All these years, the authorities of Kazakhstan systematically and purposefully took measures to ensure that not a single ethnic group loses its bright cultural identity in the rich palette of the united people of Kazakhstan. A huge role in this was played by the public association "People's Consent", under whose wing 20 ethnocultural centers of the Mangistau region gathered.
In order to maintain peace and tranquility in our land, in 1992 it was decided to create the NGO "People's Consent", and the Kazakh movement "Parasat" became its heart. One of the initiators of its creation was Zhazdyrkhan Seidaliev, honorary citizen of Aktau Akhmet Muratov, deputy of the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan from the Assembly. In 1994, while on a working trip to our region, the President visited the office of "People's Accord" and highly appreciated its work. He expressed an opinion on the need to create such an association across the country. On March 1, 1995, the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan was established.
This time the journalists of "Lada" were invited to visit the Kirghiz of Mangistau in order to demonstrate their hospitality.
Today, more than 20,000 Kyrgyz live in Kazakhstan. And in the Mangistau region there are only 400-500 of them. In order to unite representatives of the Kyrgyz ethnos, to preserve the national culture and art of their people, in February 2000, the Kyrgyz ethno-cultural association "Ala-Too" was formed. Translated from the Kyrgyz "Ala-Too" means "Snowy Mountains".
Kurbanali Gazibekov has been the chairman of the ethno-cultural association "Ala-Too" for 15 years. A native of the village of Maidan in the Osh region, he graduated from the Bishkek Agricultural Institute. He worked as the director of the Uchkorgan fruit nursery of the state farm. In 1991, having arrived in Mangistau, he got a job as an agronomist in the Koktem State Enterprise.
In his charge, in the full sense of the word, "a large field of activity", - 30 hectares of the "Koktemovsky" nursery, located in the Karagie depression. And these are deciduous and coniferous trees: ailanthus, ash, sophora, juniper, spruce, pine, as well as three hectares of fruit trees: apple trees, apricots, pomegranates. He grows 25,000 seedlings of trees of different species with nursery specialists to improve the territory of the regional center.
Trees from the nursery grown by Kurbanali were planted along the road to the airport. Of the amazing flower greenhouses, 20 varieties and 40 types of flowers are planted annually in the city beds of Yntymak Square, hotels and shopping centers in Aktau.
The main factor of the country's success is the consent and unity of the people of Kazakhstan. And this, undoubtedly, is the role of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, which for 20 years has managed to bring to life the ideas of tolerance and harmony. It is impossible not to note the peaceful initiatives of Kazakhstan. Of course, this is a great merit of President Nursultan Nazarbayev. Kyrgyzstan is also a multinational republic. Representatives of about 80 nationalities live here, 40 ethnocultural centers operate. Together with the Kazakh people, we celebrate many holidays. And we are especially pleased that our compatriots live happily on Kazakhstani soil, preserve their native language, culture, customs and traditions,” Kurbanali Gazibekov said.
The Kirghiz in Kazakhstan are one of the small national minorities. The main reason for the migration of Kyrgyz to Kazakhstan is the unsatisfactory economic situation in Kyrgyzstan and more favorable conditions in the Kazakh labor market. This is also facilitated by the large length of the border between the two countries, which exceeds 600 kilometers.
Many labor migrants, after several months of work, receive a residence permit, and then citizenship. At the same time, a simplified procedure for obtaining citizenship is provided for the Kyrgyz. Most of the Kyrgyz living in Kazakhstan are settled in the south of the republic.
As a result of a historical incident, for more than a century, the Kazakhs were called Kirghiz. The fact is that in 1734, after the visit of the Kazakh delegation to St. idea of the Asian peoples, on the pages of the newspaper he spoke about the origin of the Kazakhs from the Yenisei Kirghiz. Of course, the information of the official newspaper, an organ of the tsarist government, was perceived as the law of last resort. Since that time, officials in all official documents began to call Kazakhs Kyrgyz. However, thanks to the intervention of such eminent scientists as academician G.F. Miller, the classicist A.I. Levshin, as well as the Kazakh poet Ch.Valikhanov, the Kazakhs began to be called Kazakhs, and the Kirghiz - Kirghiz. One way or another, the Kyrgyz have been living on the territory of Kazakhstan since ancient times.
The famous poet-educator Mangistau Tumen Baltabasuly, in his tale about the seven nationalities that once lived in Mangistau, glorified the Kyrgyz people, fixing the dwelling of the ancestors of the Kyrgyz ethnic group on this land. A fact is known: during the reign of Khan Abylai, two Kyrgyz volosts were resettled on the territory of the Kokshetau region.
There is a Sufi wisdom: “The faces of all people are turned towards the Kaaba. But remove the Kaaba, and it will become clear: they all worship each other's heart. Wishing to understand each other, people will certainly find a common theme, ideas, spiritual aspirations. The two Turkic peoples have much in common: Kazakh and Kyrgyz. Many clans that are part of the Kazakh ethnic group are also among the Kyrgyz. One Allah is worshiped by two formerly nomadic peoples. Kirghiz in their mentality, national traditions, customs and culture are close to the Kazakh people.
The Kyrgyz alphabet differs from the Kazakh only in two letters. The same goes for national dishes. The Kyrgyz beshbarmak differs from the Kazakh only in a smaller zhayma. Yes, among the Kyrgyz, the participants of the feast are first served sorpa, and then the beshbarmak itself, while among the Kazakhs, the opposite is true. That's all the difference.
Pride of the region
Many Kyrgyz of Mangistau realize their abilities in agriculture. Every year they grow up to 1000 tons of vegetables and gourds. In 1965, a talented farmer Ergesh Abdullayev arrived in Mangistau. For 30 years, Ergesh aga grew vegetables and fruits on the sacred land of Mangistau. Local residents admired his skill in cultivating the land. Under his hand, the earth, soaked with salt only yesterday, was fruitful and yielding. Amazing gardens were planted by the Kirghiz Ergesh on the Buzachi peninsula, in the Zhyngyldy area, as well as in the vicinity of the village of Tauchik. Branching fruit trees tell the traveler from afar that a rich dastarkhan awaits him in this place with an abundance of fruits and vegetables. On the Mangistau land, in the area of Ulanak, a hospitable old man is buried. In memory of him, gardens bloom to this day, delighting the people of Mangistau with flowers in spring and fruits in autumn. The tauchik garden, founded by the elder of the Kyrgyz center Ergesh Abullayev, is currently cultivated by the deputy chairman of the Kyrgyz ethno-cultural association Ala-Too, Mamatkodyr Narkoziev. A successful graduate of the Tashkent Zootechnical Institute in Tauchik and Buzachi subsidiary farms founded a livestock farm.
The elder of the ethno-cultural association, 75-year-old Turdubai Zhayshibekov, founded a peasant economy on the Buzachi peninsula, not far from the Karazhanbas deposit. He planted an orchard with fruit-bearing apricot and plum trees. The noble work of their father is continued by the children of Turdubai: Suyun, Amantai and Nurlan. The daughter of Gulnara Zhaishibekova, a TV journalist, travels around the region and tells the people of Mangistau about honored people, shares new impressions with the audience.
For more than 30 years, Kanzada Monalova, the chairman of the peasant farm, and her husband, Osmon Khashimohunov, have been cultivating land in the Munaily district.
Kushtar Nadzhiev surprises with the variety of assortment of cultivated greenery. Like no one else, he knows the value of parsley, dill, celery, onion.
Ibraim Shakirov proves with his work that even in the desert, on the shores of the salty sea, you can grow sweet vegetables and fruits. Ibraim grows golden honey melons in the Karakiya region, on Cape Sandy.
Ubaydulla Burkhanov, a native of the Osh region of the Kadamzhay district, after demobilization from the ranks of the construction battalion of military unit No. 5409, remained to live on the Mangyshlak peninsula. I was not afraid of the harsh climate of Mangistau. And the region rewarded Ubaidulla with a regular harvest on the fertile land of the Tupkaragan region. Ubaydulla introduces drip irrigation and grows gourds, surprising fellow countrymen with fragrant watermelons.
