History of one city(summary by chapter)
Contents of the chapter: Inventory to the mayors ...
This chapter lists the names of the mayors of Glupov and briefly mentions their "achievements".
It speaks of twenty-two rulers. So, for example, about one of the city governors in the document it is written as follows: “22) Intercept-Zalikhvatsky, Archangel Stratilatovich, Major. I will keep silent about this. He rode into Foolov on a white horse, burned the gymnasium and abolished the sciences.
The history of one city (full text chapter by chapter)
Inventory to the mayors, at different times, in the city of Stupid from the higher authorities appointed (1731-1826)
1) Klementy, Amadeus Manuilovich. Taken out of Italy by Biron, Duke of Courland, for skillful cooking of pasta; then, being suddenly promoted to the proper rank, sent by the mayor. Arriving in Foolov, not only did he not give up pasta, but he even forced many people to do so, which made him glorify himself. For treason, in 1734 he was beaten with a whip and, after tearing out his nostrils, exiled to Berezov.
2) Ferapontov, Fotiy Petrovich, foreman *. Former barber of the same Duke of Courland *. He repeatedly made campaigns against the short-earners and was so eager for spectacles that he did not trust anyone to flog without himself. In 1738, being in the forest, he was torn to pieces by dogs.
3) Velikanov, Ivan Matveevich. He imposed in his favor the inhabitants with a tribute of three kopecks from the soul, having previously drowned the director in the river of economy *. He killed many police captains in the blood. In 1740, during the reign of the meek Elizabeth, having been caught in a love affair with Avdotya Lopukhina, he was beaten with a whip * and, after curtailing his tongue, was exiled to imprisonment in the Cherdyn prison.
4) Urus-Kugush-Kildibaev, Manyl Samylovich, captain-lieutenant of the Life Campanians *. He was distinguished by insane courage, and once even took the city of Foolov by storm. By bringing this to the attention, he did not receive praise and in 1745 he was dismissed with publication *.
5) Lamvrokakis, a fugitive Greek, without a name or patronymic, and even without a rank, caught by Count Kiril Razumovsky in Nizhyn, in the market. Traded Greek soap, sponge and nuts; moreover, he was a supporter of classical education. In 1756 he was found in bed, bitten by bedbugs.
6) Baklan, Ivan Matveyevich*, foreman. He was three arshins and three vershoks tall, and boasted of what was happening in a straight line from Ivan the Great (the bell tower known in Moscow). Broken in half during a storm that raged in 1761.
7) Pfeifer, Bogdan Bogdanovich, guard sergeant, native of Holstein. Having accomplished nothing, he was replaced in 1762 for ignorance *.
8) Busty, Dementy Varlamovich *. He was appointed in a hurry and had some special device in his head, for which he was nicknamed "Organ". This did not prevent him, however, from putting in order the arrears started by his successor. During this reign there was a pernicious anarchy, which lasted seven days, as will be narrated below.
9) Dvoekurov, Semyon Konstantinovich, civilian adviser and cavalier. He paved Bolshaya and Dvoryanskaya streets, started brewing and mead making, introduced mustard and bay leaves, collected arrears, patronized the sciences and petitioned for the establishment of an academy in Foolov. Wrote an essay: "Biographies of the most remarkable monkeys." Being of a strong physique, he had eight amants in succession. His wife, Lukerya Terentyevna, was also very indulgent, and thus greatly contributed to the brilliance of this reign. He died a natural death in 1770.
10) Marquis de Sanglot, Anton Protasievich, a French native and friend of Diderot. He was frivolous and liked to sing obscene songs. It flew through the air in the city garden, and almost flew away completely, as it caught on the tails of a spitz, and was removed from there with great difficulty. For this undertaking, he was fired in 1772, and the next year, without losing heart, he gave performances at Isler on mineral waters *.
11) Ferdyshchenko, Petr Petrovich, foreman. Former batman of Prince Potemkin. With a not very extensive mind, he was tongue-tied. Arrears launched; he liked to eat boiled pork and goose with cabbage. During his tenure, the city was subjected to famine and fire. He died in 1779 from overeating.
12) Borodavkin, Vasilisk Semyonovich. * This city administration was the longest and most brilliant. He led a campaign against the arrears, burned down thirty-three villages and, with the help of these measures, recovered the arrears of two rubles and a half. Introduced the game lamouche * and olive oil; paved the market square and planted birch trees on the street leading to government offices; again petitioned for the establishment of an academy in Foolov, but, having received a refusal, he built a movable house *. He died in 1798, at the execution, admonished by the police captain.
13) Scoundrels *, Onufry Ivanovich, former Gatchina stoker. He placed the streets paved with its predecessors and set up monuments from the extracted stone *. He was replaced in 1802 for disagreeing with Novosiltsev, Czartorysky and Strogonov (the famous triumvirate in his time) about constitutions, in which he was justified by the consequences.
14) Mikaladze, Prince Xavier Georgievich, Cherkashenin, a descendant of the voluptuous Princess Tamara. He had a seductive appearance, and was so eager for the female sex that he almost doubled the population of Foolov. Left a useful guide on this subject. He died in 1814 from exhaustion.
15) Benevolensky *, Feofilakt Irinarkhovich, State Councilor, comrade of Speransky in the seminary. He was wise and showed a penchant for legislation. He predicted public courts and zemstvos.* He had a love affair with the merchant Raspopova, with whom, on Saturdays, he ate pies with filling. In his free time, he composed sermons for city priests and translated from the Latin works of Thomas a Kempis. Re-introduced, as if useful, mustard, bay leaf and olive oil. The first taxed a tribute, from which he received three thousand rubles a year. In 1811, for pandering to Bonaparte, he was called to account and exiled to prison.
16) Pimple, major, Ivan Panteleevich. He turned out with a stuffed head, which was convicted by the local marshal of the nobility. *
17) Ivanov, State Councilor, Nikodim Osipovich. He was so small in stature that he could not contain extensive laws. He died in 1819 from strain, trying to comprehend some Senate decree.
18) Du Chario, viscount, Angel Dorofeevich, French native. He liked to dress up in a woman's dress and feast on frogs. Upon examination, it turned out to be a girl. Exiled in 1821 abroad.
