Preservation of architectural monuments arguments. USE in Russian

Sections: Russian language

Class: 11

The speech development lesson in high school is primarily focused on mastering the basic requirements for completing a task with a detailed answer. Students must master the basics of text analysis, correctly formulate the problem, comment on it, determine the author's position, express their opinion on the formulated problem and argue it, citing arguments from fiction, journalistic and scientific literature.

Purpose: preparation for an essay in the USE format based on the text of A. Solzhenitsyn.

educational:

• get acquainted with historical materials about the construction and destruction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior;
• to analyze the text of A. Solzhenitsyn;
• study letter forty-third from D.S. Likhachev's book "Letters about the good and the beautiful."

developing: improve skills:

• perform work in accordance with a specific speech task;
• correctly identify the topic and main idea of ​​the text;
• think about the topic, comprehend its boundaries;
• retell and analyze the text;
• observe, collect material for reasoning;
• compare texts, compare them by topic;
• systematize the material, correlate it with the problem of the source text;
• analyze the text, evaluate it according to K1-K4 criteria;
• build an essay in a certain compositional form: in accordance with the criteria for evaluating a task with a detailed answer K1-K4;
• express their thoughts correctly, that is, in accordance with the norms of the literary language.

educational:

• to cultivate a sense of deep respect for the cultural heritage of our country;
• to cultivate an understanding of the value of churches that testify to the spiritual wealth of our people.

Equipment: Russian language. Grades 10-11: textbook for educational institutions: basic level / V.I. Vlasenkov, L.M. Rybchenkov. - M.: Enlightenment, 2009; interactive whiteboard for presentation slides, handout didactic material for observation and analysis, assessment criteria for tasks with a detailed answer K1-K4.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment. Goal setting. Students set their own goals and objectives. The teacher listens, adds, corrects.

2. Introductory speech of the teacher. Today in the lesson we will talk about architectural monuments. What role do they play in the life of modern man? Should they be preserved in the conditions of active modern construction?

3. Students' answers to problematic questions.

4. The word of the teacher. Architectural monuments must be preserved. Let's talk about temples. They are examples of the spiritual aspirations of the people. In them lives a reminder to posterity of eternal values. The invisible laws of harmony and beauty still live in them. They express the idea of ​​a person's desire for beauty, for the spiritual transformation of the earthly world.

5. Checking homework. The students prepared a retelling of texts in groups, highlighting key words in each part. As a result of oral work, there will be a message about the history of the construction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, an artistic description of the Temple before its opening and an artistic description on the night after its destruction. Annex 1.

6. Revealing perception.

What thoughts and feelings did you have after reading, retelling? What images appeared before you? Describe your feelings using keywords from the text. (Regret for the loss of a beautiful, spiritually significant creation of human hands. Indignation at the soulless attitude to cultural heritage. Anxiety for the shaky, unstable stay of the beautiful in a cruel world. The image of the majestic Temple, which has its own soul, and the image of a pile of ruins after the explosion). Key words: "The golden domes of the temple floated over Moscow, shining with purity", "true beauty and harmony were the healers of the suffering soul", "the temple ascended in the very middle of the earth and in the core of Moscow", "the temple was especially exalted and strict and full of some a special mood", "they thought the temple would stand forever", thousands of diggers chose and exported the land", inspired artists painted the vaults", "sculptors decorated the temple", "it took seventeen years", "countless shadows of warriors appeared", "the temple was already attached to a lofty and bright secret, transferred to him for eternal storage by the memory of the people ... so that the people do not get lost in the darkness", "an invisible, eternal book of times was written from year to year." "It lay in a huge mountain of crushed stone and huge fragments of walls, pillars and vaults", "the view of the arch was even more terrible", "some kind of lonely joint of the building, accidentally left after the destruction, some kind of finger, staring upright at the sky", " the view was wild and terrible”, “a depressing, grotesque mood was created”, “by the forced silence of a dead ruin”, “the spectacle was suppressed by the majestic and proud incomprehensibility of death”.

7. The word of the teacher. Today, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior pleases people with its former beauty. He has been restored. And the human heart rejoices, gaining faith in the victory of goodness, justice, immortality.

8. View presentation slides. Annex 2.

9. Work with the text from the collection of standard examination options edited by I.P. Tsybulko. FIPI, 2012

Read the text, identify the topic and main idea.