The railway connects people from the most remote regions of the country. The passenger remembers trips accompanied by an attentive guide for a long time. These include Zhanabay Adzhimov. Zhanabai works as a conductor of the Kazakhstan Temir Zholy company on the responsible route Mangyshlak-Astana station. Diligence and professionalism distinguish this person.
The soul of the company, deputy chairman of the ethno-cultural association, talented accordionist Batyr Zhetymishov enthusiastically organizes musical events for fellow countrymen and friends. It is not so important for him who are the spectators - the inhabitants of the Nursing Home
and disabled people or city dwellers resting on Yntymak Square. Batyr fascinates with the performance of the Kyrgyz folk melody, Kazakh kyuis, popularizing the musical heritage of the nomads.
Representatives of the Kyrgyz center are not overjoyed that in their team there is an amazingly charming woman Gulnara Dzhantayeva. At any event, she will create a festive mood, respect the guests invited to the evening.
A woman driver, a woman entrepreneur and just a wonderful woman Salkyn Tashtemirova raised three children and four grandchildren on Mangistau land.
Talantbek Akimkanov knows, like no one else, what is the stability of a ship, what is a fair wind and the price of "seven feet under the keel". A graduate of the Pacific Higher Naval School named after S. Makarov, Talantbek served in the Armed Forces of the USSR, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan. In 2002, by order of the Minister of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan, he was sent as the head of the department "Marine equipment and technology" of the naval school of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan Aktau. After retiring, he worked as a senior lecturer at the AF "KazATiK named after M. Tynyshpaev", Engineering and Technical Institute of KSUTC named after Sh. Yessenov, chief specialist of the Marine Training and Simulation Center of KGUTC. Since September 2010, he has been teaching at the Aktau Transport College of the Kazakh Academy of Transport and Communication named after M. Tynyshpaev. For conscientious service in the ranks of the Navy, for the training of professional personnel, captain of the third rank Talantbek Akimkanov was awarded medals "70 years of the USSR Armed Forces", "10 years of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan" and other distinctions, diplomas and certificates. To always be close to her husband, Rakhat Akimkanova also preferred military service. Currently, midshipman Akimkanova has retired.
For more than 20 years, Dogdurbek Bokatenov, Major of the Border Guard Service of the Headquarters of the Regional Department of the Coast Guard of the PS of the National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan, has been serving in the border troops.
For conscientious performance of officer's duty, he was awarded the medal of the second degree "For the irreproachable service of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan." The medal "For irreproachable service in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan" of the third degree was awarded to the head of the department of administrative work of the Republican Coast Guard of the KNB of the Republic of Kazakhstan Ergash Yuldashev.
A galaxy of representatives of the intelligentsia of the Kyrgyz ethno-cultural association is headed by a talented musician, a native of Bishkek, Kuvan Meymanbaev. A graduate of the Lithuanian Academy of Music in Vilnius, as well as a graduate student of the Kyrgyz National Conservatory Bishkek, he is the owner of the first prize at the international competition named after N. Khalmamedov (Ashgabat), the II prize of the festival "Shabyt-INSPIRATION" (Astana), the III prize at the competition (Bishkek) . In the piggy bank of his achievements is a diploma signed by Mikael Tariverdiev for participation in the international charitable program "New Names". Kuvan knows the best palaces of culture in Kazakhstan, as well as Bishkek, Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipeda, Siauliai. Memorable performances in tandem with the State Academic Orchestra conducted by T. Abdrashev. Being a talented accompanist, Kuvan is proud of the victories of his students at republican and international music competitions, in particular, Sh. Karimova, B. Yeserkep, M. Sagadi, N. Dzhumatov. In 2011, Kuvan Meymanbayev was invited as an accompanist of the AVAK String Instruments Department of the Kazakh National University of Arts. There is a cult of music in the Meimanbaev family. Kuvan's eldest son Alibek continues the dynasty of musicians. He is studying cello at the Academy of Music.
Spiritual blessing, healing from spiritual wounds, many Mangistau residents receive from Saltanat Ismailova. Her special talent is known far beyond the region. Being a professional folk healer of the Republic of Kazakhstan, she has a certificate of the International Academy of Procoscopic Sciences named after Nostradamus. The Honored Healer of the Republic of Kazakhstan was awarded the badge “Uzdik Shipageri”, “Khalyk Kurmetine Bolengen Emshi”, the medal “Honorary Professional Folk Healer of the Republic of Kazakhstan”, the Order “Kazakhstannyn Zhuldyzdy Emshіsi”, diplomas and certificates.
The most talented Kyrgyz writer, President of the Assembly of Culture of the Peoples of Central Asia Chingiz Aitmatov once said: “Love is the main true life force of a person. The people give birth to talents, and they, the people, are the connoisseur and keeper of all the best that their masters create.
Representatives of the Kyrgyz ethnos are happy with the opportunity to study the oral folk art of their ancestors, speak their native Kyrgyz language and are happy to support the customs and traditions of the friendly Kazakh people, as well as other ethnic groups living on the Mangistau land.
Traditions of the Kyrgyz people
The culture of the Kyrgyz people has developed over many centuries and has retained its uniqueness and pronounced elements of a nomadic lifestyle up to the present. Hospitality, kindness and openness are the main qualities that the Kyrgyz are famous for.
The customs and traditions of the Kyrgyz, like all other peoples of the world, are a complex and rich in content ethnic complex. The formation of its characteristic features was greatly influenced by the Turkic-Mongolian nomadic culture.
Folk traditions, customs and rituals of the Kyrgyz people were determined by the nomadic way of life. A special place among them is occupied by family and household traditions, which, having evolved over the centuries, reflect the wisdom accumulated by many generations.
The custom of hospitality
The most traditional custom among the Kyrgyz - like all peoples - is hospitality. Every guest was honored. Traditions of respect for elders are also important. In a Kyrgyz family, the dwelling of grandparents was called “chon uy” (“big house”), thus expressing respect for the founders of the family. Since ancient times, everyone whose path passed through the Kyrgyz aul did not leave it without sharing a table and shelter with the owners. Since the Kyrgyz have been nomadic for many decades, a peculiar kind of bread - “komoch-nan”, which requires only two frying pans, is now well-deserved attention for its ease of preparation and excellent taste. Tea is a necessary attribute of an Asian table and a friendly conversation. But those living in Central Asia no longer notice that an ordinary drink has become a symbol of a friendly dialogue between people, such an inconspicuous, but also irreplaceable interlocutor.
Birth of a child
The most joyful and long-awaited event in the history of every family is, of course, the birth of a child. A child in a family is a symbol of procreation, the immortality of the nation. Therefore, there is a special attitude towards children in Kyrgyzstan.
Let's start with the fact that long before the significant event, they tried to protect a pregnant woman from all sorts of household worries and unrest. This is where magic was at play. In the clothes of a pregnant woman, there must be a "tumar" - an amulet with sayings from the Koran, as well as ancient pagan amulets, such as the claws of a bear "ayu tyrmagy" or the paws of an owl "ukunun tyrmag". In the yurt of a woman giving birth, a fire burned day and night, a knife was lying with its tip to the door, and a gun was tied on the skeleton of the house with a muzzle in the sky. All these simple devices were supposed to drive away evil spirits, no matter from which side they approached.
The first food of the newborn was "sary ma" - melted cow butter, the first clothes - "it koinok", the so-called "dog shirt". It was sewn from patches, begged from the respected people of the village and first put on the dog. All this was done according to the belief "yrym" for a long and happy life of the baby.
Then followed the ceremony of laying the newborn in the cradle "beshik", then the naming by name - "at koyuu", the celebration of the first step - "tushoo kesuu". At the age of 3.5 or 7, boys were obligatorily circumcised - “sunnet”, girls at the age of 10-11 were solemnly braided numerous pigtails, as a sign that the girl had matured.