20) Sadtilov, Erast Andreevich, State Councilor. Friend of Karamzin. He was distinguished by tenderness and sensitivity, hearts *, he liked to drink tea in the city grove, and could not see without tears how black grouse were playing. He left behind several idyllic compositions and died of melancholy in 1825. The tribute from the ransom was raised to five thousand rubles a year.
21) Gloomy-Grumbling, a former scoundrel. He destroyed the old city and built another in a new place.
22) Interception-Zalikhvatsky *, Archangel * Stratilatovich, major. I will keep silent about this. He rode into Foolov on a white horse, burned the gymnasium and abolished the sciences.
You read the summary (chapters) and the full text of the work: The history of one city: Saltykov-Shchedrin M E (Mikhail Evgrafovich).
You can read the whole work in full and brief contents (by chapters), according to the content on the right.
Classics of literature (satire) from the collection of works for reading (stories, novels) of the best, famous satirical writers: Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin.
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"Writer Saltykov-Shchedrin" - "Fairytale cycle" - beginning 1869. Shchedrin's satire is a special phenomenon in Russian literature. In the village of Spas-Ugol, Tver province, in a wealthy landowner's family. In the summer of 1850 The stories "Contradictions" (1847), "A Tangled Case" (1848) were published in "Domestic Notes". "History of one city" 1869-1870. By the age of six he was taught French and German.
"Tales of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin" - Creativity of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Elements of a Russian folk tale. N. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote the book of fairy tales with a break. What is the social significance of the fairy tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin. How is the owner of the peasants depicted in the fairy tale "The Wild Landowner". "Tales" by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. What is common in the fairy tales "The Tale of That ..." and "The Wild Landowner".
“A game based on the fairy tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin” - In what form did the two generals arrive on the island. Name the name of the "Wild Landowner". How the generals returned home. With whom the landowner hunted hares. golden word. What did the peasant feed the generals on the way to Petersburg. The protagonist of the fairy tale about the wild landowner. Generals. Pears. Bird snares. The genre of the work. Man.
"The Works of Shchedrin" - The final work of the writer is considered to be "Tales". The novel depicts the disintegration of the bourgeois family. The heyday of the fairy tale genre falls on Shchedrin in the 80s. The fantasy of Shchedrin's fairy tales is real, carries a generalized political content. The language of Shchedrin's fairy tales is deeply folk, close to Russian folklore.
"Shchedrin the writer" - Literary heritage. Mikhail Evgrafovich died in 1889 ... ... he lived for 63 years! Saltykov-Shchedrin's parents. Brief information: The education of Mikhail Evgrafovich. Mikhail Evgrafovich SALTYKOV - SCHEDRIN. The first 10 years of Saltykov's life were spent in the parental estate. "The Tale of How a Man Feeded Two Generals."
"The history of one city lesson" - The results of the lesson. Techniques for typing a satirical image-character. Techniques for the satirical depiction of characters used by Saltykov-Shchedrin in the novel: The writer's works are still relevant today. Expressive reading of the excerpt by roles. Stylization of the narrative in the style of chroniclers-archivists. Why are the people described in the novel called bunglers?
Retelling plan
1. The chronicler introduces the reader to the purpose of his work and the history of the origin of the Foolovites.
2. Characteristic features of 22 rulers of the city of Glupov.
3. The life of the mayor Brodasty, who had an organ in his head.
4. Struggle for power in Foolovo.
5. Board Dvoekurova.
6. Quiet years and famine under the mayor Ferdyshchenko.
7. "Progressive" activity of Vasilisk Semenovich Borodavkin.
8. Many different rulers of the city, who made changes in his way of life.
9. Corruption of the morals of the city.
10. Gloomy-Grumbling.
11. Composition of Vasilisk Borodavkin about the obligations of the mayor.
12. The work of Xavier Mikaladze on the external and internal appearance of the ruler.
13. The composition of the mayor Benevolsky about the kindness of the ruler.
retelling
Chapter 1. Address to the reader
From the last archivist-chronicler. The work is written in the form of a chronicler's narration, stylized as an old style, then the narration is conducted on behalf of the author, publisher and commentator of archival materials. The goal is to “depict successively the mayors who were appointed to the city of Foolov from the Russian government at different times.”
Chapter 2
The chapter is a retelling of the chronicle, an imitation of the "Tale of Igor's Campaign": the inhabitants of the city, who were called bunglers, are described, their life, communication with neighboring tribes is told. The prehistoric times of the city of Foolov seem unreal (fantastic), absurd, and the actions of the peoples living in ancient times are stupid, unconscious.
Chapter 3
This chapter is a commentary on subsequent chapters. Each of the 22 rulers of the city of Glupov passed away for an absurd reason. For example, Fotiy Petrovich Ferapontov was torn to pieces by dogs in the forest; Lamvrokanis - eaten by bedbugs in bed; Cormorant Ivan Matveyevich - broken in half during a storm ... Each image is individual and at the same time typical. In the inventory of city governors, brief characteristics of Foolov's statesmen are given, the most stable negative features of Russian reality are shown satirically.
Chapter 4
With this chapter, the author opens the biographies of Foolov's mayors on the example of the life of Brudasty - a "fool", "scoundrel", "evil dog". In the head of this figure, instead of the brain, something like a hurdy-gurdy operates, periodically playing two shouts: “I will ruin!” and "I will not stand it!". Saltykov-Shchedrin ridicules the brainlessness of the bureaucratic Russian state power.
Brusty would still have ruled the city for a long time, if not for one circumstance. One morning a clerk came into the mayor's office for a report and saw that the chief's body was sitting at a desk, and an empty head was lying in front of him. Following the clerk, an assistant to the mayor, a senior quarterly, and the chief city doctor visited the office. None of them could understand how the head of the mayor could separate from the body without hemorrhage. Rumors spread throughout the city that the mayor, whom everyone obeyed, had an empty vessel on his shoulders instead of a head. In the evening, all the members gathered in the club and began, excitedly, to recall various circumstances and find facts on the above case. And Brudasty's assistant remembered that he had once seen the chief's head on the watchmaker Baibakov's desk. A watchmaker was called in for questioning, who said that one night he was taken to the mayor to have his head repaired. Having examined the head of Brodystoy, the watchmaker realized that it contained an organ that performed simple pieces of music: “I will ruin!” and "I will not stand it!". After listening to Baibakov's testimony, the mayor's assistant sends a telegram to Winterhalter and proceeds to calm the public unrest. A few days later, Winterhalter sends another (new) head. And the Foolovites, who by that time were very agitated, calmed down when they saw the mayor again. The two mayors met in the same office. Baibakov delivered the corrected head of the chief. The fools were so dumbfounded. The impostors met and measured each other with their eyes. The crowd that had been watching this scene dispersed slowly and in silence.