(1) Yakonov climbed the path through the wasteland, not noticing where, not noticing the rise. (2) And the legs are tired, dislocating from bumps. (3) And then from the high place where he wandered, he already looked around with reasonable eyes, trying to understand where he was. (4) The ground underfoot is in fragments of brick, in rubble, in broken glass, and some kind of rickety plank shed or booth in the neighborhood, and the fence remaining below around a large area for uncompleted construction. (5) And in this hill, which had undergone a strange desolation not far from the center of the capital, white steps went up, about seven in number, then stopped and began, it seems, again. (6) Some kind of dull memory wavered in Yakonov at the sight of these white steps, and where the steps led was poorly distinguished in the darkness: a building of a strange shape, at the same time, as it were, destroyed and survived. (7) The staircase went up to wide iron doors, closed tightly and knee-deep in packed rubble. (8)Yes! (9)Yes! (10) A shattering memory spurred Yakonov. (11) He looked back. (12) Marked by rows of lanterns, the river wound far below, with a strangely familiar bend going under the bridge and further to the Kremlin. (13) But the bell tower? (14) She is not. (15) Or are these piles of stone from the bell tower? (16) Yakonov felt hot in his eyes. (17) He closed his eyes, sat down quietly. (18) On the stone fragments that filled up the porch. (19) Twenty-two years ago, in this very place, he stood with a girl named Agnia. (20) That same autumn, in the evening, they walked along the alleys near Taganskaya Square, and Agnia said in her quiet voice, which was hard to hear in the city rumble:

- (21) Do you want me to show you one of the most beautiful places in Moscow?

(22) And she led him to the fence of a small brick church, painted in white and red paint and facing an altar in a curved nameless alley. (23) Inside the fence it was crowded, there was only a narrow path for the procession around the church. (24) And right there, in the corner of the fence, an old large oak tree grew, it was taller than the church, its branches, already yellow, overshadowed both the dome and the alley, which made the church seem quite tiny.

- (25) This is the church, - said Agnia.

- (26) But not the most beautiful place in Moscow.

- (27) Wait.

(28) She led him to the porch of the main entrance, went out of the shadows into the stream of sunset and sat on the low parapet, where the fence broke off and the gap for the gate began.

- (29) So look!

(30) Anton gasped. (31) They fell out of the gorge of the city and reached a steep height with a spacious open distance. (32) The river burned in the sun. (33) Zamoskvorechye lay on the left, dazzling with a yellow sheen of glass, almost underfoot the Yauza flowed into the Moscow River, on the right behind it rose the carved contours of the Kremlin, and even further away the five red-gold domes of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior flared in the sun. (34) And in all this radiance, Agnes, in a thrown yellow shawl, also seemed golden, sat squinting in the sun.

- (35) Yes! (36) This is Moscow! Anton said excitedly.

- (37) But she is leaving, Anton, Agnia sang. Moscow is leaving!

- (38) Where does she go there? (39) Fantasy.

- (40) This church will be demolished, Anton, Agnia repeated her.

- (41) How do you know? Anton got angry. - (42) This is an artistic monument, they will leave it like a drink.

(43) He looked at a tiny bell tower, through the slot of which oak branches peered into the bells.

- (44) Demolished! Agnia prophesied confidently, still sitting motionless, in the yellow light and in the yellow shawl.

(45) Yakonov woke up. (46) Yes, ... they destroyed the hipped bell tower and turned the stairs descending to the river. (47) I couldn’t even believe that that sunny evening and this December dawn took place on the same square meters of Moscow land. (48) But the view from the hill was still far, and the meanders of the rivers, repeated by the last lanterns, were the same ...

(According to A. Solzhenitsyn *)

*Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn(1918-2008) - an outstanding Russian writer, publicist, historian, poet and public figure.

What is the topic of the text? What is its main idea? (The text refers to the destruction of the temple. The main idea is to show the bewilderment and chagrin of a person who saw a mangled wasteland in the place where the magnificent temple once stood).

What images are opposed? (The author contrasts two episodes from the life of Anton Yakonov: a sunny evening, when Agnia showed one of the most beautiful places in Moscow, and a December dawn, when, returning here twenty-two years later, he saw a ruined temple with a torn staircase. In addition, "height with a spacious open distance", the beauty of the panorama is opposed to the "gorge of the city", the quiet voice of the girl - to the "urban rumble").

Determine the main problems. (The problem of preserving cultural heritage. The problem of the influence of the urban landscape and urban architecture on a person).

Find marker words, means of expressing the author's position. (In this text, the position of the author is not openly expressed. We will look for the words markers in the images of Agnia and Anton, as well as in the words of the author).