From the very birth, children in Kyrgyzstan are protected from evil eyes, various amulets and amulets were used for this. In general, a family with 10 or more children was considered prosperous among the Kirghiz, this has happened since time immemorial, when a more numerous family coped more easily with external dangers and enemies, and purely economic problems bypassed it.
The birth of a child is regarded as a particularly joyful, happy event. Several people, like good heralds on horseback, spread the news of the birth of a child to all acquaintances, relatives and friends, for which they receive gifts - suyunchi. Close relatives and friends at the same time glorify their parents.
Wedding
As with all peoples, one of the most important places in family celebrations is the wedding ceremony - colorful and solemn, accompanied by youth games, song competitions - aitysh, alternate singing - sarmerden and other entertainments.
The wedding ceremony is a truly unique phenomenon in the culture of the Kyrgyz people. The wedding and related events are the most colorful part in the complex of rituals. When talking about the traditions of a national wedding, of course, first of all, they mean the exciting rituals of paying bride price or matchmaking.
Today, of course, not all rituals are strictly observed, but still the main points are obligatory at any celebration.
The most interesting thing is that it is allowed to woo children from the Kyrgyz even before they are born. This form of matchmaking is called "white kuda", and it is common among bosom friends who dream of blood ties "sookteshuu". To seal the agreement, the following ceremony was performed: future relatives touched the bow arrow with their teeth, and then made small incisions on the ring fingers and sucked some blood from each other. After performing the ritual, friends were considered blood brothers, and even if it was not possible to marry children, their relationship passed into the category of kindred.
You can also woo babies. If the child is still in the cradle, then such matchmaking is called “beshik kuda”. Silver earrings “soiko saluu” were inserted into the ear of the betrothed little bride, and the parents of the children could rightfully call themselves relatives.
Most Kyrgyz profess Islam, but unlike other Muslim nations, whose newlyweds often meet at a wedding, in Kyrgyzstan the bride and groom not only can, but must meet before the wedding.
This tradition was called "son-in-law" or acquaintance with the future son-in-law. Long before the wedding, the young man had to set up a yurt outside the village so that the bride could come there with her friends and gradually get to know her future husband. Usually a noisy company of young people gathered at such meetings, games and entertainment were started.
Before leaving for the groom's house, the bride, according to tradition, went around all the relatives and said goodbye to them, while a bachelorette party was going to her friends.
On the day of the departure of the young people, a big holiday was organized for those who had gathered - “kyz uzatuu” - seeing off the bride, which was accompanied by a plentiful feast, various games and festivities, horse competitions were often timed to coincide with it.
Of course, the bride was not released without a ransom, which assumed the presence of a large number of cattle driven by the groom to the bride's house.
Then the girl's braids were untwisted and women's braids were braided, from that moment on she was considered lost forever for her parents and completely belonged to her husband and his family.
In relation to the daughter-in-law, there were customs of prohibition. Thus, she could not sit with her back to her husband's relatives, sit with outstretched leg, speak sharply and loudly, walk bareheaded, barefoot, call her husband's relatives by name and had to avoid direct contact with her husband's older relatives. This prohibition was in effect throughout the life of the daughter-in-law. Even in extreme old age, a woman did not name the dead relatives of her husband as a tribute; for them, their names were voiced by someone present who knew them. However, the older relatives of the husband themselves observed a special etiquette in relation to the daughter-in-law.
The custom of dedication to fire had a ritual significance. Each kindred family invited the newlyweds in turn, introduced the daughter-in-law to her husband's relatives, cattle were slaughtered in their honor, and a white scarf was put on her head. The white color among the Kyrgyz symbolized purity, a happy journey, happiness and pure thoughts.
According to custom, the daughter-in-law visited her father's aul a year later and stayed there for several days or months. According to customary law, the parents of the daughter-in-law prepared a dowry, which was handed over on the day of the wedding to the groom's side. The composition of the dowry included everything that is necessary for the life of the newlyweds: from a needle and thread to cattle. Moreover, the dowry should not have been less than the ransom - kalym.
Traditionally, there is a certain hierarchy of weddings. The eldest son must marry before his younger brothers. The youngest son must wait until all his older brothers get married. Although this tradition is often not observed.
According to Kyrgyz tradition, the youngest son takes care of his parents. Older brothers may marry and leave home to start their own family - traditionally they were given a yurt - but not the youngest son, who stayed with his parents and inherited their yurt.
Naury and Altyn Kuz - spring holidays
The Kirghiz, like many peoples living in the Mangistau land, celebrate Nauryz, for them it is also considered the New Year. Also, the Kyrgyz of Mangistau, to the sounds and rhythms of cheerful songs and incendiary dances, celebrate the Altyn Kuz holiday.
According to the chairman of the Kyrgyz ethno-cultural association Kurbanali Gazibekov, the Altyn Kuz holiday is dedicated to the revival of the traditional culture of the Kyrgyz people. This holiday symbolizes the end of the agricultural year.
The Kyrgyz have a good proverb: "A man has a mind in his eyes." The people should see with their own eyes that it is possible to grow organic vegetables and fruits.
- Every year, members of our ethno-cultural association gather a good harvest of melons, tomatoes and other vegetables on their farms. As part of the “Twenty Good Deeds” campaign, we take part of our harvest to the regional children's village and to the nursing home for the elderly and disabled,” Kurbanali Gazibekov said.
National cuisine
The national cuisine in Kyrgyzstan is rich and varied. It has been formed throughout the history of the Kyrgyz people and has absorbed the most delicious dishes and drinks left over from the time of nomadic life, as well as dishes of neighboring peoples in the region.
Since the nomadic lifestyle requires a lot of strength and energy, the national dishes of the Kyrgyz are distinguished by their extraordinary nutritional value and calorie content. Their main ingredients are meat, milk, flour and cereals.
Most traditional dishes cannot do without meat. Mutton, beef, yak meat and horse meat, especially loved and appreciated by the Kyrgyz, are used for food.
Beshbarmak
The most famous Kyrgyz dish is beshbarmak - boiled, finely chopped lamb, filled with broth, with the addition of onions and noodles. The name of this dish is translated from Kyrgyz as "five fingers", and is traditionally eaten with the hands. For the Kyrgyz people, beshbarmak is not just a dish - it is a whole ceremony with its own traditions and customs. The ram is cut and boiled in a cauldron until the broth is ready for consumption, and the meat on the bones is for distribution among the participants in the meal.
First, guests are given to taste zhash shorpo - a strong broth seasoned with onions, then kuiruk-boor - liver and fat tail fat, cut into small slices and seasoned with a special sauce, then kabyrga - ribs with a thick layer of meat and lard. Finally, beshbarmak itself is served on a large dish - finely chopped meat mixed with noodles and seasoned with onion sauce.
A variety of soup - shorpo - is also very popular. This is a hot broth with pieces of meat, potatoes, carrots and herbs. Fried meat among the Kyrgyz is called kuurdak: meat (lamb, beef, horse meat) is cut into large pieces and fried together with onions in fat tail fat. Horse meat sausage - chuchuk, as well as liver and blood sausage with spices - byzhy are considered a delicacy. Kyrgyz cuisine is related to Kazakh cuisine and has inherited many features of the common nomadic past of both peoples. Most dishes of Kyrgyz and Kazakh cuisine are completely identical to each other and even have the same name.
Pilaf for the Kyrgyz is also considered an obligatory dish at almost all mass celebrations. There are dozens of varieties of spices that are added to pilaf in a particular region.
No meal is complete without bread. Usually, bread is in the form of flatbreads, which are cooked in cauldrons (geomkyormyo tokoch), in a frying pan (geomechtön) or in special ovens (tandoor-nan). On holidays, they prepare a special treat - boorsok - sweet pieces of yeast dough fried in oil.