Chapter 5 A picture of Foolov's civil strife
In this chapter, the writer sarcastically describes the reign of the crowned heads. After a short period of dual power, a messenger arrives in the city of Foolov from the province and takes away both impostors. A struggle for power begins in the city.
The first mayor was Iraida Lukinishna Paleologova. She took possession of the treasury of the city by cunning and decided to bribe the people by throwing copper money into the crowd. The next morning, the assistant to the mayor joined the fight, he wanted to take back the reins of government. Iraida ordered all her rivals (enemies) to be seized and, under the threat of reprisal against them, forced them to recognize her as the mayor.
But another woman appears in the city - Clementine de Bourbon - who also set a goal to become the head of the city of Foolov. In the struggle for power, Clementine won.
But things in Foolov became more and more confused. A third contender appeared, a native of Reval, Amalia Karlovna Stockfish, who bribed the townspeople with vodka. The drunken crowd caught Clementine and, putting her in a cage, took her to the square. Meanwhile, Amalia Stockfish took over the reign, and Clementine was in a cage. The townspeople, coming to the square, teased her. In response, she began to say that she, whatever she was, was the daughter of the mayor. Then the Foolovites thought about it and decided that Klemantinka was telling the truth and that she should be released.
Nelka Lyadokhovskaya appeared in the city, who interrogated Amalia, ordered her to be locked in the same cage with Clementine. The next morning, rumors spread around the city that the dissolute girls had eaten each other.
Before the Foolovites had time to get used to the rule of Nelka Lyadokhovskaya, two more appeared: Dunka the fat-footed and Matryona the nostril. Both justified their rights to power by the fact that they had repeatedly visited the mayors for a treat.
The Foolovites had to deal with three applicants at once. The people began to resent. But on the seventh day after the beginning of the indignation, the Foolovites triumphed. Finally, the "existing" mayor arrived in their city - state councilor and gentleman Semyon Konstantinovich Dvoekurov. Thus ended this "idle and laughable frenzy ..." and did not repeat itself.
Chapter 6
The biography of the mayor did not reach his contemporaries, who could understand the theory of his government. Dvoekurov's most important work was a note on the need to establish an academy in Foolov.
One of Dvoekurov's successors, Borodavkin, failed to realize the attempt to open the academy. And the merit of Dvoekurov is that he contributed to the development of education in the city.
Chapter 7
In this chapter, the writer tells how for six years the city of Foolov did not burn, did not starve, did not experience any epidemic diseases or bestial cases, and the people attributed such prosperity to the simplicity of their boss, Pyotr Petrovich Ferdyshchenko.
But in the seventh year of the reign of this mayor, changes took place: he threw off his greasy robe and began to walk around the city in a uniform. At the beginning of 1776, visiting a tavern, the mayor saw Alena Osipova there and fell in love with her. Alenka had a husband - Dmitry Prokofiev. Alenka refused Ferdyshchenko's offer to live with him in love. Then the mayor decided to take revenge on her. He ordered to put two disabled people in the apartment where Alena and her husband lived. Alena drove these invalids away. The next time the foreman again made signs to Alena in the tavern and was again refused. In the evening, the woman, falling at her husband's feet, said that she would have to become the mayor's mistress. Alena's husband, Mitka, rebelled, began to threaten her with violence. Upon learning of this rebellion, the mayor ordered that he be punished for it. The rebel was chained and taken away. Alena rushed to the foreman in the yard. The brigadier tried to persuade her to love, but Alyonka did not cheat on her husband. Mitka was accused of setting fire to the mayor's yard and sent to Siberia. Alenka sobbed.
All the Foolovites paid for the sins of the brigadier: famine set in the city, people began to die. Blaming Alena for all the sins, the Foolovites dealt with her: “they carried her to the upper tier of the bell tower and threw from there more than fifteen fathoms to a peal from a height ...” Her body was smashed by hungry dogs. And bread appeared in the city after this bloody drama.
Chapter 8
This chapter is about how the brigadier fell in love with archer Domashka. She, using the location of the mayor (brigadier), pushed the gunners and archers. The city suffered the most from this hatred. On the first day of his voluptuousness with Domashka, the foreman climbed up with her to the tower of the mayor's house and drank dead drunk.
And here again the disaster befell the city. On the eve of the feast of the Kazan Mother of God, on July 7, a fire broke out. The author gives a detailed description of this event. The result of the fire was that the crowd, left without shelter, food and clothing, poured into the city, into its center. Only in the evening the fire began to subside, because it began to pour rain. The Foolovites blamed the foreman for all these troubles and began to demand from him an answer for his sins. The brigadier brought Domashka out to the furious archers. The woman, with her impudent smile, was able to appease the crowd with her behavior: The foreman, repentant, shed crocodile tears, the Foolovites rejoiced at their success. The foreman began to write a denunciation of the Foolovites, who raised a revolt against him, the head of the city. Foolovtsy, having learned about this, were numb with fear.
Chapter 9
No sooner had the Foolovites moved away from the fire, when the brigadier's frivolity almost brought a new disaster upon them. Ferdyshchenko decided to capitalize on the use of pastures. He "imagined that the grasses would turn greener and the flowers would bloom brighter as soon as he rode out into the pasture." He left on Nikolin's Day, and ordered the Glu-Povites to beat in the basins. The foreman told the old men who met on the pasture to show what sights they had. It turned out that there were no sights, except for one dunghill. The foreman got drunk to the point of disgrace and began to frighten the Foolovites that he would burn them all. His batman Vasily Chernostup tried to calm him down.
The next day, driving across the pasture, they met a shepherd. For three days they interrogated him about what happened in the pasture. The shepherd could not explain anything. The Brigadier moved on. The fame of his travels grew by leaps and bounds. The Foolovites decided to celebrate this in the field; while waiting for their boss, they put on new clothes. Coming out of the chaise, the foreman shed a tear when he saw such a picture. He understood that people's love is a force containing something edible.
At lunch the tables were set and dinner began. The brigadier drank two glasses of clean water before dinner and added more during dinner, and suddenly he remembered that he had to run somewhere. The Foolovites tried to keep their mayor, but after the second break (there was a pig in sour cream), he became ill, but he ate another goose with cabbage. After that, his mouth twisted.
