossed out. Sometimes in this case an equal sign is placed between the letters. For example: "eye" read "gas", "bone" read "guest":

12. If there are numbers above the picture, for example, 4, 2, 3, 1, then this means that read first the fourth letter of the name of the object shown in the figure, then the second, followed by the third, etc., that is, the letters are read in the order indicated by the numbers. For example, a “mushroom” is drawn, we read “brig”:

13. If two numbers are shown next to the picture with arrows pointing in different directions, then the word must interchange the letters indicated by the numbers. For example, "castle" = "dab".

14. The use of an arrow going from one letter to another also serves to indicate the appropriate substitution of letters. Also, the arrow can be decoded as preposition "K". For example, “The letters AP go to FIR-tree” = “DROPS”

15. When compiling a rebus, Roman numerals can also be used. For example, "forty A" read "forty".

16. If any figure in the rebus is drawn running, sitting, lying, etc., then the corresponding verb in the third person of the present tense (runs, sits, lies, etc.) must be added to the name of this figure, For example"u-runs".

17. Very often in rebuses, individual syllables “do”, “re”, “mi”, “fa” are depicted with the corresponding notes. For example, the words written down in notes are read: “do-la”, “fa-sol”:

Since not everyone knows the notes and the position on the stave, we give their names.

Other signs are also possible in rebuses: names of chemical elements, all kinds of scientific terms, special characters: “@” - dog, “#” - sharp, “%” - percentage, “&” - ampersand, “()” - brackets, “ ~" - tilde,« :) » - emoticon, "§" - paragraph and others.

In complex puzzles, the listed techniques are most often combined.

"The red maiden sits in a dungeon, and the scythe is on the street"

puzzles is a means of increasing information culture. With self-compilation of puzzles, information search skills, creativity, and intellectual abilities develop.

Rybkina Ksenia

The work introduces the history of the emergence of puzzles, with the rules for solving puzzles.

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XIII DISTRICT INTERSCHOOL CONFERENCE

"First Steps in Science"

Section "Russian language"

Performed:

Rybkina Ksenia,

student 3 "A" class

MBOU secondary school No. 170
Sovietsky district

Scientific adviser:

Ananyeva Natalya Borisovna

primary school teacher

Samara, 2012 Contents

I. Introduction.

1. From the history of puzzles.

3. Complex puzzles.
4.1 Miscellaneous puzzles. 4.2 Rebuses in Russian "Members of the proposal"

III. Conclusion.
Bibliography.
Applications.

I. Introduction.

Values 100 legs for 100 legs.
And he cleans 100 boots with 100 personal polishes.
Together 100 two is not pro 100 to clear all 100.
100 no: 100 only shoes 100 no one sang! ..

Not only the arms, legs, body require training, but also the human brain. Not only solving problems, but also solving puzzles, rebuses develops logical thinking, increases the speed of reaction.

Among entertaining tasks and puzzles, rebuses have long taken pride of place. The very word "rebus" has become a household word to refer to everything incomprehensible, mysterious, intricate. The word is Latin in literal translation, it means "things" (objects). At first glance, such a name may seem surprising, but a rebus is a task in which a phrase (proverb, riddle, saying, etc.) is depicted using drawings of various objects. The correct name appears. To solve puzzles, you need to know a few rules, a kind of rebus alphabet.

Goal of the work : analyze the method of encoding information in the form of a rebus; learn to solve and create puzzles.

Tasks :

learn the rules for solving puzzles and learn how to solve puzzles;
create a collection of puzzles;
come up with your own puzzles.

The work consists of introductions , which justifies the choice of topic, main part , revealing the content of the topic, conclusions , containing conclusions, a list of sources and applications used.

II. Puzzles - exercise for the mind.

1. From the history of the creation of puzzles.

The word "rebus" is of Latin origin (from the Latin proverb "Non verbis sed rebus" - "Not with words, but with the help of things"). This is a riddle-joke in which a word or phrase is depicted in the form of drawings in combination with letters, numbers, notes and other signs. Rebus is one of the most popular and widespread games. In the rebus, you can encrypt proverbs, sayings, excerpts from poems, individual phrases and words.

It originated in France in the 15th century. Initially, in Picardy, a special kind of annual performance during carnivals was called a rebus, containing witty reviews of local life, called "news of the day" (from the Latin "de rebus, quae geruntur" literally - "about the things that are happening"). In the future, the word "rebus" received the meaning in which it is used.

Currently, REBUS is a word or phrase encoded using a combination of shapes, letters, and signs.

The first printed collection of puzzles, compiled by Étienne Tabouraud, was published in France in 1582. Then puzzles spread to England, Germany, Italy, but none of these countries were widely developed. In Russia, the first puzzles appeared on the pages of the magazine "Illustration" in 1845. Puzzles were very popular. Drawn by the artist I. Volkov in the Niva magazine.