Dairy products are also an invariable part of the Kyrgyz meal. We especially love ayran - a very thick fermented milk drink made from sheep's milk.
Kymyz(koumiss) is the national drink. It is made in a special way only from horse milk taken in a certain period. This low-alcohol drink not only perfectly quenches thirst, but also has healing properties. Also widely used is ayran ("chalap" or "shalap") - somewhat diluted and fermented cow's milk, reminiscent of liquid yogurt (often prepared with mineral water, sugar and salt).
Any meal is accompanied by tea drinking. It is customary to drink black and green tea with milk, cream or ghee. After a long journey, tea perfectly quenches thirst, and after taking high-calorie fatty foods, tea is a real savior for the body. Tea is drunk from a special bowl - a bowl.
Kyrgyz families prepare a large number of dishes, the recipes for which are borrowed from other peoples. These are Dungan and Uyghur dishes, such as ashlyam-fu and lagman (noodles with spicy sauce, meat and vegetables), manti and chuchvara (boiled dough stuffed with minced meat).
The article uses materials from the book “Mangistau under the shanyrak of friendship” by N. Zaderetskaya, photographs from the personal archive of Kurbanali Gazibekov and photos from asia-travel.uz, triptokyrgyzstan.com, open.kg, issyk-kul7.kz, m.limon.kg, sputnik.kg, zanoza.kg.
The official language of Kyrgyzstan is Kyrgyz, but Russian is also considered an official language in this country. Russian is spoken by many locals and staff, Russian speakers are easier to meet than English speakers. Most signs and announcements are duplicated in Russian.
Religion
The country is dominated by such a religion as Islam. However, here, especially in large cities, Muslims are rather soft on kissing in the streets and slightly revealingly dressed women. But in the provinces, you should be more careful with this, otherwise you can attract the attention of law enforcement agencies.
Kyrgyzstan is quite a believing country - 83% of the population consider themselves to be some kind of religious denomination. In addition to Muslims, there are also Catholics and Orthodox in the country, but in much smaller numbers.
When visiting temples, you should show respect for religion, behave with restraint and refrain from frequent photographing. Dressing in temples should be strictly, covering the legs and other parts of the body, women are even recommended to cover their heads and cover their faces.
Population
Six million people live in Kyrgyzstan. 72.16% percent of them are Kyrgyz, 14.34% - Uzbeks, 6.87% - Russians, the share of the rest is insignificant. Also, some ethnic groups of indigenous people still live in the country. Approximately 60% of the population of Kyrgyzstan still lives not in cities, but in villages.
Foreigners are treated with caution, as a rule, they are overpriced in shops and when serving in restaurants and other places. Nevertheless, the Kyrgyz are a very friendly people, hospitality is the main part of their national character.
Despite the motley ethnic composition, there are practically no interethnic conflicts and disagreements in Kyrgyzstan.
Public holidays
- January 1 - New Year;
- February 23 - Defender of the Fatherland Day;
- March 8 - Women's Day;
- March 21 - Nooruz;
- May 1 - Labor Day;
- May 5 - Constitution Day;
- May 9 - Victory Day;
- August 31 - Independence Day
Many holidays were transferred to Kyrgyzstan from Russia during its stay in the USSR.
The nomadic past of the Kyrgyz is well traced in their folk customs and rituals. Until now, the yurt is a deeply revered form of dwelling. Even today, all festive ceremonies are simply unthinkable without this ancient dwelling, even the flag of the republic is decorated with the image of a "tunduk" - the central circle of the yurt, on which the poles holding it are crossed. Yurts have always been considered both a symbol of the social status of the owner and the main example of folk traditions. The construction and settlement of any yurt here was accompanied by a huge number of rituals and ceremonies.
The yurt is optimized as much as possible for a nomadic lifestyle - the wooden frame and felt covering are easily disassembled into individual packs that can be easily transported on camels or horses (and in mountainous areas - on yaks). And it is also easy to assemble on a new camp ("ail") - the lattice walls of the "kerege" line up in a circle, leaning on the "uuk" poles. The upper parts of the poles are inserted into the holes of the central circle and fixed with straps or ropes. The same collapsible door frame "barefoot" with a double door "kaalga" is installed. Then the whole structure is covered with a mat and felt mats, and the floor is covered with leather, woven mats, "altygat" (several layers of felt, covered on one side with cloth, spread under the bed) and carpets made of fur or felt. Carpets, embroidered hanging shelves "sekichek", handbags "kuzgu-kap", woven woolen bags "ayak-kap" are hung on the walls, and chests are placed on the floor, in which utensils and clothes are stored.
To the left of the entrance to the yurt is the male half of the "er-zhak", at the entrance to which they hang horse harness, weapons and hunting tools. On the right is the female half of the "epchi-jac", where the kitchen was located, as well as chests with clothes and food. In the center of the yurt there was an obligatory hearth "kolomto", and the yurt was illuminated with the help of an ordinary "chirak" lamp filled with fat. The design of the yurt is individual for each tribal group or family, and considerable attention was paid to the artistic component - the richness of the design of the yurt served as a sign of the social status of the owner, as well as the vastness of his herds. The most honorable place in the yurt - "tor", was located directly opposite the entrance, near the hearth, where there is a "juk" (a low bench, on which chests are placed and covered with carpets). Usually the owner or the elder of the family was located here, and guests were received here.
Wealthy Kyrgyz usually had a whole set of large and small yurts - a small ashkan-uy yurt (kitchen and pantry), temporary yurts - meiman-uyu (living rooms), erge (wedding yurt), yurts for the second and third wife , yurts for married sons and so on. From the yurts of ordinary Kirghiz they differed in quality, beauty and decoration.
With the gradual transition to a settled way of life, adobe houses appeared, which have been preserved in provincial areas almost everywhere, and the traditions of their construction are still alive. The house was built on the same principle as the yurt, although in some areas there is a clear influence of Uzbek and Russian traditions. On a usually shallow foundation, a door was placed and walls were erected from "kysh" brick, "pakhsa" or "guvalak" clay, and covered with a flat or gable roof made of logs and straw smeared with clay. The internal layout usually repeated the structure of the yurt, but due to the noticeably larger area, the kitchen (“ashkona”, usually right at the entrance), the living room, dining room and bedroom all rolled into one (“meimankana”) and an indispensable open terrace (“aivan”) stood out due to the noticeably larger area. A characteristic feature of the Kyrgyz house is the abundance of chests and wall niches, replacing both furniture and bedrooms for children. Niches are often covered with decorative panels "tush-kiyiz", suzani or carpets.
Kyrgyz carpets are a topic for a separate discussion. This is the main element of the interior, and one of the main aesthetic moments of the country, and evidence of its ancient history. Kyrgyz bedding felt carpets "syrmak" and "tekemet", as well as "koshma", "tushkiis", "bashtiyks", "shyrdak", "tush-kiyiz" and "ala-kiyiz" noticeably differ from the carpets of other Central Asian republics. They are made from sheep's wool and for the most part are not woven, but felted - their main is felt. They are then embroidered with bright embroidery, using traditional folklore and decorative elements, which usually takes several weeks. But such a carpet usually serves for more than 40 years. By the same principle, fabrics are made for traditional bags, sacks, saddlebags, as well as for decorative items. Pile carpets "keel" and other pile products are of no less ancient origin, but are much less common due to their higher cost. You can also still find such ancient examples of traditional crafts as mats ("chiy", "chygdyn", "ashkan-chiy") and hinged doors ("eschik-chiy") made of lake reed.
Kyrgyz national dress has been practically unchanged for 700 years. Both men's and women's underwear usually consists of a shirt and harem pants. A men's shirt usually resembles a tunic, has a length just below the waist and long sleeves that cover the tassels. Men's trousers "dzhargakshym" are sewn from wool, cotton, suede and even leather. Women's shirt is long and sewn like a regular dress, and over it is put on a long and wide shirt "beshmant" ("kamzur"), which also serves as a dress, and long trousers. Belts served and continue to serve as an indicator of the social status of the owner - smart or embroidered, with silver patterned plaques and buckles, handbags and purses show the wealth of the wearer. Casual belts, like the belts of the poor, are usually a simple long leather belt, or a scarf wrapped around the belt, which often has a rather bright look.