A week later, the mayor Vasilisk Semyonovich Borodavkin arrived in the city, from which the "golden age of Glupov" began.
Chapter 10
In this chapter, the author gives a detailed description of the new mayor who replaced Ferdyshchenko. Pointing to the peculiarities of his manner and methods of governing the city, Saltykov-Shchedrin shows as one of the distinguishing features of the character's character his ability to "shout at any time" and shout to achieve a goal. Vasilisk Semyonovich Borodavkin won benefits for the Foolovites. He slept with only one eye, the other, not sleeping eye, was constantly watching everything. Borodavkin was also a writer. For ten years he wrote a project "about the thing of the army and fleets ..." and every day he added one line to it. The mayor's writings were quite a voluminous notebook, which included three thousand six hundred and fifty-two lines.
Borodavkin was waiting for a call - a call to overthrow Byzantium, to rename it the city of Ekaterinograd. But there was no such call. And troops on foot and horseback passed through the city of Foolov. The new mayor considered all the options for managing the city by his predecessors and chose Dvoekurov's version of government to emulate. Dvokurov did a lot for the Foolovites: he paved the streets, collected arrears, patronized the sciences and petitioned for the establishment of an academy, introduced mustard and bay leaves into use. Wartkin decided to do the same with Provence oil. According to the stories and legends of the inhabitants, Borodavkin learned that all the innovations introduced by Dvoekurov were not supported by the two mayors who followed him and dirtied them. And Wartkin set a goal - to save a dying civilization. He decided to start his reforms by enlightening the Foolovites, who were desperately resisting this. The war for education has begun. Wartkin, having made several attempts, realized that in some cases, many-mindedness is tantamount to bewilderment. And he decides to form a trustworthy reserve out of tin soldiers. Mustard was nevertheless approved everywhere.
There were four wars for education in total. But, having won, Wartkin begins the struggle against enlightenment: he burned the settlement, ruined it, squandered it. In 1798 he died.
Chapter 11
This chapter tells that the wars for enlightenment, which later turned into wars against enlightenment, so exhausted the Foolovs that the inhabitants felt the need to free the city from wars in general. The mayor Negodyaev fell in 1802 for disagreeing with Novosiltsev and Stroganov about constitutions. In place of Negodyaev, the mayor was appointed "Circassian" Mikaladze, who hardly "had a clue" about constitutions. The new mayor was in a military rank, always walked in an unbuttoned frock coat, gave his subordinates a hand, indulged in passion in the ladies' society and in this passion found himself an untimely death. Nevertheless, the appointment of Mikaladze was "an extremely gratifying phenomenon" for the Foolovites. During the reign of Mikaladze's predecessor, Captain Negodyaev, the city of Foolov turned into a disorderly heap of blackened and dilapidated huts, only the moving house proudly raised its tower to the sky. There was no food, no clothes, the Foolovites were overgrown with hair and sucked their paws. And so Mikaladze undertook reforms, the essence of which was as follows: stop education, do not issue laws. A month later, the wool on the Foolovts began to shed; after another month, they stopped sucking their paws, and six months later, the first round dance took place in Glupovo, at which the mayor himself was present and treated women with printed gingerbread.
Many, studying the reign of Mikaladze, noted its imperfection. He had his shortcomings and mistakes. Mikaladze died in 1806 from exhaustion.
In place of the mayor of Mikaladze, the State Councilor Feofilakt Irinarkhovich Benevolsky, a friend and comrade of Speransky in the seminary, was appointed. The author notes Benevolsky's inclination from early youth to legislation: being a seminarian, he "drew several laws". Feofilakt Irinarkhovich, continuing the work begun by Mikaladze, introduces his additions and changes. He makes an attempt to make the city of Foolov a second-law city. But his request was not accepted in the province. Nevertheless, the Foolovites lived well. Hiding from the Foolovites in the house of the merchant Raspopova, the mayor began to write sermons, orders and secretly distribute them. The Foolovites did not understand Benevolsky and did not support his orders and the charter on respectable baking pies. He left the city for the region, "where Makar did not drive calves."
Lieutenant Colonel Pryshch appeared to replace Benevolsky. Describing the appearance, character traits, demeanor of the new mayor, the narrator notes his liberality: he did not issue laws, did not arrange parades ... During these years, the Foolovites healed well: "everyone ate real bread, cabbage soup with welding." Pimple looked at the life of the Foolovites and rejoiced. The general abundance was also reflected in him: his barns were bursting with offerings, chests could not contain silver and gold, banknotes lay on the floor. A year has passed. The fortune of the Foolovites doubled and tripled. The townspeople began to notice special qualities of mind and heart in their boss; his stomach was very strong, in it "all sorts of pieces disappeared in the grave", his head was stuffed. Thanks to these circumstances, the Foolovites achieved prosperity.
Chapter 12
The author describes the difficult days for the Foolovites that came after the numerous changes of city governors. Due to the absence of mayors, the city's district governors ruled for some time. There was famine in the city. The quarters decided to poison all the dogs in the Gostiny Dvor in order to have access to the shops at night.
State Councilor Ivanov arrived in the city. But he did not rule the city for long. There are two versions of his death: the first is that Ivanov died of fright, having received too extensive a Senate decree, which he did not hope to understand; the second version was that Ivanov did not die, but was dismissed because his head, due to the gradual drying of the brain (from the uselessness of them in use), went into its infancy. During the reign of Ivanov, the Foolovites continued their prosperous life.
In 1815 Ivanov was replaced by a French native, Viscount du Chario. At that time, Paris was taken; Napoleon was expelled to Saint Helena. Du Chario liked the stuffed pies. Having eaten his fill, he demanded that they show him places where you can have fun. Having fun tirelessly, almost every day the mayor arranged masquerades, "he did not do any business and did not interfere in the administration."
The Foolovites began to build a tower so that its upper end rested against the sky, but they did not complete the tower. The Foolovites got the idols of Perun and Volos from the archive, "noble people of both sexes began to bow to Perun, and the smerds made sacrifices to Volos." In the city of Foolovo, the corruption of morals developed by leaps and bounds. A new language was formed, half-human, half-monkey; noble persons walked the streets and sang. Respect for elders disappeared, self-interest prevailed, and the Foolovites decided to sell the old men and women into slavery. And the Foolovites continued to consider themselves the wisest people in the world.