What words express the author's idea? (In Agnia’s words “Moscow is leaving!” the thought of breaking the connection between generations is expressed. Moscow is leaving, left to us by our ancestors. History is leaving. In Anton’s words “This is Moscow!” In the words of the author, “Anton said with rapt attention”, “they destroyed the hipped bell tower and turned the stairs around”, “Yakonov felt hot in his eyes. He closed his eyes and quietly sat down.

What means of expression clearly emphasizes Anton's bewilderment, shock? (Parcellation in sentences 17, 18).

What is the semantic connection between this text and the previous ones? (We are talking about the beauty and grandeur of the temples, as well as the fragments remaining from them. "He lay on a huge a mountain of crushed stone and huge debris walls, pillars and vaults", "the view of the arch was even more terrible", "some kind of lonely joint of the building accidentally left after the destruction, some kind of finger staring upright at the sky", "the view was wild and terrible", "a depressing , grotesque mood", "forced silence of a dead ruin", "the spectacle overwhelmed by the majestic and proud incomprehensibility of death" --- "The earth underfoot in broken bricks, in rubble, in broken glass , and some kind of rickety plank shed or booth in the neighborhood ... The stairs went up to wide iron doors, closed tightly and knee-deep littered with packed rubble ... they destroyed the hipped bell tower and turned the stairs around." The texts are united by a common problem: the problem of preserving cultural heritage).

10. The word of the teacher. We see depressing pictures that are the result of destruction. A person who deeply understands the laws of imperishable creation, associated with moral laws, with the traditions of Orthodox culture, a person who deeply understands the historical value of such architectural structures, bewilderment arises in his soul, regret about the loss of the beautiful, the eternal.

11. The word of the teacher. One of the defenders of cultural heritage was D.S. Likhachev. He opposed the soulless transformation of historically valuable objects. It was important for him to preserve the monuments of the past the way caring predecessors who loved their Fatherland left us as a legacy.

12. Reading an excerpt from letter forty-third from D.S. Likhachev's book "Letters about the good and the beautiful."

In my youth, I first came to Moscow and accidentally came across the Church of the Assumption on Pokrovka (1696-1699). I didn't know anything about her before. Meeting her shocked me. Before me rose a frozen cloud of red and white lace. There were no "architectural masses". Her lightness was such that she seemed to be the embodiment of an unknown idea, a dream of something unheard of beautiful. It cannot be imagined from the surviving photographs and drawings, it should have been seen surrounded by low ordinary buildings. I lived under the impression of this meeting and later began to study ancient Russian culture precisely under the influence of the impetus I received then. At the initiative of A. V. Lunacharsky, the lane next to it was named after its builder, a serf - Potapovsky. But people came and demolished the church. Now this place is empty...

Who are these people who destroy the living past, the past, which is also our present, because culture does not die? Sometimes it is the architects themselves - one of those who really want to put their “creation” in a winning place and are too lazy to think about something else. Sometimes these are completely random people, and we are all to blame for this. We need to think about how this doesn't happen again. Monuments of culture belong to the people, and not only to our generation. We are responsible for them to our descendants. We will be in great demand in a hundred and two hundred years.

13. Work on the main idea and keywords. “She seemed to be the embodiment of an unknown idea, a dream of something unheard of beautiful. It cannot be imagined from the surviving photographs and drawings, she should have been seen surrounded by low ordinary buildings. I lived under the impression of this meeting and later began to study ancient Russian culture precisely under the influence the push I received then."

We draw a conclusion about the influence of the temple on human life. The task is to deeply feel the degree of loss of an architectural monument, which became the beginning of a new life for Academician Likhachev, connected with the study of the history of Rus'. Feel responsible for your actions before the future.

14. Evaluation of the student's essay according to the criteria K1-K4.

Every person probably has a dear, memorable place where he feels a special sense of belonging to something great, eternal. Temples ... Silent witnesses of the greatness and glory of the country. Should they be preserved? It is this problem that Alexander Solzhenitsyn touches on.

The writer contrasts two episodes from the life of Anton Yakonov: a sunny evening, when Agnia showed one of the most beautiful places in Moscow, and a December dawn, when, returning here twenty-two years later, he saw a ruined temple with a torn staircase. Anton remembered Agnia's bitter words that the church would be demolished, that "Moscow is leaving." It hurts him to look at this place, because at that time he was sure that "an artistic monument ... will be left."

Solzhenitsyn lived in an era when the destruction of churches was not uncommon. The author believes that such an attitude to the monuments of the past breaks the connection between generations, violates the harmony in human life. The writer is sure that society should treat monuments with care, preserve what gives high, bright feelings.