Outerwear for men consists of an unlined felt robe or quilted kementai robes, which are called depending on the fabric from which they are sewn - pashay-ton, kymkap-ton, zarbarak-ton, etc. In winter, a fur coat or sheepskin sheepskin coat "ton" is put on over the dressing gown. Women wear a short or long sleeveless jacket, a kind of camisole with short sleeves, a dressing gown, in winter - an "ichik" fur coat. Distinctive elements of married women's clothing are the "beldemchi" swing skirt and the "elechek" turban, and the common element is skullcaps and fur hats (headdresses of unmarried girls are usually decorated more bizarrely and richly). Moreover, skullcaps created in different regions differ in shape, ornament and color scheme. Kyrgyz girls do not wear a headscarf before marriage, and after marriage they tie their heads with multi-colored scarves. Elderly women often cover their faces with a white silk veil. The national symbol of the country is the "ak-kalpak" hat made of thin white felt with black lapels turned up. They also wear skullcaps and fur national hats, trimmed with fur and decorated with feathers - "tebetey".
Men's shoes consist of leather boots, leather galoshes with heels and soft boots, women's shoes are colored high heeled boots, often ornamented, as well as sandals and peculiar slippers without heels.
By the middle of the 20th century, traditional clothing began to give way to European costume; everywhere you can meet people dressed in the latest fashion. However, the famous Kyrgyz robes, embroidery, metal and leather work, traditional headdresses and carpets are still much more popular than European innovations, especially in the provinces.
In a large Kyrgyz family, usually consisting of several generations of relatives living together, there is a strict hierarchy. Relations in the home are built on the basis of unconditional submission to the head of the family and respect for elders. One of the traditional forms of the country's social structure is the custom of neighborly mutual assistance "ashara" ("hashar"). If the family is in dire need, then all relatives and neighbors come to her aid.
Marriage age for a girl was previously considered 13-14 years old, today quite European norms prevail here, although cases of early marriage are not uncommon. The relations between the relatives of the bride and groom, and later on the husband and wife, among the Kirghiz are distinguished by emphasized attention, and even with bad relations, one can always count on mutual assistance. Children also enjoy universal love, and giving a name is given special importance, since it is believed that the name will determine the future of the child and can influence his fate.
Islam plays an important role in the public and family life of the Kyrgyz. Religion has determined and continues to determine everyday, family and ideological aspects of life, has a strong influence on political processes and art, on the whole way of life. After the adoption of Islam by the Kyrgyz, many pre-Islamic customs and rituals either underwent significant changes or were supplanted by the traditional rites of Islam, but many merged with the new canons and organically woven into the modern life of the country. The obligatory deeds of the Kyrgyz throughout life include reading the funeral prayer ("zhanaza"), the absolution ("dooron"), the fulfillment of all five commandments of Islam ("parz"), fasting during the month of Ramadan, prayer five times a day at a certain time ("namaz"), the performance of "orozo-ait" and "kurman-ait", as well as the voluntary deduction of part of the money in favor of the poor or for charitable deeds ("zakat"). A special role is played by rituals associated with the birth and upbringing of children, marriage, wedding, cooking and others. Often they represent an interweaving of Islamic ritualism with more ancient forms associated with magical practice. Cult ministers are especially respected here and participate in almost all the events of the country. At the same time, the Kyrgyz cannot be called fanatical Muslims - for all the versatility of local life, there is always a lot of secularism in it, and the religious tolerance of local residents is widely known outside the country. Narrators and singers ("akins" or "akyns") of folk ballads and legends enjoy great respect. By the name of the traditional folk epic, the most respected of them are called "manaschi".
One of the unshakable traditions of local life is hospitality. The Kirghiz say "Konoktuu uyde kut bar" - "Guest is the grace of the house." Since ancient times, everyone whose path passed through the Kyrgyz village did not leave it without sharing a table and shelter with the owners. The shepherds of high mountain pastures are especially reverent to this custom, however, in the cities, no one has heard of a lack of respect for the guest. It is not accepted here to refuse an invitation to lunch or dinner. The hosts meet distinguished guests at the gate, greet them, take an interest in business and life, and invite them to come into the house. It is not customary for the Kyrgyz to immediately ask questions or ask about the purpose of their arrival - first a conversation and a table, and then everything else. The easiest thing for a person who is not familiar with local customs is to follow the instructions of the owner. Humor and polite attitude towards all participants of the feast are highly valued. Women usually do not sit at the same table with men, but in urban areas this rule often does not apply. At the table, it is not customary to admire the beauty of women and pay close attention to them. But to take an interest in the affairs of the family and the well-being of its members is quite appropriate. Going to visit, it is advisable to take small souvenirs or sweets for children with you.
Any meal here begins and ends with tea drinking. At first, sweets, pastries, dried fruits and nuts, fruits and vegetables, salads are served on the table, then snacks come, and only at the end - pilaf or other "heavy food". Be sure to have hot cakes on the table, which in no case should be turned over. Dropping a piece of bread on the ground, or even just putting it there, even wrapped in cloth or paper, is also considered bad luck.
A significant place in the Kyrgyz life and everyday life is occupied by tea and the tea ceremony. Brewing this truly main drink of the country, as well as pouring it to guests, is the prerogative of men, first of all, the owner of the house. Tea is brewed differently in different regions of the country. The recipes for its preparation also differ markedly. Teahouse is the same unshakable element of local traditions as tea itself. Public life here is concentrated in mosques, in the bazaar and, of course, in the teahouse. Here they simply communicate and negotiate, relax and share news, have breakfast and lunch, discuss the problems of life and the world order. The atmosphere of the teahouse is quite traditional - low tables are surrounded by the same low, and necessarily covered with carpets, sofas. The rituals accompanying tea drinking are quite complex and incomprehensible to the uninitiated, so it is easier to observe the locals and do as they do - you can be sure that they will also appreciate such a respectful attitude towards their customs.
Despite strong Islamic traditions, most Kyrgyz drink alcohol freely, at least with guests. If you do not drink strong alcoholic beverages, mainly vodka, warn about this in advance, no one will impose anything here. During Ramadan, it is not recommended to drink alcoholic beverages, at least openly.
In communication, the Kyrgyz are usually quite simple and democratic. Many consider them naive, but this is greatly exaggerated - the locals are simply accustomed to trusting people, this is a centuries-old tradition that a guest should not break. It is customary to shake hands with everyone, even strangers and policemen (except women). During a handshake, people are traditionally interested in health, the state of affairs at work and at home. It is customary to greet women and persons sitting at a distance by placing the right hand on the heart and bowing politely. Greetings several times a day, even with well-known people, is quite a common rule.
When entering a house or a teahouse, you should take off your shoes. The style of clothing is quite democratic, however, when visiting places of worship, you should not wear too open or short clothes. Despite everything, it is not recommended to wear shorts, especially in rural areas.
Monday is considered by the Kyrgyz to be the happiest day - all activities started on this day are considered to be the most successful.
Not a single national holiday or celebration is complete without sports competitions, of which tug-of-war "arkan-tartmai" and "arkan-tartyshuu", belt wrestling "kuresh", "at-chabysh" - long jumps (usually 20 -30 km) distances, "dzhorgo-salysh" - races for 2-10 km, shooting at a gallop "jamby-atmai", equestrian wrestling "oodarysh", goat fighting "ulak-tartysh" or "kok-boru" (equestrian wrestling for carcass of a goat), jumps "kyz-kuumai" ("catch up with the girl") and the competition "tyin-enmei", during which the participants must at full gallop lift a small coin from a shallow hole in the ground. Many festivities begin and end with song competitions "aitysh" or "sarmerden".