The word "rebus" has become a household word to refer to everything incomprehensible, mysterious, intricate. To solve puzzles, you need to know a few rules, a kind of rebus alphabet.

2. Rebus alphabet or rules for solving puzzles.

The first letter of the rebus alphabet is a comma.

In a rebus, a comma is not a punctuation mark, but a sign of the exclusion of the last letter of the word. If there is a comma before the picture (that is, to the left of it), then the first letter of the word depicted by this picture does not need to be read. If a comma is placed after the figure (to the right of it), then the last letter is not read. If there is not one comma near the figure, but two or three, then two or three extreme letters of the word are excluded, respectively.

When solving a rebus consisting of many drawings, the question may arise which drawing the comma refers to. Therefore, we agreed to consider that the comma refers to the figure towards which the “tail” of the comma is facing.

The second letter of the rebus alphabet is a crossed out letter.

A crossed-out letter next to the figure (most often above it) indicates that this letter should be excluded from the name of the figure. The crossed out letter has almost the same role as the comma, but with the help of a comma the extreme letters of the word are excluded, with the help of the crossed out letter - from the letters in the middle of the word. If another letter is written next to the crossed out letter, then it should be put in place of the crossed out letter. The frequently replaced letter is not crossed out, it is connected with an equal sign with another letter that needs to be put in its place. It seems to me that it is more convenient to use the equal sign, because the crossed out letter is not always easy to read.

The third letter of the alphabet is an inverted pattern.

If any drawing of the rebus is turned upside down, then this means that the name of the drawing must be read the other way around, that is, from right to left.

The fourth letter is a series of numbers.

If a row of numbers is entered next to the figure, this means. That in the name of the picture the letters need to be rearranged, putting them in the order in which the numbers are arranged.

The fifth letter is "picture within a picture".

If the drawings (or, more often, letters) are located one inside the other, one on top of the other, or one in front and the other behind it, then this indicates that the appropriate preposition must be added here - in, on, behind ...

Twelve prepositions (in, on, for, from, at, over, under, with, to, from, in front of, by) can be conveyed by the corresponding mutual arrangement of pictures or letters. It is customary to call such drawings drawings with hidden pretexts.

3. Complex puzzles.

Complex puzzles are coded phrases: proverbs, riddles, lines from songs, etc.

In this case, it is necessary to write together the names of all the figures and letters placed between the figures, in the order in which they are located in the rebus. Then the merged record needs to be divided into separate words.

For example: WELCOME TO TAKE CUBERY. Let's decipher. Breaking it down into words, we get the proverb: "good advice, take note."

As you can see, the solution to this puzzle was not difficult.

For someone who has not previously solved puzzles and gets acquainted with this interesting activity, one may get the impression that the main difficulties in solving puzzles lie in “hidden pretexts”. But this is not true. Making sense of drawings with hidden prepositions can be painstaking, but not difficult.

The main difficulty in solving puzzles is that it is difficult to find a name for the picture. For example, the picture "WOLF" can also mean the word "BEAST".

Completely different words can be conveyed in one picture, for example: minus, dash, sign OR piece, slice, bread, food ...

Such "pitfalls" and put puzzles in a place of honor among a variety of entertaining tasks and puzzles. You need to show resourcefulness, ingenuity and imagination in order to solve a cunningly conceived rebus. Compiling puzzles is no less difficult and exciting.

4. Puzzles compiled by me.

4.1. Various puzzles.

At first, I tried to make simple puzzles, using the rules for solving puzzles. I got the following puzzles.

VASE

FELT BOOTS

belt

4.2 Puzzles in Russian: "Members of the proposal."

1). Subject

2) Predicate

3) Complement

4) Definition

5) Circumstance

III. Conclusion.

What are puzzles for? It seems to me that they can be used in various games, as well as for the development of ingenuity and ingenuity, that is, training the mind.

Not only the arms, legs, body require training, but also the human brain. Solving problems, puzzles, rebuses develops logical thinking, increases the speed of reaction, helps to study well. Solving and compiling your own puzzles helps to remember the spelling, composition and meaning of words.

While working on this topic, I:

got acquainted with the history of the emergence of puzzles;
studied the rules for solving puzzles;
I learned to solve and make puzzles, I made my own puzzles;
compiled a collection of ready-made puzzles.

I believe that I completed the tasks and achieved the goal.

Bibliography.

Literature.

Basova LL Informatics: a textbook for grade 5. M. Binom, Knowledge Lab, 2008
Children's mathematical ingenuity. Kharkov book factory "Globus", 1996
Perelman Ya. I. Entertaining arithmetic. GONTI. Edition of popular science and youth literature. Moscow. Leningrad, 1938.
Troshin VV Words and numbers. Publishing house "Teacher", Volgograd, 2007
I know the world. Children's encyclopedia. Mathematics. AST., Moscow, 1999

Sources INTERNET.