Composition Bulgakov M.A. - Dog's heart

Topic: - “Shvonder is the most important fool” (based on the story of M. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”)

What is this person doing? Being the chairman of the house committee, he does not consider it necessary to keep order and cleanliness in the house. It is not for nothing that, having learned about the moving in of the "residential comrades", Professor Preobrazhensky complains: "The Kalabukhov house is gone! We'll have to leave, but where, you ask? Everything will be like clockwork. At first, every evening singing, then the pipes in the toilets will freeze, then the boiler in the steam heating will burst, and so on. This line of conduct, therefore, has become habitual among people like Shvonder: not to fulfill their direct duties, but to engage in uttering revolutionary phrases. Discussions, meetings, transfusion from empty to empty - all this is Shvonder's bureaucratic element.

Already from the first appearance of Shvonder in the apartment of Professor Preobrazhensky, it is clear that this is a deeply uncultured person: he walks in dirty boots on Persian carpets. But if only this! He turns to Professor Preobrazhensky with an absurd demand to "compact": the general meeting decided that the professor could well refuse two rooms - a dining room and an examination room, as a result of which the professor would have to eat in the bedroom and operate in the same place where he cuts rabbits. It is characteristic that such a situation seems quite natural to Shvonder, as well as the fact that the needs of a person are determined not by himself, but by the general meeting. Leveling, disrespect for individuality - these are the life principles of Shvonder.

Shvonder's first visit to Preobrazhensky's apartment ends with the disgrace of Shvonder and his relatives. However, the appearance of Sharikov makes the professor vulnerable and causes an attack of violent activity in Shvonder. First of all, he writes a note to the newspaper, where he declares Sharikov the professor's illegitimate son, since his (Shvonder's) limited mind is not able to contain the thought of something unusual, unpredictable.

Shvonder becomes Sharikov's ideologue, his spiritual shepherd. He begins the upbringing of the "new man", again, absurdly. He does not care at all that Sharikov rushes at every cat, peels seeds and uses foul language. The main thing is that Sharikov should know the basics of the new ideology, and he gives him to read the correspondence between Engels and Kautsky, from reading which Sharikov draws the radical conclusion that everything must be divided equally.

Moreover, Shvonder actually equates the social rights of the professor with

With a world name and yesterday's yard dog. “A document is the most important thing in the world,” says Schwonder. The document turns Sharik into Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov, gives him the opportunity to become the head of the cleaning subdivision, that is, to become a full member of human society.

But Shvonder does not understand that by taking care of Sharikov, he is digging his own grave. Professor Preobrazhensky quite rightly remarks: “... Shvonder is the most important fool. He does not understand that Sharikov is an even more formidable danger for him than for me ... if someone, in turn, sets Sharikov on Shvonder himself, then only horns and legs will remain of him. even based on their own absurd logic, at least to foresee something, in general to think about the consequences of their own actions. He is driven only by the desire to “share everything”, and the meaning of his image in the story is to reveal the true nature of the social system that he personifies, and to show that in order to be a full member of this system, it is quite enough to learn how to speak and get rid of the tail.

Ball- the main character of the fantastic story "Heart of a Dog" by M. A. Bulgakov, a homeless dog who was picked up and sheltered by Professor Preobrazhensky. This is an eternally hungry, frozen, homeless dog that wanders in doorways in search of food. At the beginning of the story, we learn that a cruel cook scalded his side, and now he is afraid to ask someone for food, lies against a cold wall and waits for the end. But suddenly the smell of sausage comes from somewhere and he, unable to stand it, follows her. A mysterious gentleman walked along the sidewalk, who not only treated him to sausage, but also invited him to his house. Since then, Sharik began a completely different life.

The professor took good care of him, cured his sore side, brought him into proper shape and fed him several times a day. Soon Sharik began to turn away even from roast beef. The rest of the inhabitants of the professor's large apartment also treated Sharik well. In response, he was ready to faithfully serve his master and savior. Sharik himself was a smart dog. He knew how to distinguish letters on street signs, he knew exactly where the Glavryba store in Moscow was, where the meat counters were. Soon something strange happened to him. Professor Preobrazhensky decided to conduct an amazing experiment on transplanting human organs on it.

The experiment was a success, but after that Sharik began to gradually take on a human form and behave like the former owner of the transplanted organs - the thief and recidivist Klim Grigoryevich Chugunkin who died in a fight. So Sharik turned from a kind and smart dog into an ill-mannered boor, an alcoholic and a brawler named Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov.