The customs and traditions of the Kyrgyz, like all other peoples of the world, are a complex and rich in content ethnic complex. The formation of its characteristic features was greatly influenced by the Turkic-Mongolian nomadic culture. In addition, ritual components that arose in various historical eras are tightly intertwined in it. Therefore, along with the traditions of Islam, there is a huge layer of pre-Islamic cults, customs and beliefs, which often play a dominant role.
The material and spiritual culture of the people, their way of life, their understanding of the structure of the world, have always been in a state of constant renewal and self-improvement, at the same time, thanks to the inseparability of family and tribal ties, all the most positive things from the life of previous generations are methodically transferred to everyday life.
So oriental hospitality has long been considered one of the most beautiful folk customs to this day.
All the best that is under the roof of the house is always dedicated to the guest, who can be either a specially invited person or a casual traveler. The owner meets the guest at the doorstep and offers to go into the house. Regardless of the wealth of the family, the traveler will always be offered food and shelter. It is not for nothing that the Kyrgyz say: “Konoktuu leave kut bar” - “Guest in the house, grace in the house”.
The Kirghiz are a nomadic people and they come from Siberia. Subsequently, the Kyrgyz people moved south and soon settled in the current territory of Kyrgyzstan. This is the people who raise cattle; horses, sheep, goats, cows, as well as donkeys for the smallest members of the family, so that it is on these animals that children learn to ride. Horse riding is part of the Kyrgyz culture. A Kyrgyz proverb says: "If you have extra time left, then dedicate part of this time to the horse." There are a large number of spectacular equestrian games that are often shown during festivals. Children learn horseback riding from an early age. Boys look after the herd in the meadows from childhood, girls learn traditional crafts, weave carpets of rare beauty. Shirdak and Ala Kiyiz are famous for their felt carpets, decorated with natural colored ornaments.
The symbol of Kyrgyz life is the felt yurt, which can be found in pastures. Until now, in large cities, some families, according to the Kyrgyz custom, build yurts on the occasion of important holidays, such as the birth of a child or a wedding. The flag of the Republic features a yurt. This emphasizes the paramount importance of the yurt. The flag of the republic is red, and in the center is Tunduk - the central part of the roof of the yurt with a crossed pole in the middle of a wooden circle.
A stove is an indispensable attribute that the population cannot do without, especially for those who live high in the mountains. On the left side of the entrance of the yurt is the male side, where there is everything you need for fishing, hunting, horseback riding. The right side is reserved for women, where there are kitchen utensils and everything related to the art of weaving.
Another important component of the culture of Kyrgyzstan and a source of pride is the legend of Manas, his sons and grandsons. Manas was born in an area called Talas, in the north-west of the country, and the people made up a legend about him, as if at the age of 9 he destroyed a winged serpent. The scene of this fight, captured in marble, can be seen in Bishkek opposite the Philharmonic. Epics, tales longer than the Iliad and the Odyssey, have been passed down orally for the last millennium. The first written version appeared about 100 years ago. The storytellers and singers (Akin), performing important works of the Kyrgyz people, were respected by everyone, and for this they were nicknamed "manaschi".
The Kyrgyz have a great variety of rituals, traditions and rituals associated with them, however, they can be divided into the following categories: material objects of culture, calendar, nomadism, and of course, the most significant and interesting category - milestones in human life and events associated with them.
In the customs and rituals dedicated to certain calendar dates, there are layers of different eras - from the most archaic to modern times. In a residual form, in a number of ceremonies, until the 20th century, the features of the most ancient cults associated with the veneration of the natural elements, the animal world, and ancestors were preserved. All this was subject to one function - to ensure the well-being of the family, clan, preserve descendants and increase livestock. They were magical, animistic in nature. The custom of meeting the New Year "Nooruz" in the spring, which was celebrated in the third decade of the month of March on the day of the spring equinox - March 21, had a nationwide character; on the eve of this day, the women of the village cooked a ritual dish for a day - liquid porridge from sprouted grains of wheat with the addition of milk and a small amount of meat "kozhe", "sumelok".
On the day of the New Year, all the inhabitants of the village dressed in new clothes. They congratulated each other on the New Year, fumigated houses, yurts, livestock, "alastoo" with juniper smoke and ate ritual porridge "kozhe". Fires were kindled, men and children jumped over them, they believed that the fire had a cleansing and healing power. Equestrian games and entertainment were arranged. The custom of "noruzdama" genetically ascended to Zoroastrianism and was closely connected with the spring time, with the idea of a resurgent nature. Along with this holiday, there were a number of customs dating back to paganism.
This is a rite of making a propitiatory or grateful sacrifice to the deity Earth-Water - "Zher-Suu tayuu". Most often, this ceremony was performed twice a year: in the spring, when greenery appeared in the mountains and the lambing of sheep began; in late autumn, on the days of migration from pastures to winter camps, when they were preparing for winter. Sacrificial animals were slaughtered, a ritual dish was prepared. All members of the village community took part in this ceremony. At the end of the meal, "bata" was performed, a prayer request to the deity "Zher-Suu" to protect them from natural disasters and misfortunes. During a drought or flood, collective and individual sacrifices of "ghouls" were also arranged with propitiatory, expiatory requests or blessings. Most of the ritual actions ended with the mention of the ancient deities of the Kirghiz - "Tenir", "Umai".
Some customs, rituals of the Kirghiz originated and developed in the pre-Islamic period in the history of the Kirghiz people. With the adoption of Islam by the Kirghiz, customs and rituals have undergone significant changes, in some cases completely new customs have been developed. These include reading from the Qur'an a prayer for the dead - "zhanaza", remission of sins - "dooron"; all five commandments of Islam are "parz"; fasting for a month - "Ramadan"; "orozo ait"; holiday of sacrifice - "kurman ait".
hospitality traditions
The Kirghiz, with a few exceptions of certain groups, led a nomadic lifestyle. They wandered from winter camps to valleys and gorges or up to the mountains. Nomadism was seasonal, the village with its cattle gathered for summer pastures with the appearance of green grass. Until August, gradually migrating, they reached alpine meadows, where the cattle gained fat and became well-fed. They prepared carefully for the migration.
On the day of the transition, everyone put on festive clothes and jewelry. According to custom, on the eve of the transition to the old camp "eski zhurt", they arranged a sacrifice - "tuloe". On the way they were met by other villages and presented in cups with soft drinks - "airan", "kymyz", the children were given treats and blessed on a good journey - "kech baisalduu bolsun". Upon arrival at a new place, the neighbors visited the new village - "eruluktoe", brought ready-made meals with them as a treat and blessed them for a safe stay - "konush zhailuu bolsun". Hospitality was considered one of the fine folk customs. All the best things that were at home: food, bedding, as well as the general attention of the household were dedicated to the guest. The guests could be: a random traveler - "where the horses are", invited - "konoktor". If horsemen drove up to the yurt, then the owners would definitely come out to meet them and help them get down from the horse, invite them to the yurt. It was not customary for the Kirghiz to immediately ask questions, ask about the purpose of their arrival. The guest was always provided with an overnight stay (if they refused to stay overnight or provided an uncomfortable bed for sleeping, then the guest left this family very dissatisfied and spread rumors among the villagers about poor hospitality). Such hospitality was condemned by public opinion. The Kirghiz used to say: "Konoktuu go away kut bar" - "A guest is the grace of the house." According to custom, the owner was responsible for the safety of things and for fodder for the horses of the guests. In the system of relationships between certain categories of people, there was a custom of giving - "tartuu", "belek". They gave cattle, hunting birds, items of horse attire - "er tokum", a whip - "kamchi"; musical instruments, jewelry, etc. According to custom, the recipient of the gift reciprocated, but he had to give more significant things. In the traditional culture of the Kyrgyz people, the custom of tribal mutual assistance occupied a special place. In all cases of the life of the Kirghiz, relatives took an obligatory part and provided moral and material assistance to the "jards". If the family was in dire need of food, housing, clothing, then all relatives, the Ailians came to her aid. The family-related group - "bir atanyn baldary", "top", "rage" was distinguished by special cohesion and collectivism. Such groups usually consisted of several dozen families and in 3, 4, 5 continuations of genera they had a common ancestor, whose name the given group was called. The life of the families of these groups proceeded in many cases jointly: they could organize joint grazing, jointly protect the livestock and the safety of the members of the group. The oldest person in the group organized and coordinated many aspects of everyday life, households of kindred families. Such groups still exist today. Naturally, there is no former influence on the life of specific families. However, at funerals, in large family celebrations, the best qualities of mutual assistance and collectivism are manifested. It is these groups that today could act as an effective mechanism for social control over the younger generations and be an effective institution for the socialization and ethnicization of youth.