Undoubtedly, today the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, built to commemorate the victory in the war of 1812, is dear to all Russian people. How important this temple is for a person, we learn from the book "The Renunciation" by the writer and public figure Pyotr Proskurin. He spoke about the long, painstaking work of the best masters from different parts of the country, about the significance of the temple - a symbol of Russian catholicity, unity ...

Built for years, it was destroyed in one minute. About what was left to the descendants, it is written in the article by Pyotr Georgievich Palamarchuk. We see a terrible picture of desolation: the lonely remnant of the cathedral in the midst of countless debris.

I would like to note that cultural heritage must be treated with care, remember that what has come down to us from the depths of centuries was built for centuries as a sign of immense love for the Motherland. And several people cannot, do not have the right to decide the fate of the monuments. It is important to consider public opinion here.

(Students evaluate the text according to the criteria K1-K4).

15. The results of the lesson. Reflection. What are your feelings? What thoughts came up at the end of the lesson? What means of expression will you use in your essay, revealing the problem of preserving cultural heritage?

16. Homework: write an essay in the USE format based on the text of A. Solzhenitsyn, using materials as literary arguments: exercise. 182 (Article by Daniil Granin on the protection of the safety of Nevsky Prospekt by D.S. Likhachev), ex. 188 (Article by D.S. Likhachev "Love, respect, knowledge"), letter forty-third from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful".

Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid over-quoting).

Formulate position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Materials used

1. Vlasenkov A.I., Rybchenkova L.M. Russian language: Grammar. Text. Speech styles: Textbook for 10 - 11 cells. general education institutions. - M .: Education, 1998 (Exercise 315).

2. Letter forty-third from the book by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful."

3. USE-2012. Russian language: typical examination options: 30 options / edited by I.P. Tsybulko. - M.: National Education, 2011. - (USE-2012. FIPI - school).

4. Internet resources: photographs (Yandex. Pictures), materials about the Cathedral of Christ the Savior (ru.wikipedia.org> Cathedral of Christ the Savior), Proskurin P.L. Renunciation. Electronic Library (http://royallib.com/).

I give unexpected poetic arguments: poems by A.S. Pushkin and A.A. Akhmatova about the Tsarskoye Selo statue. If you don't have time to read everything, read the highlights. Problems of the ecology of culture, the continuity of the cultural environment that forms a person, creates a feeling for him Houses which is indispensable...

Text 4

(1) I remember how in the mid-twenties, after talking, we went up to the monument to Pushkin and sat down on the bronze chains that surrounded the monument low.

(2) At that time, he was still standing in his rightful place, at the head of Tverskoy Boulevard, facing the unusually elegant Passion Monastery of a pale lilac color, surprisingly suited to his small golden onions.

(3) I still painfully feel the absence of Pushkin on Tverskoy Boulevard, the irreplaceable emptiness of the place where the Strastnoy Monastery stood. (4) Habit.

(5) It was not for nothing that Mayakovsky wrote, addressing Alexander Sergeevich: “On Tverskoy Boulevard, they are very used to you.”

(6) I’ll add, I’ve also got used to the old multi-armed lanterns, among which the figure of Pushkin with a bowed curly head, in a cloak with an accordion of straight folds, was drawn so beautifully against the backdrop of the Passion Monastery.

(7) Then came an even more painful era of rearrangement and destruction of monuments. (8) An invisible omnipotent hand rearranged the monuments like chess pieces, and some of them were completely thrown off the board. (9) She rearranged the monument to Gogol by the brilliant Andreev, the same one where Nikolai Vasilievich sits, mournfully sticking his long nose into the collar of a bronze overcoat - almost drowning in this overcoat - from Arbatskaya Square to the courtyard of the mansion, where, according to legend, the writer burned the second part of “Dead Souls” in the fireplace, and in its place hoisted another Gogol - full-length, in a short cape, on a boring official pedestal - a monument devoid of individuality and poetry ...

(YU) Memory is crumbling like an old city. (I) The voids of Moscow being reconstructed are being filled with new architectural content. (12) And in the lapses of memory, only the ghosts of now no longer existing, abolished streets, alleys, dead ends remain ... (13) But how stable are these ghosts of churches, mansions, buildings that once existed here ... (14) Sometimes these ghosts are more real to me, than those that replaced them: the effect of presence!

(15) I studied Moscow and forever remembered it at the time when I was still a pedestrian. (16) We were all once pedestrians and thoroughly, without too much haste, peered into the world of the city around us in all its details. (17) Each new day opened up new details of the city for the pedestrian, many old, not restored churches of indescribably beautiful ancient Russian architecture.

(18) I have long ceased to be a pedestrian. (19) I drive a car. (20) Moscow streets, along which I once passed, stopping at crossroads and looking around at houses, now flicker past me, making it impossible to peer into their transformations.