"Heart of a Dog" characteristic of Preobrazhensky

Preobrazhensky Philip Philipovich- the central character of the fantastic story "Heart of a Dog" by M. A. Bulgakov, the luminary of medicine of world importance, an experimental surgeon who has achieved remarkable results in the field of rejuvenation. The professor lives and works in Moscow on Prechistenka. He has a seven-room apartment, where he conducts his experiments. Housekeepers Zina, Daria Petrovna and temporarily his assistant Bormental live with him. It was Philip Philipovich who decided to conduct a unique experiment on a stray dog ​​to transplant the human pituitary gland and testicles.

As a test subject, he used a stray dog ​​Sharik. The results of his experiment exceeded expectations, as Sharik began to take on a human form. However, as a result of this physical and psychological humanization, Sharik turned into a terrible rude, drunkard and violator of law and order. The professor connected this with the fact that he transplanted the organs of Klim Chugunkin, a brawler, a recidivist thief, an alcoholic and a bully, to the dog. Over time, rumors about a dog that turned into a man leaked out and the creation of Preobrazhensky was issued an official document in the name of Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. Moreover, the chairman of the house committee, Shvonder, forced Philip Fillipovich to register Sharikov in the apartment as a full-fledged inhabitant.

Sharikov is the complete antipode of the professor, which leads to an insoluble conflict. When Preobrazhensky asked him to leave the apartment, the matter ended with threats with a revolver. Without a moment's hesitation, the professor decided to correct his mistake and, having put Sharikov to sleep, performed a second operation, which returned the dog's good heart and former appearance.

"Dog's heart" characteristic of Sharikov

Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov- the main negative character of the story "Heart of a Dog", the man into whom the dog Sharik turned after the operation of Professor Preobrazhensky. At the beginning of the story, it was a kind and harmless dog, who was picked up by the professor. After an experimental operation to implant human organs, he gradually assumed a human form and acted like a person, albeit immoral. His moral qualities left much to be desired, since the transplanted organs belonged to the deceased recidivist thief Klim Chugunkin. Soon, the newly converted dog was given the name Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov and presented with a passport.

Sharikov became a real problem for the professor. He was rowdy, pestered neighbors, molested servants, used foul language, got into fights, stole and drank heavily. As a result, it became clear that he inherited all these habits from the former owner of the transplanted pituitary gland. Immediately after receiving a passport, he got a job as the head of the subdepartment for cleaning Moscow from stray animals. Sharikov's cynicism and heartlessness forced the professor to perform another operation to turn him back into a dog. Fortunately, Sharik's pituitary gland was preserved in him, so at the end of the story Sharikov again became a kind and affectionate dog, without boorish habits.

"Dog's heart" characteristic of Bormental

Bormental Ivan Arnoldovich- one of the main characters of the story "Heart of a Dog" by M. A. Bulgakov, assistant and assistant to Professor Preobrazhensky. This young doctor is fundamentally honest and noble by nature. He is completely devoted to his teacher and is always ready to help. He cannot be called weak-willed, because at the right time he knows how to show firmness of character. Preobrazhensky accepted Bormental as an assistant when he was still a student at the department. Immediately after graduation, a capable student became an assistant professor.

In a conflict situation that arose between Sharikov and Preobrazhensky, he takes the side of the professor and tries his best to protect him and other characters. Sharikov was once just a stray dog ​​that was picked up and adopted by a professor. For the purposes of the experiment, the human pituitary gland and testicles were transplanted to him. Over time, the dog not only became human, but also began to behave like a person, like the previous owner of the transplanted organs - thief and recidivist Klim Chugunkin. When the rumor about the new resident reached the house committee, Sharik was given documents in the name of Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov and was registered in the professor's apartment.

Bormental carefully monitored the behavior of this impudent and ill-mannered creature, not shunning even physical violence. He had to move in with the professor for a while to help deal with Sharikov, whom he almost strangled in a rage. Then the professor had to perform a second operation to turn Sharikov back into a dog.

"Dog heart" characteristic Shvonder

Shvonder- a minor character in the story "Heart of a Dog", a proletarian, the new head of the house committee. He played an important role in introducing Sharikov into society. Despite this, the author does not give him a detailed description. This is not a person, but a public person, a generalized image of the proletariat. All that is known about his appearance is that a thick mop of curly hair towered on his head. He does not like class enemies, to which he refers Professor Prebrazhensky and demonstrates this in every possible way.

For Schwonder, the most important thing in the world is a "document", that is, a piece of paper. Having learned that an unregistered person lives in Philip Philipovich's apartment, he immediately obliges him to register him and issue a passport in the name of Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. He does not care where this man came from and the fact that Sharikov is just a dog transformed as a result of the experiment. Shvonder bows before the authorities, believes in the power of laws, regulations and documents. He does not even care that the professor has made a real revolution in science and medicine. For him, Sharikov is just another unit of society, a tenant of an apartment who needs to be registered.