Wedding traditions of Kyrgyzstan
They represent a unique cultural phenomenon of the Kyrgyz people. Marriage was treated very seriously and responsibly, they tried to intermarry with noble families, clans - "tektuu el menen". Relations - "where jays" - relatives of the bride and groom among the Kyrgyz are distinguished by emphasized respect and attention. Even in the worst of relations, it was customary to extend helping hands "Kudanyn zhamany suu kechiret" - "A bad matchmaker will help at the crossing", in case of difficulties, you can count on the help of relatives from the bride or groom.
According to custom, there were early forms of matchmaking - "kudalashu", unborn children - "white kuda", and babies - "beshik kuda". In the first case, friends devoted to each other, or completely strangers, but at the most tragic moment, extended a helping hand, agreed on the future wedding of unborn children. At the same time, they swore an oath to intermarry forever - "soekteshuu", confirmed this word with ritual actions - "ok quiete" - touching the bow arrow with the teeth, "chipalaktyn kanyn soruu" - sucking the blood of the ring finger from each other (they made an incision on the finger), " chyrpyk kyrkuu" - breaking a branch, "shilekey alyshuu" - saliva exchange, etc.
If, due to life circumstances, the marriage of children did not work out, then they remained sworn friends "anttuu dos", "akyrettik dos". Under the custom of "beshik kuda" - lullabies of matchmakers - the parents of future spouses addressed each other with the words "where" - matchmaker, "kudagy" - matchmaker. All relatives and residents of Ail knew well the intentions of the matchmakers. According to the custom, the parents of the future groom put on the little girl's ear silver earrings - "seike saluu". There was a custom of premarital meetings of the bride and groom "kuyeleo" or "uydun zhanyna baruu" - son-in-law or acquaintance with the son-in-law. This custom was covered by customary law and was of great importance in the preparation for the wedding. Long before the wedding, the groom and his close friends stopped not far from the bride's village.
For a date, the future newlyweds specially set up a yurt with all the decorations. On a date, various youth games were arranged, entertainment - "kyz oinotoor". Before entering the yurt, where the bride and her friends were waiting for him, he had to knock off the bride's headdress "shokule" - "takiya saiuu" from the outside of the yurt through a small hole. If he did not touch the bride's headdress, then the attempt was repeated several times. All this was accompanied by funny jokes. Then a meeting of the bride and groom was arranged - "hot korushuu". They organized such entertainments as "tanuu" - tying up, "bee karmoo" - catching a mare, "kyz kuumai" - catch up with a girl, etc. This act, a meeting with the bride, lasted until the morning and had a final character in preparation for the wedding. Finally, before the wedding, 15 days before she was taken to his village, according to custom, the groom gave treats to the bride's village - "zhygach tushuruu".
The wedding, and the customs and rituals associated with it, are the most colorful and meaningful part of the entire ritual complex. On the day of the arrival of the parents, relatives of the groom in the village of the bride's father, they arranged a grandiose wedding feast - "kyz uzatuu". On the eve of the arrival of the groom, the girl, according to custom, said goodbye to everyone, went around all the relatives, arranged a bachelorette party for her peers. The wedding celebrations themselves were accompanied by spectacles and amusements containing many game, song-musical and competitive elements. Seeing off the young woman and moving her to the fiance's village was accompanied by such ritual actions as: "kempir oldu", "chal zhygar", "kyz kynshytuu", "zhyyuu-zhayuu", "beetle keruu", "ukuruk baital", "orok koy" , "yergee zhabar", "tunduk kotoruu", "uy kotoruu", "tolgoo tobacco", "toy taratuu", there were entertainments "tokmok saluu", "teshok talashuu", etc., and equestrian sports competitions. Before the procession, a thick rope was stretched out - "lasso tartuu", the groom's parents were forced to pay off by distributing small gifts.
In the house of the father of the bride, the main ritual actions took place: a special woman opened the kurjuns brought by the groom's relatives - "kurzhun soegu", after a while they distributed the expensive clothes brought to the parents, the closest relatives of the bride - "kiyit". At the same time, the ritual transfer of the entire ransom for the bride - "kalyn" - took place. "kalyn" included mainly livestock, while the number of heads of different types of livestock should have been nine each - "toguzdan". This number had a sacred meaning. Ritual dishes, garments and small items were brought on nine wooden cups - "toguz tabak".
On the eve of the wedding, the girl's relatives performed the "chach oruu" ceremony - they unraveled girl's pigtails and braided women's braids. This rite was a dedication to the transition to another adult age category. She was admonished with kind words, to be a good housewife and faithful wife. In full wedding attire, accompanied by daughters-in-law and young women, the bride was shown for the first time to the groom's parents - "zhuz korushuu", for which those accompanying them received gifts. When the bride was escorted to the groom's village, there was a custom "kyz uzatuu", which was accompanied by loud cries, women's lamentations - "cat aituu".
According to tradition, if a girl got married, she left her father's family forever, - "chykkan kyz chiyden tyshkary", a girl who married like a stranger - "kyz head eldin kishisi", "a girl is a person of a strange kind" - said the Kyrgyz and saw her off as if on the last journey. After moving to the village of the groom, such ritual actions were arranged as changing the wedding headdress - instead of "shokulo" they put on her head "elechek" - a white turban, worshiping the fire - "otko kirgizuu", marriage - "nike kyyuu", the bride's bride - "kelin koruu", the appointment of the planted parents - "okul ata, okul ene", etc. The daughter-in-law, as usual, did not have the right to call her husband's relatives by name - "tergeo", replaced them with other words. This prohibition was in effect throughout the life of the daughter-in-law.
Even in extreme old age, a woman in tribute did not name the dead relatives of her husband, for her their names were voiced, by someone from those present who knew them. Such women were highly respected. In relation to the daughter-in-law, there were customs of prohibition. In addition to the prohibition to call her husband’s relatives by name, she could not sit with her back to her husband’s relatives, sit with her leg outstretched, speak sharply and loudly, walk with her head uncovered, barefoot, avoid direct contact with her husband’s older relatives, etc. However, the elder relatives of the husband themselves observed a special etiquette in relation to the daughter-in-law - "kelin".
The custom of dedication - "otko kirgizuu" - had a ritual significance. Each related family invited the newlyweds in turn, introduced the daughter-in-law to her husband's relatives, slaughtered cattle in their honor, put a white scarf on her head - "ak zhooluk". The white color among the Kyrgyz symbolized purity, a happy journey, happiness and pure thoughts. According to the custom, the daughter-in-law visited the ail of her father - "torkulei" a year later, and stayed there for several days or months. According to customary law, the parents of the daughter-in-law prepared a dowry - "sep", which was transferred on the wedding day to the groom's side. The composition of the dowry included everything that is necessary for the life of the newlyweds: from a needle and thread to cattle. Moreover, the dowry should not have been less than the ransom-kalym.