(21) But one day the brakes screeched, the car braked sharply in front of a red traffic light. (22) If it weren't for the fastened seat belts, I could have hit my head on the windshield. (23) It was undoubtedly the intersection of Myasnitskaya and the Boulevard Ring, but what a strange void opened up in front of me at the place where I used to see Vodopyany Lane. (24) He was not. (25) He disappeared, this Vodopyany lane. (26) He just didn't exist anymore. (27) He disappeared along with all the houses that made up him. (28) As if they were all cut out of the body of the city. (29) The Turgenev Library has disappeared. (SO) The bakery has disappeared. (31) The intercity conference room has disappeared. (32) An unreasonably large area was opened - a void that was difficult to reconcile with.

(ZZ) The emptiness seemed to me illegal, unnatural, like that incomprehensible, unfamiliar space that sometimes has to be overcome in a dream: everything around is familiar, but at the same time completely unfamiliar, and you don’t know where to go to return home, and you forgot , where is your home, in what direction should you go, and you go simultaneously in different directions, but each time you find yourself further and further from home, and meanwhile you know very well that your house is within easy reach, it exists, exists, but it is not visible, it is as if in another dimension.

(34) He became<…>.

(According to V.P. Kataev *)

* Valentin Petrovich Kataev (1897-1986) - Russian Soviet writer, poet, playwright, journalist, screenwriter.

Arguments

1. Old book. Bolkonsky erects a statue-monument to the daughter-in-law who died during childbirth, the wife of his son (the little princess) so that her son Nikolenka, when he grows up, could see his mother.

2. D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

ENSEMBLES OF ART MONUMENTS

Each country is an ensemble of arts. The Soviet Union is also a grandiose ensemble of cultures or cultural monuments. Cities in the Soviet Union, no matter how different they may be, are not isolated from each other. Moscow and Leningrad are not only dissimilar, they contrast with each other and therefore interact. It is no coincidence that they are connected by a railway so direct that, having traveled in a train at night without turns and with only one stop, and getting to the station in Moscow or Leningrad, you see almost the same station building that saw you off in the evening; the facades of the Moscow railway station in Leningrad and Leningradsky in Moscow are the same. But the similarity of the stations emphasizes the sharp dissimilarity of the cities, the dissimilarity is not simple, but complementary. Even art objects in museums are not just stored, but constitute some cultural ensembles associated with the history of cities and the country as a whole. The composition of museums is far from accidental, although there are many individual accidents in the history of their collections. Not without reason, for example, in the museums of Leningrad there are so many Dutch paintings (this is Peter I), as well as French (this is the St. Petersburg nobility of the 18th and early 19th centuries).

Look in other cities. Icons are worth seeing in Novgorod. This is the third largest and most valuable center of ancient Russian painting.

In Kostroma, Gorky and Yaroslavl, one should watch Russian painting of the 18th and 19th centuries (these are the centers of Russian noble culture), and in Yaroslavl also the “Volga” of the 17th century, which is presented here like nowhere else.

But if you take our entire country, you will be surprised at the diversity and originality of cities and the culture stored in them: in museums and private collections, and just on the streets, because almost every old house is a treasure. Some houses and entire cities are expensive with their wooden carvings (Tomsk, Vologda), others - with amazing layout, embankment boulevards (Kostroma, Yaroslavl), others - with stone mansions, and fourth - with intricate churches.

But there is much that unites them. One of the most typical features of Russian cities is their location on the high bank of the river. The city is visible from afar and, as it were, drawn into the movement of the river: Veliky Ustyug, the Volga cities, the cities along the Oka. There are such cities in Ukraine: Kyiv, Novgorod-Seversky, Putivl.

These are the traditions of Ancient Rus' - Rus', from which Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and then Siberia with Tobolsk and Krasnoyarsk went ...

A city on a high bank in perpetual motion. He "floats" past the river. And this is also the feeling of native open spaces inherent in Rus'.

There is a unity of people, nature and culture in the country.

Preserving the diversity of our cities and villages, preserving their historical memory, their common national and historical identity is one of the most important tasks of our urban planners. The whole country is a grandiose cultural ensemble. It must be preserved in its amazing wealth. It is not only historical memory that educates a person in his city and in his village, but his country as a whole educates a person. Now people live not only in their "point", but in the whole country and not only in their century, but in all the centuries of their history.