"Dog's heart"- a story by Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov.

Story

The story was written in January-March 1925. During a search conducted at Bulgakov's by the OGPU on May 7, 1926 (order 2287, case 45), the manuscript of the story was also confiscated from the writer. Three editions of the text have been preserved (all in the Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library): the chapter "Give the word to the textologist".

In 1967, without the knowledge and against the will of the writer's widow E. S. Bulgakova, the casually copied text of "Heart of a Dog" was transferred to the West: the chapter "My French Queen ..." simultaneously to several publishing houses and in 1968 was published in the magazine "Frontiers" (Frankfurt ) and in Alec Flegon's Student magazine (London).

Plot

The story of a dog that turned into a man turned out to be the property of the tabloid press. Curious people begin to come to the professor's house. But Preobrazhensky himself is not happy with the outcome of the operation, as he understands that he can get out of Sharik.

Meanwhile, Sharik falls under the influence of the communist activist Shvonder, who inspired him that he is a proletarian suffering from oppression by the bourgeoisie. (represented by Professor Preobrazhensky and his assistant Dr. Bormenthal), and turned him against the professor.

Shvonder, being the chairman of the house committee, gives Sharik documents in the name of Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov, arranging him to work in the service for trapping and destroying homeless animals (in "cleaning") and forcing the professor to officially register Sharikov in his apartment. In the "cleaning" service, Sharikov quickly makes a career, becoming the boss. Under the bad influence of Shvonder, having superficially read communist literature and feeling like "the master of the situation", Sharikov begins to be rude to the professor, to behave cheekily at home, to steal things with money and to pester servants. In the end, it comes to the fact that Sharikov writes a false denunciation of the professor and doctor Bormental. This denunciation only thanks to the doctor's influential patient does not reach law enforcement agencies. Then Preobrazhensky and Bormental order Sharikov to get out of the apartment, to which he replies with a categorical refusal. The doctor and the professor, unable to endure the impudent and impudent antics of Polygraph Poligrafovich and expecting only the worsening of the situation, decide to perform a reverse operation and transplant the canine pituitary gland to Sharikov, after which he gradually begins to lose his human appearance and again turns into a dog ...

Characters

Data

• The prototype of the “Kalabukhov House”, in which the main events of the story unfold, was the profitable house of the architect S. F. Kulagin (house number 24 on Prechistenka Street), built with his money in 1904.
• Throughout the entire story, Professor Preobrazhensky constantly sings "From Seville to Grenada ... In the quiet twilight of nights." This line is from Tchaikovsky's romance "Don Juan Serenade", the verses to which are taken from A. K. Tolstoy's poem "Don Juan". Perhaps, in this way, Bulgakov beat the occupation of the professor: the character of Tolstoy's poem was known for his sexual adventures, and the professor returns sexual youth to his withered patients.
• The professor performs an operation on Sharik from December 24 to January 6 - from Catholic to Orthodox Christmas Eve. Sharik's transformation takes place on January 7, on Christmas Day.
• There is an opinion that Sharikov can be perceived as a carrier of the demonic principle. This can be seen in his appearance: the hair on his head is "hard, like bushes in an uprooted field," like a devil. In one of the episodes, the moment Sharikov shows Professor Preobrazhensky a shish, and one of the meanings of the word shish is the hair standing on end on the head of the devil: 642.
• Perhaps the prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky was his uncle, mother's brother, Nikolai Mikhailovich Pokrovsky, a gynecologist. His apartment coincides in detail with the description of Philipp Philippovich's apartment, and besides, he had a dog. This hypothesis is also confirmed by Bulgakov's first wife, T. N. Lappa, in her memoirs. The prototypes of Professor Preobrazhensky's patients were the writer's acquaintances and well-known public figures of that time: 642-644. But there are other hypotheses (for more details about them, see the article by Philipp Philippovich Preobrazhensky).
• House committees, which Professor Preobrazhensky complained about, and one of which was headed by Shvonder, really worked very poorly after the revolution. An example is the order to the residents of the Kremlin dated October 14, 1918: “[...] house committees do not at all fulfill the duties assigned to them by law: the dirt in courtyards and squares, in houses, on stairs, in corridors and apartments is terrifying. Garbage from the apartments is not taken out for weeks, stands on the stairs, spreading the infection. Stairs are not only not washed, but also not swept. Manure, garbage, corpses of dead cats and dogs have been lying in the yards for weeks. Homeless cats roam everywhere, being constant carriers of the infection. The “Spanish” disease is circulating in the city, which has entered the Kremlin and has already caused deaths ... "
• Abyrvalg - the second word spoken by Sharik after turning from a dog into a man - this is the reversed word "Glavryba" - the Main Department of Fisheries and the State Fishing Industry under the People's Commissariat of Food, which in 1922-1924 was the main economic body in charge of fishing grounds RSFSR. The first similarly constructed word was "abyr" (from "fish"). Sharik said this word in reverse order, because, being a dog, he learned to read using the sign "Glavryby", to the left of which there was always a policeman, because of which Sharik approached the sign from the right side and read from right to left.
• The rock group Agatha Christie recorded the song Heart of a Dog, the text of which is Sharik's monologue.