The State Councilor Erast Andreyevich Sadtilov found Foolov's affairs in this position. He was by nature a sensitive and shy person. He composed the story "Saturn, stopping his run in the arms of Venus", which combined the tenderness of Apuleius with the playfulness of Guys. Under the name of Saturn, he portrayed himself, under the name of Venus - the then-famous beauty Natalia Kirillovna de Pompadour.
The licentiousness of the Foolovites pleased the new mayor. The Foolovites themselves felt happy and content, and as such did not want to hinder the happiness and contentment of others. Everyone was in a hurry to live and enjoy: Sadtilov was also in a hurry. He was careless in his official duties, easily concealed government money. Melancholy thought that everyone could parasitize and that the productive forces of the country would not only not dry up from this, but even increase. This was his first delusion. The second misconception is the fascination with the brilliant side of the domestic politics of their predecessors. Having fallen in love with Aksinyushka, Sadtilov, as it were, was renewed. Aksinyushka helped the poor and the crippled.
Chapter 13
The anti-utopianism and prophetic meaning of this chapter is clear: the perverted idea of equality turns into barracks leveling, unanimity is replaced by unanimity and is supported by a system of total denunciation, and these nightmares are justified in reality by “past and present disasters.” The idea of leveling Gloom-Burcheev is embodied in the outward appearance of the "idiot".
The landscape, which for the writer has become the personification of normal life, is the only opponent of the inhuman, dead idea of the state. The chapter ends with the disappearance of Moody-Grumbling, he has vanished into thin air.
Chapter 14
I. Thoughts on the unanimity of the mayor, as well as on the autocracy of the mayor and other things
The first part of this chapter consists of the writings of Foolov's mayor Vasilisk Borodavkin. He writes about the rights and duties of the head of the city. "Rights - so that the villains tremble, and the rest obey." “Obligations are to use measures of meekness, but not to lose sight of the measures of severity.” He proposes to encourage science, but to fight free thought. Borodavkin warns that mayors should be prudent in considering their own actions. The duties of the mayor are expressed in greetings and wishes, a smile should play on the face.
He gives sound advice to mayors on how to act in a given situation: he proposes to abolish the administration, to establish an educational city governor's institute (to feed the mayors not with mother's milk, but by decrees of the ruling Senate and instructions from the authorities), to educate in each mayor a person who fulfills all the instructions of the highest authorities ; recommends that from time to time secret congresses of town governors be held in provincial cities, and awards be presented to them.
The autocracy of city governors consists in conquering the elements. One city governor complains that the sun rises every day in the east, and he can order that it rise in the west; it is impossible to stop the passage of time.
II. About the plausible appearance of all mayors
In the composition of the mayor, Prince Xavier Georgievich Mikaladze, valuable instructions are given, advice on how the mayor should look outwardly: to have a specious appearance, not huge growth, proportionality in all parts of the body and to have a clean face (without warts and rashes), eyes should be gray, capable of expressing and mercy, and severity. Mikaladze describes in detail why these characteristics are needed. For example, a clean face adorns not only the mayor, but every person. It provides numerous services: it ensures the trust of the authorities, the love and devotion of subordinates. The slightest wart can disturb harmony.
Each mayor must secretly communicate with the female sex.
III. Charter on the kindness characteristic of the city governor
Mayor Benevolsky gives fifteen practical advice on the respectable behavior of mayors. Each city governor must be kind-hearted, have the ability to listen to the inhabitants who come to him, not to interfere with them doing their own business. Punish for the sins of every inhabitant, and protect the mayor himself from this. To issue good laws, not to put pressure on gatherings and festivities, to introduce education with moderation, to avoid bloodshed. For the rest, do as you please.
By creating the ironic grotesque "History of a City," Saltykov-Shchedrin hoped to arouse in the reader not laughter, but a "bitter feeling" of shame. The idea of the work is built on the image of a certain hierarchy: a simple people who will not resist the instructions of often stupid rulers, and the tyrannical rulers themselves. In the face of the common people in this story, the inhabitants of the city of Foolov act, and their oppressors are the mayors. Saltykov-Shchedrin notes with irony that this people needs a leader, one who will give them instructions and keep them in "hedgehogs", otherwise the whole people will fall into anarchy.
History of creation
The concept and idea of the novel "The History of a City" were formed gradually. In 1867, the writer wrote the fairy-tale-fantastic work "The Tale of the Governor with a Stuffed Head", which subsequently formed the basis of the chapter "Organchik". In 1868 Saltykov-Shchedrin began working on The History of a City and finished in 1870. Initially, the author wanted to give the work the name "Glupovsky Chronicler". The novel was published in the then popular magazine Otechestvennye Zapiski.
The plot of the work
(Illustrations by the creative team of Soviet graphic artists "Kukryniksy")
The story is told from the perspective of the chronicler. He talks about the inhabitants of the city, who were so stupid that their city was given the name "Stupid". The novel begins with the chapter "On the Root of the Origin of the Foolovites", in which the history of this people is given. It tells in particular about the tribe of bunglers, who, after defeating the neighboring tribes of onion-eaters, thick-eaters, walrus-eaters, kosobryukhy and others, decided to find a ruler for themselves, because they wanted to restore order in the tribe. Only one prince decided to rule, and even he sent a thief-innovator instead of himself. When he stole, the prince sent him a noose, but the thief was able to get out in a sense and stabbed himself with a cucumber. As you can see, irony and the grotesque coexist perfectly in the work.
After several unsuccessful candidates for the role of deputies, the prince appeared in the city in person. Becoming the first ruler, he marked the "historical time" of the city. Twenty-two rulers with their accomplishments are said to have ruled the city, but the Inventory lists twenty-one. Apparently, the missing one is the founder of the city.
Main characters
Each of the mayors performs its task in implementing the writer's idea through the grotesque to show the absurdity of their government. In many types, the features of historical figures are visible. For greater recognition, Saltykov-Shchedrin not only described the style of their government, ridiculously distorted the names, but also gave apt descriptions pointing to a historical prototype. Some of the personalities of the mayors are images collected from the characteristic features of different people in the history of the Russian state.
So, the third ruler Ivan Matveyevich Velikanov, famous for drowning the director of economic affairs and imposing taxes at three kopecks per person, was exiled to prison for having an affair with Avdotya Lopukhina, the first wife of Peter I.