3. D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

MEMORY OF CULTURE

We care about our own health and the health of others, we make sure that we eat right, that the air and water remain clean and unpolluted. Environmental pollution makes a person sick, threatens his life, threatens the death of all mankind. Everyone knows the gigantic efforts that are being made by our state, individual countries, scientists, public figures to save the air, water bodies, seas, rivers, forests from pollution, to preserve the fauna of our planet, to save the camps of migratory birds, rookeries of marine animals. Mankind spends billions and billions not only not to suffocate, not to perish, but also to preserve the nature that surrounds us, which gives a person the opportunity for aesthetic and moral rest. The healing power of nature is well known.

The science that deals with the protection and restoration of the natural environment is called ecology. And ecology is already beginning to be taught at universities.

But ecology should not be limited only by the tasks of preserving the biological environment that surrounds us. Man lives not only in the natural environment, but also in the environment created by the culture of his ancestors and by himself. The preservation of the cultural environment is a task no less important than the preservation of the natural environment. If nature is necessary for a person for his biological life, then the cultural environment is no less necessary for his spiritual, moral life, for his “spiritual settled way of life”, for his attachment to his native places, following the precepts of his ancestors, for his moral self-discipline and sociality. Meanwhile, the question of moral ecology is not only not studied, but it has not been raised either. Individual types of culture and the remnants of the cultural past, issues of restoration of monuments and their preservation are studied, but the moral significance and influence on a person of the entire cultural environment as a whole, its influencing force, is not studied.

But the fact of the educational impact on a person of the surrounding cultural environment is not subject to the slightest doubt.

Walking distance for examples. After the war, no more than 20 percent of its pre-war population returned to Leningrad, but nevertheless, newcomers to Leningrad quickly acquired those clear “Leningrad” behavioral traits that Leningraders are rightfully proud of. A person is brought up in the cultural environment surrounding him imperceptibly. He is brought up by history, the past. The past opens a window to the world for him, and not only a window, but also doors, even gates - triumphal gates. To live where the poets and prose writers of great Russian literature lived, to live where the great critics and philosophers lived, to absorb daily impressions that are somehow reflected in the great works of Russian literature, to visit museum apartments means to gradually enrich yourself spiritually.

Streets, squares, canals, individual houses, parks remind, remind, remind... Unobtrusively and unpersistently, the impressions of the past enter the spiritual world of a person, and a person with an open soul enters the past. He learns respect for his ancestors and remembers what in turn will be needed for his descendants. The past and the future become their own for a person. He begins to learn responsibility - moral responsibility to the people of the past and at the same time to the people of the future, for whom the past will be no less important than for us, and perhaps even more important with the general rise of culture and the increase in spiritual demands. Caring for the past is also caring for the future...

To love one's family, one's childhood impressions, one's home, one's school, one's village, one's city, one's country, one's culture and language, the whole globe is necessary, absolutely necessary for a person's moral settledness. Man is not a steppe tumbleweed plant that the autumn wind drives across the steppe.

If a person does not like to look at least occasionally at old photographs of his parents, does not appreciate the memory of them left in the garden that they cultivated, in the things that belonged to them, then he does not love them. If a person does not like old houses, old streets, even if they are inferior, then he does not have love for his city. If a person is indifferent to the historical monuments of his country, then he is indifferent to his country.

So, there are two sections in ecology: biological ecology and cultural or moral ecology. Non-observance of the laws of the first can kill a person biologically, non-observance of the laws of the second can kill a person morally. And there is no gap between them. Where is the exact boundary between nature and culture? Is there no presence of human labor in the Central Russian nature?

A person does not even need a building, but a building in a certain place. Therefore, it is necessary to store them, the monument and the landscape, together, and not separately. To keep the building in the landscape in order to keep both in the soul. Man is a morally sedentary creature, even if he was a nomad: after all, he wandered to certain places. For the nomad, there was also a “settled life” in the expanses of his free nomads. Only an immoral person is not settled and is able to kill the settled way of life in others.

There is a big difference between the ecology of nature and the ecology of culture. This difference is not only great, it is fundamentally significant.

Losses in nature are recoverable up to certain limits. Polluted rivers and seas can be cleaned up; it is possible to restore forests, livestock of animals, etc. Of course, if a certain line has not been crossed, if this or that breed of animals has not been completely destroyed, if this or that variety of plants has not died. It was possible to restore bison both in the Caucasus and in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, even to settle them in the Beskids, that is, even where they did not exist before. At the same time, nature itself helps a person, because it is “alive”. It has the ability to self-purify, to restore the balance disturbed by a person. She heals wounds inflicted on her from outside: fires, or clearings, or poisonous dust, gases, sewage ...