The story as a political satire

The most common political interpretation of the story refers it to the very idea of ​​the "Russian revolution", the "awakening" of the social consciousness of the proletariat. Sharikov is traditionally perceived as an allegorical image of the lumpen proletariat, who unexpectedly received a large number of rights and freedoms, but quickly discovered selfish interests and the ability to betray and destroy both his own kind (a former homeless dog climbs the social ladder, destroying other homeless animals), and those who endowed them with these rights. At the same time, it should be noted that Klim Chugunkin earned money by playing music in taverns and was a criminal. The finale of the story looks artificial, without third-party intervention (deus ex machina) the fate of the creators of Sharikov looks predetermined. It is believed that in the story Bulgakov predicted the mass repressions of the 1930s.

A number of Bulgakov scholars believe that "Heart of a Dog" is a political satire on the leadership of the state in the mid-1920s, and each of the characters has a prototype among the political elite of the country at that time. In particular, the prototype of Sharikov-Chugunkin is Stalin (both have an "iron" second surname), Professor Preobrazhensky - Lenin (who transformed the country), Dr. Bormental, constantly in conflict with Sharikov - Trotsky (Bronstein), Shvonder - Kamenev, Zina's assistants - Zinoviev, Darya - Dzerzhinsky and so on.

Censorship

At the reading of the manuscript of the story during a meeting of writers in Gazetny Lane, an OGPU agent was present, who described the work as follows:

[…] such things, read in the most brilliant Moscow literary circle, are much more dangerous than the useless harmless speeches of writers of the 101st grade at meetings of the All-Russian Union of Poets.

The first edition of The Heart of a Dog contained practically open allusions to a number of political figures of that time, in particular to the Soviet plenipotentiary representative in London, Christian Rakovsky, and a number of other functionaries known in the circles of the Soviet intelligentsia for scandalous love affairs.

Bulgakov hoped to publish The Heart of a Dog in the Nedra almanac, but the story was recommended not even to be read to Glavlit. Nikolay Angarsky, who liked the work, managed to pass it on to Lev Kamenev, but he declared that "this sharp pamphlet on modernity should by no means be printed." In 1926, during a search in Bulgakov's apartment, the manuscripts of The Heart of a Dog were confiscated and returned to the author only after the petition of Maxim Gorky three years later.

Screen adaptations

Shvonder - one of the heroes of M. A. Bulgakov's story "Heart of a Dog"; representative of the proletariat, chairman of the house committee. The author describes the hero with undisguised irony and sarcasm. He and his comrades-in-arms are shown as bright representatives of the “devastation” that he so criticizes

Professor Preobrazhensky. Little is said about Shvonder's appearance, only modest clothes and “a quarter arshin mop of the thickest curly black hair” are mentioned.

The chairman of the house committee clearly feels hatred for class enemies in the person of Preobrazhensky and Bormental. He and his comrades want to expropriate one room from the apartment, with obvious disapproval of the professor and his lifestyle.

“... the general meeting, having considered your question, came to the conclusion that, in general, you occupy an excessive area. Absolutely excessive. You alone live in seven rooms.”

Shvonder is a great champion of bureaucracy. For

It is vital to have an appropriate document.

“Quite strange, professor,” Shvonder was offended, “how do you call documents idiotic like that? I cannot allow an undocumented tenant to stay in the house, and not yet registered with the military by the police. What if there is a war with imperialist predators?

The conflict between Shvonder and Professor Preobrazhensky is a conflict between the intelligentsia and the lumpen proletarians. Shvonder and those like him stand up for the rights and freedoms of the working class, but in reality they only sow lack of culture, devastation and blind adherence to senseless laws. They pretend to be hard workers, but in reality they are just idlers. What is the “evening singing” that so indignant the professor worth.