Brigadier Ivan Matveyevich Baklan, the sixth mayor, was tall and proud of being a follower of Ivan the Terrible's line. The reader understands what is meant by the bell tower in Moscow. The ruler found death in the spirit of the same grotesque image that fills the novel - the foreman was broken in half during a storm.
The personality of Peter III in the image of Guards Sergeant Bogdan Bogdanovich Pfeifer is indicated by the characteristic given to him - "a Holstein native", the style of government of the mayor and his outcome - removed from the post of ruler "for ignorance".
Dementy Varlamovich Brodysty is nicknamed "Organchik" for the presence of a mechanism in his head. He kept the city at bay because he was gloomy and withdrawn. When trying to take the head of the mayor for repair to the capital's masters, she was thrown out by a frightened coachman from the carriage. After the reign of Organchik, chaos reigned in the city for 7 days.
The short period of prosperity of the townspeople is associated with the name of the ninth mayor, Semyon Konstantinovich Dvoekurov. A civilian adviser and innovator, he took care of the appearance of the city, started honey and brewing. Tried to open an academy.
The longest reign was marked by the twelfth mayor, Vasilisk Semenovich Borodavkin, who reminds the reader of the style of government of Peter I. His “glorious deeds” also indicate the connection of the character with the historical figure - he destroyed the Streltsy and Dung settlements, and the difficult relationship with the eradication of the ignorance of the people - spent four years in Foolov wars for education and three - against. He resolutely prepared the city for burning, but suddenly died.
Onufriy Ivanovich Negodyaev, a former peasant by origin, who heated stoves before serving as a mayor, destroyed the streets paved by the former ruler and erected monuments on these resources. The image was copied from Paul I, which is also indicated by the circumstances of his removal: he was fired for disagreeing with the triumvirate about constitutions.
Under the state councilor Erast Andreevich Sadtilov, the stupid elite was busy with balls and night meetings with reading the works of a certain gentleman. As in the reign of Alexander I, the mayor did not care about the people, who were impoverished and starving.
Scoundrel, idiot and "Satan" Ugryum-Burcheev bears a "talking" surname and is "written off" from Count Arakcheev. He finally destroys Foolov and decides to build the city of Neprekolnsk in a new place. When trying to implement such a grandiose project, the “end of the world” occurred: the sun faded, the earth shook, and the mayor disappeared without a trace. Thus ended the story of "one city".
Analysis of the work
Saltykov-Shchedrin, with the help of satire and the grotesque, aims to reach out to the human soul. He wants to convince the reader that the human institution must be based on Christian principles. Otherwise, a person's life can be deformed, mutilated, and in the end can lead to the death of the human soul.
"The History of a City" is an innovative work that has overcome the usual framework of artistic satire. Each image in the novel has pronounced grotesque features, but is recognizable at the same time. That gave rise to a flurry of criticism against the author. He was accused of "slandering" the people and rulers.
Indeed, the story of Glupov is largely written off from the chronicle of Nestor, which tells about the time of the beginning of Rus' - "The Tale of Bygone Years". The author intentionally emphasized this parallel in order to make it clear who he means by the Foolovites, and that all these mayors are by no means a flight of fancy, but real Russian rulers. At the same time, the author makes it clear that he is not describing the entire human race, namely Russia, rewriting its history in his own satirical way.
However, the purpose of creating the work Saltykov-Shchedrin did not make a mockery of Russia. The writer's task was to encourage society to critically rethink its history in order to eradicate existing vices. The grotesque plays a huge role in creating an artistic image in the work of Saltykov-Shchedrin. The main goal of the writer is to show the vices of people who are not noticed by society.
The writer ridiculed the ugliness of society and was called the "great mocker" among such predecessors as Griboyedov and Gogol. Reading the ironic grotesque, the reader wanted to laugh, but there was something sinister in this laughter - the audience "felt how the scourge was whipping itself."
In 1870, after a series of publications of individual chapters, the work of Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin "The History of a City" was published. This event received a wide public outcry - the writer was accused of mocking the Russian people and denigrating the facts of Russian history. The genre of the work is a satirical story, exposing the morals, the relationship between power and people in an autocratic society.
The story "The History of a City" is full of such devices as irony, grotesque, Aesopian language, allegory. All this allows the author, in individual episodes, bringing what is described to the point of absurdity, to vividly depict the absolute obedience of the people to any arbitrary power. The vices of the society contemporary to the author have not been eliminated even today. After reading the “History of a City” in a summary of the chapters, you will get acquainted with the most important moments of the work, clearly demonstrating the satirical orientation of the story.
Main characters
The main characters of the story are the mayors, each of whom managed to be remembered in some way in the history of the city of Glupov. Since the story describes a lot of portraits of mayors, it is worth dwelling on the most significant characters.
busty- shocked the inhabitants with his categoricalness, with his exclamations on any occasion “I will ruin!” and "I will not stand it!".
Dvoekurov with his "great" reforms regarding bay leaves and mustard, seems completely harmless against the background of subsequent mayors.
Wartkin- fought with his own people "for enlightenment."
Ferdyshchenko– his greed and lust almost killed the townspeople.
Acne- the people were not ready for such a ruler as he was - people lived too well under him, not interfering in any affairs.
Gloomy-Grumbling- with all his idiocy, he managed not only to become the mayor, but also to destroy the entire city, trying to realize his crazy idea.
Other characters
If the main characters are the mayors, the secondary ones are the people with whom they interact. The common people are shown as a collective image. The author generally depicts him as obeying his ruler, ready to endure all oppression and various oddities of his power. They are shown by the author as a faceless mass that rebels only when there is a mass death of people around from hunger or fires.
From the publisher
"History of one city" tells about the city of Foolov, its history. The chapter "From the Publisher" in the voice of the author assures the reader that the "Chronicle" is genuine. He invites the reader to "catch the physiognomy of the city and follow how its history reflected the various changes that simultaneously took place in the higher spheres." The author emphasizes that the plot of the narrative is monotonous, "almost exclusively limited to the biographies of mayors."
Appeal to the reader from the last archivist-chronicler
In this chapter, the author sets himself the task of conveying a “touching correspondence” to the authorities of the city, “daring to the extent” of the people, “thanks to the extent possible”. The archivist tells that he will present the reader with the history of the government in the city of Glupovo of the mayors, one after the other replacing in the highest post. The narrators, four local chroniclers, recount in turn the "genuine" events taking place in the city from 1731 to 1825.