Quite different with cultural monuments. Their losses are irreplaceable, because cultural monuments are always individual, always associated with a certain era in the past, with certain masters. Each monument is destroyed forever, distorted forever, wounded forever. And he is completely defenseless, he will not restore himself.

You can create models of destroyed buildings, as was the case, for example, in Warsaw, but you cannot restore a building as a "document", as a "witness" to the era of its creation. Any newly built monument of antiquity will be devoid of documentation. It will only be "appearance". Of the dead, only portraits remain. But portraits do not speak, they do not live. Under certain circumstances, "remakes" make sense, and over time they themselves become "documents" of the era, the era in which they were created. Stare Mesto or Nowy Svet Street in Warsaw will forever remain documents of the patriotism of the Polish people in the post-war years.

The "reserve" of cultural monuments, the "reserve" of the cultural environment is extremely limited in the world, and it is being depleted at an ever-increasing rate. Technique, which is itself a product of culture, sometimes serves more to kill culture than to prolong the life of culture. Bulldozers, excavators, construction cranes operated by thoughtless, ignorant people can harm what has not yet been discovered in the earth, and what is on the earth that has already served people. Even the restorers themselves, sometimes working according to their own, insufficiently tested theories or modern ideas of beauty, become more destroyers of the monuments of the past than their protectors. Destroy monuments and city planners, especially if they do not have clear and complete historical knowledge.

On the ground it becomes crowded for cultural monuments, not because there is not enough land, but because the builders are attracted to old places, inhabited, and therefore seem especially beautiful and tempting for city planners.

Urban planners, like no one else, need knowledge in the field of cultural ecology. Therefore, local history must be developed, it must be disseminated and taught in order to solve local environmental problems on the basis of it. In the first years after the Great October Socialist Revolution, local history flourished, but later weakened. Many local history museums were closed. Now, however, interest in local history has flared up with particular force. Local history brings up love for the native land and gives the knowledge, without which it is impossible to preserve cultural monuments in the field.

We should not lay full responsibility for the neglect of the past on others, or simply hope that special state and public organizations are engaged in the preservation of the culture of the past and “this is their business”, not ours. We ourselves must be intelligent, cultured, educated, understand beauty and be kind - namely, kind and grateful to our ancestors, who created for us and our descendants all that beauty that no one else, namely we are sometimes unable to recognize, accept in their moral world, to preserve and actively defend.

Each person must know among what beauty and what moral values ​​he lives. He should not be self-confident and impudent in rejecting the culture of the past indiscriminately and "judgment". Everyone is obliged to take a feasible part in the preservation of culture.

We are responsible for everything, and not someone else, and it is in our power not to be indifferent to our past. It is ours, in our common possession.

3. A.S. Pushkin, as you know, was brought up in the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. The beauty of the palace and the palace park became for him a native, natural, “home environment” and, of course, influenced the formation of a genius. Here is his poem about the Tsarskoye Selo statue. The eternal stream, symbolizing the infinity of the movement of time, unexpectedly echoed in the poem by A. Akhmatova, who “entered” this cultural stream as if into her home and even showed female jealousy for the bronze girl whom Pushkin admired ...

Tsarskoye Selo statue

Having dropped the urn with water, the maiden broke it on the rock.

The maiden sits sadly, idle holding a shard.

Miracle! water will not dry up, pouring out of a broken urn;

The Virgin, above the eternal stream, sits forever sad.

TSARSKOSELSKAYA STATUE

Already maple leaves

The swan flies to the pond,

And the bushes are bloody

Slowly ripening mountain ash,

And dazzlingly slim

Tucking up my unsteady legs,

On the north stone

Sits and looks at the road.

I felt a vague fear

Before this girl sung.

Played on her shoulders

Rays of fading light.

And how could I forgive her

The delight of your praise in love ...

Look, she's happy to be sad

So pretty naked.

In this material, we focused the reader's attention on the main issues raised in the texts for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. Arguments illustrating these problems are found under the appropriate headings. You can also download the table with all these examples at the end of the article.

1. IN stories by V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matyora" the author touches on the problem of preserving the natural heritage, which is very important for the whole society. The writer notes that without knowledge of the past it is impossible to build a worthy future. Nature is also a memory, our history. So, the death of the island of Matera and the small village of the same name caused the loss of memory of the wonderful days of life in this area, its former inhabitants ... Unfortunately, only the older generation, for example, the main character Daria Pinigina, understood that Matera is not just an island, it is a connection with past, the memory of ancestors. When Matera disappeared under the waters of the raging Angara, and the last inhabitant left this place, the memory died.
2. History of heroes science fiction story American writer Ray Bradbury's "Thunder Came" is also a confirmation that nature is part of our common history. Nature, time and memory - all these concepts are intertwined, and this is emphasized by the science fiction writer. The death of a small creature, a butterfly, caused the death of the future of the whole world. Intervention in the life of the wildlife of the prehistoric past was very expensive for the inhabitants of planet Earth. Thus, the problem of preserving the natural heritage in Ray Bradbury's story "Thunder Came" is raised so that people think about the value of the environment, because it is inextricably linked with the history of mankind.