Sharikov is interested in Shvonder from a practical point of view, for him he is just another tenant. Shvonder is closely engaged in his "education" - he inspires him with the idea of ​​a proletarian origin, the need for documents and registration, finds him a job according to his vocation, gives him the idea to write a denunciation of the professor.

Essays on topics:

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The characterization of the literary hero Shvonder is a proletarian, “the new head of the house committee elected at a meeting of the housing association.” The author presents him as a man "who had a quarter arshin of thick curly hair on his head." Despite active participation in the plot, this character does not receive a detailed description. It is presented schematically in the story. Sh. is not a person, he is a “public person”, one of the “comrades”. The author focuses on his hatred for class enemies, that is, for Professor Preobrazhensky and Dr. Bormental. During his visit in the sixth chapter, he speaks to the professor with "calm gloating". And when Philipp Philippovich involuntarily lost his temper, "blue joy spilled over Shvonder's face."
In Sh.'s philosophy, the cornerstone is a document, a piece of paper. “A document is the most important thing in the world.” - he says to Professor Preobrazhensky and is very indignant when Preobrazhensky rashly calls them idiotic. “Quite strange, professor,” Shvonder was offended, “how do you call documents idiotic like that? I cannot allow an undocumented tenant to stay in the house, and not yet registered with the military by the police. What if there is a war with imperialist predators? This is the whole of Sh., this is the morality of the proletariat, bowing before the authorities, believing only in the power of laws, regulations, documents, aggressive and unreasoning. The frank stupidity and absurdity of Sharikov's identity card, which the professor, the luminaries of world science, an educated, subtle person cannot but recognize as nonsense, does not hurt his hearing. The scale of the discovery made by Professor Preobrazhensky is not important to him, he does not understand that Philip Philipovich performed a miracle, creating a person like a creator. Sharikov for him is just another tenant, a unit of society that interests him only from a practical point of view. “Well, it's not difficult. Write a certificate, citizen professor. What is it, they say, and so, the bearer of this is really Sharikov Polygraph Polygraphovich, um ... born in your supposedly apartment. The confrontation between Professor Preobrazhensky and the House Committee - Shvonder reflects the main conflict of the story, the conflict between two opposing social and ethical classes.

Essay on literature on the topic: Shvonder (Bulgakov's Heart of a Dog)

Other writings:

1. Bulgakov's story "Heart of a Dog" is a fantastic work based on real historical soil - post-revolutionary Moscow. The work reveals the horror of what is happening to the country after the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. Bulgakov brings before us two groups of Muscovites. These are hereditary intellectuals, residents of Prechistenka. To Read More ......
2. Professor Preobrazhensky Characteristics of the literary hero Professor Preobrazhensky Filipp Filippovich is one of the main characters of the work. Brilliant doctor and talented scientist. It is F.F. who decides to conduct an experiment on a stray dog, replacing his heart with a human one. So instead of a kind and affectionate dog Read More ......
3. The work of M. A. Bulgakov is the largest phenomenon of Russian fiction of the 20th century. Its main theme can be considered the theme of “the tragedy of the Russian people”. The writer was a contemporary of all those tragic events that took place in Russia in the first half of the 20th century. At the heart of the story Read More ......
4. Heart of a Dog Winter 1924/25 Moscow. Professor Filipp Filippovich Preobrazhensky discovered a way to rejuvenate the body by transplanting human endocrine glands of animals. In his seven-room apartment in a large building on Prechistenka, he sees patients. The house is undergoing a “compaction”: to the apartments Read More ......
5. The fate of Bulgakov's literary heritage is a historical plot of rare drama, the mournful fate of high art seeking fair recognition. More recently, Bulgakov was well known and close to a relatively small circle of literary experts, theater connoisseurs of the 1930s, who remember the success of the Moscow Art Theater production of “Days of the Turbins,” Read More ......
6. Professor Preobrazhensky still does not leave the thought of making a man out of Sharikov. He hopes for evolution, gradual development. But there is no development and there will not be if the person himself does not strive for it. In fact, the professor's whole life turns into a nightmare. In the house Read More ......
7. The famous story "Heart of a Dog", written in 1926, is a vivid example of Bulgakov's satire. It develops Gogol's traditions, organically combining two principles - fantastic and realistic. This characteristic feature of the writer's satire is also embodied in his works such as "The Diaboliad" and Read More ......
8. The story of M. A. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog” reflects the post-revolutionary era of the 20s - the time of NEP. The realistic description of the Soviet reality of this time is combined with the story of the grandiose fantastic experiment of Professor F. F. Preobrazhensky. As a result of surgery on a dog with a pituitary transplant Read More ......