About the origin of the Foolovites
This chapter tells about prehistoric times, about how the ancient tribe of bunglers defeated the neighboring tribes of onion-eaters, thick-eaters, walrus-eaters, frogs, kosobryukhy and so on. After the victory, the bunglers began to think about how to restore order in their new society, since things were not going well for them: either “The Volga was kneaded with oatmeal”, or “they dragged the calf to the bathhouse”. They decided they needed a ruler. To this end, the bunglers went to look for a prince who would rule them. However, all the princes to whom they addressed with this request refused, because no one wanted to rule stupid people. The princes, having “taught” with a rod, the bunglers were released in peace and with “honor”. Desperate, they turned to an innovative thief who managed to help find the prince. The prince agreed to manage them, but he did not begin to live with the bunglers - he sent an innovative thief as his deputy.
Golovotyapov renamed them “Stupid”, and the city, accordingly, became known as “Folupov”.
It was not at all difficult for the Novotor to manage the Foolovites - this people was distinguished by humility and unquestioning execution of orders from the authorities. However, this did not please their ruler, the newcomer wanted riots that could be pacified. The end of his reign was very sad: the thief-innovator stole so much that the prince could not stand it and sent him a noose. But the newcomer managed to get out of this situation - without waiting for the loop, he "killed himself with a cucumber."
Then other rulers, who were sent by the prince, began to appear in Foolov one by one. All of them - Odoevets, Orlovets, Kalyazin - turned out to be unscrupulous thieves even worse than an innovator. The prince was tired of such events, personally appeared in the city with a cry: "I'll screw it up!". With this cry, the countdown of "historical time" began.
Inventory to the mayors, at various times in the city of Foolov from the higher authorities appointed (1731 - 1826)
This chapter lists the names of the mayors of Glupov and briefly mentions their "achievements". It speaks of twenty-two rulers. So, for example, about one of the city governors in the document it is written as follows: “22) Intercept-Zalikhvatsky, Archangel Stratilatovich, Major. I will keep silent about this. He rode into Foolov on a white horse, burned the gymnasium and abolished the sciences. ”(The meaning of the chapter is not clear)
organ
The year 1762 was marked by the beginning of the reign of the mayor Dementy Varlamovich Brodasty. The Foolovites were surprised that their new ruler is sullen and says nothing but two phrases: "I will not tolerate it!" and "I'll ruin it!" They did not know what to think until the secret of Brodystoy was revealed: his head is completely empty. The clerk accidentally saw a terrible thing: the mayor's torso, as usual, was sitting at the table, but the head was separately lying on the table. And there was nothing in it at all. The townspeople did not know what to do now. They remembered Baibakov, the watchmaker and organ maker, who had recently visited Brudastom. After questioning Baibakov, the Foolovites found out that the head of the mayor was equipped with a musical organ, which played only two pieces: “I won’t stand it!” and "I'll ruin it!" The organ broke down, damp on the way. The master could not fix it on his own, so he ordered a new head in St. Petersburg, but the order was delayed for some reason.
There was an anarchy, the ending of which was put by the unexpected appearance of two absolutely identical impostor rulers at the same time. They saw each other, "measured each other with their eyes," and the inhabitants, who watched this scene, silently slowly dispersed. A messenger who arrived from the province took both "mayors" with him, and anarchy began in Glupovo, which lasted a whole week.
The Tale of the Six Mayors (Picture of Foolovsky civil strife)
This time was very eventful in the field of city government - the city survived as many as six mayors. Residents watched the struggle of Iraida Lukinichna Paleologova, Klementinka de Bourbon, Amalia Karlovna Stockfish. The first assured that she was worthy of being a mayor because her husband had been engaged in mayoral activities for some time, the second had her father, the third had once been a mayoral pompadour. In addition to those named, Nelka Lyadokhovskaya, Dunka the fat-footed and Matryonka the nostril also claimed power. There were no grounds for the latter to claim the role of city governors at all. Serious battles broke out in the city. The Foolovites drowned and threw their fellow citizens from the bell tower. The city is tired of anarchy. And then, finally, a new mayor appeared - Semyon Konstatinovich Dvoekurov.
The news about Dvokurov
The newly-minted ruler of the Dvoekurs ruled the Foolovs for eight years. He is noted as a person of advanced views. Dvokurov developed activities that became beneficial for the city. Under him, they began to engage in honey and brewing, ordered mustard and bay leaf to be eaten. His intentions included the establishment of the Academy in Foolov.
hungry city
Pyotr Petrovich Ferdyshchenko replaced Dvoekurov's board. The city lived for six years in prosperity and prosperity. But in the seventh year, the mayor fell in love with Alena Osipova, the wife of the coachman Mitka. However, Alenka did not share Pyotr Petrovich's feelings. Ferdyshchenko took all sorts of actions to make Alenka fall in love with him, even sent Mitka to Siberia. Alenka became supportive of the courtship of the mayor.
A drought began in Foolovo, followed by famine and human deaths. The Foolovites lost patience and sent a messenger to Ferdyshchenko, but the walker did not return. The petition was also not answered. Then the inhabitants rebelled and threw Alenka from the bell tower. A company of soldiers came to the city to suppress the riot.
thatched city
The next love interest of Pyotr Petrovich was the archer Domashka, whom he recaptured from the “optism”. Along with the new love, the fires caused by the drought came to the city. Pushkarskaya Sloboda burned down, then Bolotnaya and Negodnitsa. The Foolovites accused Ferdyshchenko of a new misfortune.
fantasy traveler
The new stupidity of Ferdyshchenko hardly brought a new disaster to the townspeople: he went on a journey through the city pasture, forcing the inhabitants to present themselves with food supplies. The journey ended three days later with the death of Ferdyshchenko from gluttony. The Foolovites were afraid that they would be accused of deliberately "feeding the brigadier." However, a week later, the fears of the townspeople dissipated - a new mayor arrived from the province. The decisive and active Borodavkin marked the beginning of the "golden age of Glupov." People began to live in full abundance.