Funeral traditions in Kyrgyzstan
The life of a person among the Kyrgyz was considered the highest value. During life, they tried to do good deeds, not to offend each other over trifles, to have large offspring and many livestock, to intermarry with a noble family and famous, respected people. “Zhakshyga zhanashsan zhakats agarat, zhamanga zhanashsan ubayym menen karysyn” - “If you behave with good people, your shirt collar will be white (in the sense, you will be happy), if you behave with bad people, you will grow old prematurely from worries,” the Kyrgyz said.
The Kirghiz divided life events, circumstances into "zhakshylyk" - festivities and "zhamandyk" - sorrows, they believed that the distance between them, like between an eyelid and eyelashes - "kabak", "kash": "Zhakshylyk menen zhamandyk tavern kashtyn orthosundai". A person must be prepared morally and psychologically for all life situations and collisions. In the dying state, each person left a will - "kerez", which was executed as the deceased wished. The death of a loved one was considered a tragedy of the family, clan. If a person of a young or mature age died, then those close to him grieved doubly. When a young man died through the upper frame of the yurt, the "tunduk" was put up with a pole with a red flag, if a middle-aged man - with a black flag, if an old man died, then they put up with a white flag. It was a ritual sign for guests arriving at the funeral. In the yurt, where the body of the deceased was, only females could be. If the husband died, then the wife unbraided her hair - "chachyn zhaigan", scratched her face and lamented loudly - "cat aitkan".
All the women in the yurt sat facing the walls and loudly lamented the deceased. Only on the seventh or fortieth day the wife of the deceased was allowed to collect her hair, for which they arranged a ceremony - "chachyn zhyydy". This cycle consisted of several stages: funeral rites - notification of death - "kabar aituu", the image of the deceased husband - "rumble kotoruu", dressing in mourning clothes - "kara kiyuu", crying - "ekuruu", reception and arrangement of guests - " konok aluu", washing the deceased - "soek zhuu", wrapping the deceased in a shroud - "kepindeo", seeing off - "uzatuu", funeral - "soektu koiuu"; post-funeral rites - the general crying of people returning from the graves - "ekuruu", the distribution of clothes and personal belongings of the deceased - "muche", and if a woman died, then they distributed small pieces of cloth (50x50 cm) - "zhyrtysh", and a memorial common meal - "kara ash". The memorial cycle consisted of three days - "uchulugu", seven days - "zhetiligi", forty days - "kyrky" and an anniversary - "ash". The last to end was the mourning for the dead.
In relation to the dead and ancestors, there were a number of cults, the basis of which was animistic ideas based on the idea of the real existence of the spirits of the dead and ancestors - "arbak". They especially treated the spirits of famous, authoritative people, leaders, they believed that their spirits had the right to demand constant attention and caring attitude from their descendants. Living descendants deeply revered their ancestors, sought to enlist their favor, to avoid their discontent.
It was believed that the spirits of the ancestors patronize the surviving relatives. Funeral dishes were necessarily eaten to the end, as they believed that the spirits would be full and satisfied from the meals arranged in their honor. There was an idea that the spirits of the dead "arbaktar" feed on the smell of meat or lard, from time to time, memorial meals "zhyt chygaruu" were arranged for the family and relatives. In the funeral and memorial rites of the Kirghiz, the best, noble features of the people were manifested: empathy, a general state of mourning. All relatives performed their functions clearly and in a timely manner: someone was responsible for alerting, someone for receiving and accommodating guests, someone for cooking, etc., general management was carried out by a council of the next of kin of the deceased. Complete order and safety of the participants in the funeral process were ensured.
On the days of the funeral, the best qualities of people were manifested, the ability to work harmoniously as part of a group, unquestioningly follow the instructions of the elders, there was a special tact and correctness in relationships. If there were any quarrels, then their decisions were left for the post-burial time. The manifestation of a bad character, arrogance, conflict, indifference in events was considered an act of disrespect for the memory of the deceased, such a person was immediately removed from the funeral. All relatives were obliged to attend the funeral, wherever they were. It was a tribute to the memory of the deceased. No reason could justify the absence of any of the relatives of the deceased.
The main burden of expenses - "chygym" - for the funeral fell on close relatives and relatives, as well as on matchmakers - "kudalar". Each group of participants brought with them, without fail, a certain amount of "koshumcha" cattle. As a result, the financial situation of the family of the deceased did not worsen.
An inseparable part of the funeral and memorial rites was the custom of organizing equestrian competitions. They were divided into small and large jumps. Small ones arranged on the day of the funeral - "kemega baige" or "ker baige", they were distinguished by small participants. Big competitions were arranged on the anniversary - "ash". They were notable for their crowdedness, the number of big prizes and the variety of the competitions themselves.
These competitions in full could be arranged only by rich families and clans. They continued for several days and turned into a grandiose spectacle, a national theater. Small races were arranged - "kemega baige"; fights on peaks - "er saiysh"; wrestling on horseback - "oodarysh", "enish"; foot wrestling - "balban kurosh", goat fighting - "ulak tartysh", "kokboru"; shooting at a target suspended on a high place - "jamby atysh"; various types of races - "at chabysh", among which the main one was considered "alaman baige", completing the feast for the deceased. In the intervals between major competitions, various small games and entertainments were arranged - "maida oyundar", in which women also participated. They also participated in major, i.e. men's fights, like fights on peaks - "sayysh", wrestling - "kuresh", as well as in horse racing - "kyz kumai", etc.
On the day of the end of the commemoration "ash" they arranged a rite of removal of mourning - "aza kiyim kotoruu". Close relatives of the deceased, his wife, daughters took off their mourning black clothes and burned them; all the cauldrons on which funeral dishes were cooked were left upside down for several days, and the image of the deceased "tul" was taken to the grave. Only after the fulfillment of these rites, the family, the family of the deceased could move on to a normal daily life.
The most traditional custom among the Kyrgyz - like all peoples - is hospitality. Since ancient times, everyone whose path passed through the Kyrgyz aul did not leave it without sharing a table and shelter with the owners. Since the Kyrgyz have led a nomadic lifestyle for many decades, a peculiar kind of bread - “komoch-nan”, which requires only two pans to cook, is now well-deserved attention for its ease of preparation and excellent taste.
Ancient customs require every bride to have a dowry consisting of various types of blankets, pillows, carpets and the like, the skillful manufacture of which has always been famous for Kyrgyz craftswomen. Women of the older generations passed on to the youth their skills in processing wool, dyeing it for further use in creating colorful samples of folk art. All kinds of crafts, embroidery, etc. served to decorate not only clothes, household utensils, carpets, but also decorated the dwellings of the people. 
The nomadic way of life of the Kyrgyz people limited the possibilities for the development of art, but many items of national life were marked by artistic taste and skill: jewelry, harness, clothing, household items, utensils, outdoor and indoor decoration of the dwelling. The masterpieces of the Kyrgyz applied art never lost their national character and embodied the best artistic traditions passed down from generation to generation.
The yurt is a traditional dwelling of Kyrgyz nomads, in itself is a masterpiece of applied art. In terms of shape and interior decoration, it is impossible to find two identically decorated yurts, although their design always shows the ability to maintain certain standards of age-old, folk traditions. 
Exotic objects of nomadic life are various vessels, cases made of leather. All these items were decorated with embossing, embroidery with metal ribbons and colored leather.
The arts and crafts of the Kyrgyz people, created over the centuries, is original, diverse and has the most important quality - a combination of practical, utilitarian value and rich artistic design - be it a yurt or a horse harness.
Graceful, relief and contour carving, painting on chests, caskets, stands and chess cases, in which the figures are made based on the Manas epic, komuz is a national musical instrument.
The oldest traditions of artistic metal processing have been preserved to our time by folk jewelers - zergerusta. Women's jewelry made by them of high artistic merit is not stale on the shelves. Bracelets, rings, earrings, braids and head ornaments made by craftsmen are able to satisfy the most demanding tastes of modern fashionistas. You can find all this in almost every jewelry store in the country.