Preservation of cultural heritage

1. In the book of the Soviet and Russian philologist and culturologist D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful" the problem of preserving cultural heritage is revealed. The author makes his readers think about what cultural monuments mean for a person. The Doctor of Philology reminds us that, unlike natural objects, architectural structures are not capable of self-healing. He encourages everyone to take an active part in preserving the memory, frozen in clay and plaster. In his opinion, no one should reject the culture of the past, since it is the foundation of our future. This statement should convince every caring person to try to solve the problem of preserving the cultural heritage posed by D.S. Likhachev.
2. IN novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" one of the main characters, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, is sure that culture is irreplaceable in people's lives. The author tries to convey through this hero the idea of ​​the importance of cultural heritage not only to the nihilist Yevgeny Bazarov, but to all readers. Without the healing influence of art, Eugene, for example, could not understand himself and realize in time that he is a romantic, and also needs warmth and affection. It is the spiritual realm that helps us to know ourselves, so we cannot deny it. Music, fine arts, literature make a person noble, morally beautiful, so it is necessary to take care of the preservation of cultural monuments.

The problem of memory in family relationships

1. In the story of K.N. Paustovsky "Telegram" Nastya for many years forgot about her mother, did not come, did not visit. She was justified by everyday employment, but no business can be compared in importance with her own mother. The story of the main character is given by the author as a warning to the reader: the care and love of parents should not be forgotten by children, because one day it will be too late to repay them the same. So it happened with Nastya. Only after the death of her mother did the girl realize that she had given very little time to the one who protected her sleep by the crib.
2. The words of parents, their instructions are sometimes remembered by children for many years and even for life. Yes, main character stories by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", Petr Grinev, very clearly understood for himself the simple truth of his father "take care of honor from an early age." Thanks to his parents and their instructions, the hero never gave up, did not blame anyone for his problems, accepted defeats with honor and dignity, if life required it. The memory of the parents was something sacred for Peter Grinev. He respected their opinion, tried to justify the trust in himself, which later helped him to become happy and free.

The problem of historical memory

1. In the novel by B. L. Vasiliev “I was not on the lists” the protagonist had not yet managed to check in at a combat post, as the bloody World War II began. He put all his young strength into the defense of the Brest Fortress, during which everyone died. Even left alone, he did not cease to terrify the invaders with his nightly sorties. When Pluzhnikov was caught, the enemies saluted him, as the Soviet soldier impressed them with his courage. But the title of the novel tells us that many such nameless heroes are lost in the hustle and bustle of days when they simply did not have time to be included in the next list. But how much have they, unrecognized and forgotten, done for us? In order for us to at least keep this in our memory, the author dedicated a whole work to the feat of Nikolai Pluzhnikov, which thus became a monument of military glory on a mass grave.
2. In Aldous Huxley's dystopia "Brave New World" describes a society that denies its history. As we can see, their ideal life, not clouded by memories, has become only a cloying and meaningless semblance of real life. They do not have feelings and emotions, family and marriage, friendship and other values ​​that define personality. All new people are empty shells, existing according to the laws of reflexes and instincts, primitive creatures. Against their background, the Savage stands out favorably, whose upbringing was built in connection with the achievements and defeats of past eras. That is why his individuality is undeniable. Only historical memory, expressed in the continuity of generations, allows us to develop harmoniously.
Interesting? Save it on your wall!

When a fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them escape. But she didn’t save herself - she didn’t have time. MIND.

Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of a Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person the strength to live, the strength to resist fate.

Some travel along it “with official necessity”, asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others are frightened of this road, run to their wide sofa, because “life touches everywhere, gets it” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual “I”.

One of them Epigraph - - Pierre Bezukhov Epigraph - - the hero of the epic novel L. N. Epigraph - Tolstoy "War and Peace". At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, too easily succumbs to rough flattery, the cause of which is his huge fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helen, a duel with Dolokhov ... And as a result, Epigraph - a complete loss of the meaning of life.

“What's wrong? What well? What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I?” Epigraph - - these questions scroll through my head countless times until a sober understanding of life comes. On the way to it, and the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the folk philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and a person livesEpigraph - - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual "I".