Wars for enlightenment
Vasilisk Semenovich Borodavkin, the new mayor of Glupov, studied the history of the city, and decided that the only previous ruler worth emulating was Dvoekurov, and he was struck not even by the fact that his predecessor had paved the streets of the city and collected arrears, but by the fact that under him sowed mustard. Unfortunately, the people have already forgotten it and even stopped planting this culture. Wartkin decided to remember the old days, to resume sowing mustard and eating it. But the inhabitants stubbornly did not want to return to the past. The Foolovites rebelled on their knees. They were afraid that in the event that they obeyed Wartkin, in the future he would force them "whatever else there is an abomination." The mayor undertook a military campaign against Streletskaya Sloboda, "the source of all evil," in order to suppress the rebellion. The campaign lasted nine days and it is difficult to call it completely successful. In absolute darkness, their own fought with their own. The mayor suffered a betrayal by his supporters: one morning he discovered that a larger number of soldiers were fired, they were replaced by tin soldiers, referring to a certain resolution. However, the mayor managed to survive by organizing a reserve of tin soldiers. He reached the settlement, but found no one there. Wartkin began to dismantle the houses by logs, which forced the settlement to surrender.
The future brought three more wars, which were also fought for "enlightenment". The first of the three subsequent wars was fought for explaining to the inhabitants of the city the benefits of stone foundations for houses, the second - because of the refusal of the inhabitants to grow Persian chamomile, and the third - against the establishment of an academy in the city.
The result of Borodavkin's rule was the impoverishment of the city. The mayor died at the moment when he once again decided to burn the city.
The era of dismissal from wars
In summary, the subsequent events look like this: the city finally became impoverished under the next ruler, Captain Negodyaev, who replaced Borodavkin. Negodyaev was fired very soon for disagreeing with the imposition of the constitution. However, the chronicler considered this reason to be formal. The true reason was the fact that the mayor once served as a stoker, which to a certain extent was regarded as belonging to a democratic principle. And the wars for enlightenment and against it were not needed by the city, exhausted by battles. After Negodyaev's dismissal, "Circassian" Mikeladze took the reins of government into his own hands. However, his reign did not affect the situation in the city in any way: the mayor did not deal with Stupid at all, since all his thoughts were connected exclusively with the fair sex.
Benevolensky Theophylact Irinarkhovich became Mikeladze's successor. Speransky was a friend in the seminary of the new mayor, and from him, obviously, Benevolensky inherited a love for legislation. He wrote such laws: “Let every person have a contrite heart”, “Let every soul tremble” and “Let every cricket recognize the heart corresponding to its title.” However, Benevolensky did not have the right to write laws, he was forced to publish them secretly, and at night to scatter his works around the city. This did not last long - he was suspected of having links with Napoleon and fired.
Lieutenant Colonel Pryshch was appointed next. It was surprising that under him the city lived in abundance, harvests were huge, despite the fact that the mayor did not at all engage in his direct duties. The townspeople got suspicious again. And they were right in their suspicions: the leader of the nobility noticed that the head of the mayor exudes the smell of truffles. He attacked Pimple and ate the ruler's stuffed head.
Worship of mammon and repentance
In Glupov, a successor to the eaten Pimple appeared - State Councilor Ivanov. However, he soon died, because "he turned out to be so small in stature that he could not contain anything spacious."
He was replaced by the Viscount de Chario. This ruler did not know how to do anything except to have fun all the time, arrange masquerades. He “did not manage affairs and did not interfere in the administration. This last circumstance promised to prolong the well-being of the Foolovites without end ... ”But the emigrant, who allowed the inhabitants to convert to paganism, was ordered to be sent abroad. Interestingly, he turned out to be a special female.
The next person to appear in Glupovo was Erast Andreyevich Sadtilov, a state councilor. By the time of his appearance, the inhabitants of the city had already become absolute idolaters. They forgot God, plunging into depravity and laziness. They stopped working, sowing the fields, hoping for some kind of happiness, and as a result, famine came to the city. Sadtilov cared very little about this situation, since he was busy with balls. However, things soon changed. The wife of the pharmacist Pfeyer influenced Melancholy, pointing out the true path of goodness. And the main people in the city became the wretched and holy fools, who in the era of idolatry found themselves on the sidelines of life.
The inhabitants of Foolov repented of their sins, but this was the end of the matter - the Foolovites did not start working. At night, the city beau monde gathered to read the works of the city of Strakhov. This soon became known to the higher authorities and Sadtilov had to say goodbye to the post of city governor.
Confirmation of repentance. Conclusion
The last mayor of Glupov was Ugryum-Burcheev. This man was a complete idiot - "the purest type of idiot," as the author writes. For himself, he set the only goal - to make the city of Nepreklonsk out of the city of Glupov, "eternally worthy of the memory of the Grand Duke Svyatoslav Igorevich." Nepreklonsk was supposed to look like this: city streets should be the same straight lines, houses and buildings should also be identical to each other, people too. Each house should become a "settled unit", which will be watched by him, Ugryum-Burcheeva, a spy. The townspeople called him "Satan" and experienced a vague fear of their ruler. As it turned out, not without reason: the mayor developed a detailed plan and began to implement it. He destroyed the city, leaving no stone unturned. Now the task was to build the city of his dreams. But the river violated these plans, it interfered. Gloomy-Grumbling started a real war with her, using all the garbage that remained as a result of the destruction of the city. However, the river did not give up, washing away all the dams and dams being built. Gloomy-Grumbling turned around and, leading the people, walked away from the river. He chose a new place for the construction of the city - a flat lowland, and began to build the city of his dreams. However, something went wrong. Unfortunately, it was not possible to find out what exactly prevented the construction, since records with the details of this story have not been preserved. The denouement became known: “... time stopped its run. Finally the earth shook, the sun went dark... the Foolovites fell on their faces. Inscrutable horror appeared on all faces, seized all hearts. It has come…” What exactly came, the reader remains unknown. However, the fate of Ugryum-Burcheev is as follows: “the scoundrel instantly disappeared, as if dissolved in the air. History has stopped flowing."
supporting documents
At the end of the narration, "Supporting Documents" are published, which are the works of Borodavkin, Mikeladze and Benevolensky, written as an edification to other mayors.
Conclusion
A brief retelling of the "History of a City" clearly demonstrates not only the satirical direction of the story, but also ambiguously points to historical parallels. The images of the mayors are written off from historical figures, many events also refer to palace coups. The full version of the story, of course, will provide an opportunity to get acquainted with the content of the work in detail.
Story test
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